University Exit Exam

Electrical Circuit Tutorial 2

(AC circuit)
• AC Phasor
– alternate in polarity and vary in magnitude
– Square, triangular, sinusoidal
– Frequency, period and amplitude and peak-to-peak
– A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating current (ac)
– Average Value (DC values)
• Generally
• For periodic
– Root mean square value (rms)
– an equivalent DC value capacity of AC to do to produce the same energy

• Phasor /frequency domain

• If rms
– lag-lead, out of phase or in phase ,frequency,Period

– In phasor form
• Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
• v(t) is time dependent, V is not.
• v(t) is always real with no complex term, V
is generally complex.
• If the system frequency is 60hz,find the time
domain of
V   1030 V
I  j(5  j12) A

• How do we solve?
• Both KVL and KCL are hold in the phasor
domain or more commonly called frequency
domain.

• Moreover, the variables to be handled are

phasors, which are complex numbers.

• All the mathematical operations involved are

now in complex domain.
• Superposition Theorem
When a circuit has sources operating at different
frequencies,
• The separate phasor circuit for each frequency
must be solved independently, and
• The total response is the sum of time-domain
responses of all the individual phasor circuits.
• Source Transformation
• Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Thevenin transform

Norton transform
• Power
• INSTANTANEOUS POWER Vs average
• Maximum power

• XL = – XTH
• RL = RTH

• PMAX = V2TH / 4 RTH or V2TH/ 4 RL 

• What if XL=0
• 3Phase system
• Three-phase generators
– Three sets of windings and produce three ac voltages
• Windings are placed 120° apart
– Voltages are three identical sinusoidal voltages 120° apart
• Set of voltages such as these are balanced
• If you know one of the voltages
– The other two are easily determined
Four-Wire Systems
• Three loads have common return wire called neutral
• If load is balanced
– Current in the neutral is zero
• Current is small
– Wire can be smaller or removed
– Current may not be zero, but it is very small
• Outgoing lines are called line or phase conductors
• Three-Phase Relationships
• Line voltages
– Voltages between lines either at the generator (EAB) or at the load (VAB)
• Phase voltages
– Voltages across phases
• For a Y load, phases are from line to neutral
• For  load, the phases are from line to line
• Line currents
– Currents in line conductors
• Phase currents
– Currents through phases
– For a Y load two currents are the same
Voltages for a Wye Circuit
• For a balanced Y system
– Magnitude of line-to-line voltage is times the magnitude of phase voltage
• Each line-to-line voltage
– Leads corresponding phase voltage by 30°
• Line-to-line voltages form a balanced set
Currents for a Wye Circuit
• Line currents
– Same as phase currents
– Ia = Van/Zan
• Line currents form a balanced set
– If you know one current
• Determine the other five currents by inspection
Currents for a Delta Load
• In a balanced delta
– The magnitude of the line current is times the magnitude of
the phase current
• Each line current lags its corresponding phase current by
30°
• For any current in a balanced, three-phase delta load
– Determine remaining currents by inspection
Power in a Balanced System
• To find total power in a balanced system
– Determine power in one phase
– Multiply by three
• Use ac power formulas previously developed
• Since magnitudes are the same for all three phases, simplified notation
may be used
Active, Reactive Apparent Power pf to a Balanced Wye Load
• P = VI cos 
• PT = 3P = 3VI cos  S = VI
• PT = VLIL cos  ST = VLIL
• P = I2R S = I2Z
• PT = 3I2R Units are VAs
• Q = VI sin  Power factor is
Fp = cos  = PT/ST = P/S
• QT = VLIL sin 
• Q = I2X
• Units are VARs
Power to a Balanced Delta Load
• Power formulas for  load are identical to those for Y load
• In all these formulas
– Angle  is phase angle of the load impedance
• You can also use single-phase equivalent in power calculations
– Power will be power for just one phase
Unbalanced Loads
• Use Ohm’s law
– For unbalanced four-wire Y systems without line impedance
• Three-wire and four-wire systems with line and neutral impedance
– Require use of mesh analysis
• One of the problems with unbalanced loads
– Different voltages are obtained across each phase of the load and between neutral
points
• Unbalanced four-wire  systems without line impedance are easily handled
– Source voltage is applied directly to load
• Three-wire and four-wire systems with line and neutral impedance
– Require use of mesh analysis
• Real loads
– Seldom expressed in terms of resistance,
capacitance, and inductance
– Rather, real loads are described in terms of power,
power factors, etc.
 a a
• 3Pahse system
+

_
V 0 Wye Con nected
n S ou rce
_ _
V -2 4 0 V -1 2 0
+ +
b b
c
Wye Source c
Instantane ous Phase Voltages
Van = | Van |  0 = V  0
van (t )  Vm cos( t )(V )
Vbn = V  -120
vbn (t )  Vm cos( t  120)(V )
Vcn = V  -240
vc (t )  Vm cos( t  240)(V )
 Delta Source Wye – Wye System
a a a A
Zl
_ + D e lta
S o urc e ZL
+ _
n
N

c b b
_ + ZL ZL
b
c B C
c Zl

Vab = | Vab |  0 Zl

Delta – Delta System

Vbc = Vab  -120
a A
Vca = Vab  -240 Zl

_ +

ZL
ZL
+ _

b
c _ + B C
Zl ZL

Zl
 Delta – Wye System
V cn - V bn
a A
Zl
V ab

_ + ZL 30o

V an
+ _
ZL ZL
b V bn V ab = V an - V b n
c _ + B C
Zl
V ab = 3 V an 3 0 o

Zl

Wye –Delta System

a a
A
I aA I AB ICA
+

V 0
_
Z Z
n
_ _
V -2 4 0 V -1 2 0 IB C
+ +
b b B C
c Z

c
 Vab  Van  Vbn
| V p | 0 | V p |   120
| V p | 1  (cos120  j sin 120) 
1 3
| V | p  | V p |   j 
 2 2 
 3 | V p | 30
Vbc  3 | V p |   90
Vca  3 | V p |   210 ICA I aA = 3 I A B -3 0 o

VL  3 | V p |  Line Voltage
I AB

I aA

IB C - ICA
• INSTANTANEOUS POWER
Instantane ous Phase Voltages Balanced Phase Currents
van (t )  Vm cos( t )(V ) ia (t )  I m cos( t   )
vbn (t )  Vm cos( t  120)(V ) ib ( t )  I m cos( t    120)
vc (t )  Vm cos( t  240)(V ) ic (t )  I m cos( t    240)
Instantane ous power
p( t )  van (t )ia (t )  vbn ( t ) ib ( t )  vcn ( t ) ic (t )

Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant

Vm I m
p( t )  3 cos (W )
2
Advantage Constant instantaneous power?
• POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Balanced
load Similar to single phase case.
Low pf Use capacitors to increase the
lagging power factor

Q  Qnew  Qold
Reactive Power to be added
To use capacitors this value
should be negative

pf  cos f  sin  f  1  pf 2 tan  pf

f
Q  P tan f 1  pf 2

lagging  Q  0
 Pold  18.72 MW 
  Qnew  6.8 MVA
S  P  jQ pf new  0.94 leading 
P | S | cos f Q  6.8  15.02  21.82 MVA
Q  P tan f Qper capacitor  7.273 MVA
Q | S | sin  f
pf 34.5
pf  cos f tan f  2 Y  connection  Vcapacitor  kV rms
1  pf 3
lagging  Qold  0  34.5  103 
2
6
 7.273  10  2  60  C   
pf  cos f  sin  f  1  pf 2  0.626  3 
| Qold | 15.02 MVA C  48.6  F
Pold  18.72 MW
Good Luck