CHAPTER 1

MATTER
1.4 Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactant & % Yield

Yesterday …..
 Limiting Reactant

A limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely

consumed in a reaction and limits the amount of products
formed.

An excess reactant is the reactant that is not completely

consumed in a reaction and remains at the end of the
reaction.

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 Limiting Reactant
Test Yourself 1
…
Urea [(NH2)2CO] was prepared by reacting 637.2g of
ammonia with 1142 g of carbon dioxide :
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)  (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)
Determine …
(a) The limiting reactant.
Interested
(b) The mass of (NH2)2CO formed. species
(c) The mass of the excess reagent left.

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 CHAPTER 1
MATTER
1.4 Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactant & % Yield

Last part …..

 Percentage Yield
The percentage yield is the ratio of the actual yield
(obtained from experiment) to the theoretical yield
(obtained from stoichiometry calculation) multiply by
100%.

Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100%

Theoretical yield

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 Percentage Yield
Example 1 …

Consider the reaction:

3CCl4 + 2SbF3  3CCl2F2 + 2SbCl3
In an experiment, 14.6 g of SbF3 was allowed to react in
excess CCl4. 8.62 g of CCl2F2 was obtained at the end of
the experiment.
a) Determine the theoretical yield for CCl2F2 in grams.
b) What was the percentage yield of CCl2F2 ?
[Ar : Sb = 122, F = 19, C= 12, Cl = 35.5]
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 Percentage Yield
Example 1 … Solution !
3CCl4 + 2SbF3  3CCl2F2 + 2SbCl3

a) Determine the theoretical yield for CCl2F2 in grams.

nSbF3 = 14.6 g
= 0.08 mol
179 g mol-1

From the equation :

2 mol of SbF3 produce 3 mol of CCl2F2
 0.08 mol of SbF3 produce 0.122 mol of CCl2F2
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 Percentage Yield
Example 1 … Solution !
3CCl4 + 2SbF3  3CCl2F2 + 2SbCl3

a) Determine the theoretical yield for CCl2F2 in grams.

Mass of CCl2F2 = Moles x Molar mass

= 0.122 mol x 120.91 g mol-1
= 14.75 g

 The theoretical yield for CCl2F2 is 14.75 g.

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 Percentage Yield
Example 1 … Solution !
3CCl4 + 2SbF3  3CCl2F2 + 2SbCl3

b) What was the percentage yield of CCl2F2?

Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100%

Theoretical yield

= 8.62 g x 100%

14.75 g
= 58.44 %
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 Percentage Yield
Example 2 …

Calculate the percentage yield when 194.5 g of iron was

obtained from a reaction between 100 g of aluminium and
380 g of iron (II) oxide.
2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe

[Ar : Al = 26.98, Fe = 55.85, O = 16.00]

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 Percentage Yield
Example 2 … Solution !

2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe

Step 1 : Determine the limiting reactant.

nAl = 100 g nFe O = 380 g

2 3
26.98 g mol-1 159.7 g mol-1
= 3.7064 mol = 2.3795 mol

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 Percentage Yield
Example 2 … Solution !

2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe

Step 1 : Determine the limiting reactant.
From the equation :
2 mol of Al produce 2 mol of Fe
 3.7064 mol of Al produce 3.7064 mol of Fe

and …. 1 mol of HCl produce 2 mol of Fe

 2.3795 mol of HCl produce 4.759 mol of Fe

Since Al produce s less amount of product …..

hence Al is the limiting reactant. 14
 Percentage Yield
Example 2 … Solution !

2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe

Step 2 : Determine the % yield of Fe.
Mass of Fe = Moles x Molar mass
= 3.7064 mol x 55.85 g mol-1
= 207 g
Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100%
Theoretical yield
= 194.5 g x 100% = 93.96 %
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 Percentage Yield
Test Yourself …

The reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid is given by

the following equation :
C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
In an experiment, 24.5 g of ethanol is heated with excess
of ethanoic acid. Calculate the mass of ethyl ethanoate
produced if the percentage yield is 75%.

Answer : 35.14 g 16