CE 401:

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II

Instructor: Dr Zahiruddin Khan

Lecture: Monday: 0830 – 1030

Office Timings: 1:30 – 2:30 (M-Th)

Specific Objectives
1. Provide an overview of the Sources & Characteristics of Wastewater
2. To learn to design the wastewater treatment plant units,
3. Develop an EIA and an understanding of Solid Waste Management

CLO Statement Learning Taxonomy PLO

Domain Level
1 Solve basic and complex issues in the Cognitive 3 7
field of Wastewater Treatment
2 Design Wastewater Treatment Units Cognitive 5 3
3 ANALYZE EIA and Solid Waste Cognitive 4 6
Managment approach in Pakistan
 Grade Award Scheme and Books
Sr. No Wtage. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18
Quizzes 05% x x x x
Assignment 10% x x
Project/CEP 10%
Exams 25+50 x x
CLO 1 2 3
PLO 7 (30%) 3 (50 %) 6 (20%)

Recommended Books:
1. Gerard Kiely, Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill International Edition, (1997)
2. Integrated Solid Waste Management, by George Tchobanoglous, International Edition,
McGraw-Hill (January 1, 1993)
3. Wood, C, Environmental Impact Assessment (A Comparative Review). Longman Scientific
and Technical. Longman House Burnt Hill, Harlow Essex. UK, (1995)
4. Petts, J. and Eduljee, G., Environmental Impact Assessment for Waste Treatment and
Disposal Facilities. John Willey & Sons Inc. UK. (1994)
5. UNESCO, Solid Waste Management for Developing Countries, (Latest Edition) 6. Standard
Handbook of Environmental Engineering by Corbitt, R.A., 2nd Edition, 1999.
Prerequisites: Environmental Engineering-I

Specific Objectives of course:

1. To understand Sources and Characteristics and concepts of
wastewater collection system design
2. To learn design of unit operations in wastewater treatment
3. To comprehend the need and impacts of EIA and Integrated Solid
Waste Management
 CE 401: Env. Eng.-II Weekly Course Delivery Plan

Wk Dates Topics to be covered CLO PLO

1 11/09/23 Course introduction; CLOs, PLOs, Assessment, Books, C3 PLO-7
2 18/09/23 Physical, chemical and Biological properties of C3 PLO-7
wastewater –Assignment-1 Problem Based Learning
Due 1/10/23
3 25/09/23 BoD Curve & Equation, C3 PLO-7
Link between BoD, COD and ToC – Quiz -1
4 01/10/23 Introduction to Unit Operations at Sewage Treatment C3 PLO-7
Plant Preliminary and Primary Treatment
5 08/10/23 Bar Screen and Grit Chamber Design – Assignment-2 C3 PLO-7
6 15/09/23 Equalization Basin and Primary Clarifier Design C5 PLO-3
7 22/10/23 Types of Secondary Treatment and Factors affecting C5 PLO-3
2ndry Treatment: Quiz-2
8 29/10/23 Types of Secondary Treatment and Factors affecting C5 PLO-3
2ndry Treatment:
9 06/11/23 Mid Term Exam
 CE 401: Env. Eng.-II Weekly Course Delivery Plan

Wk Dates Topics to be covered CLO PLO

10 13/11/23 Design of Activated Sludge Process - Class Project/CEP C5 PLO3
11 20/11/23 Attached Growth Systems- Assignment-3 C5 PLO3
12 27/11/23 Attached Growth Systems & Stabilization Ponds-Quiz-3 C5 PLO3
13 04/12/23 Invert levels, Types of Sewers and Manholes C5 PLO3
14 11/12/23 Design of Pumping Station- Assignment-4 C5 PLO3
15 18/12/23 EIA - Quiz-4 C3 PLO3
16 25/12/23 Solid Waste Management Systems C3 PLO3
17 01/01/24 Course Review – Group Presentations of CEP C4 PLO6
18 8/01/24 Final Exam C4 PLO6
 Criteria for Accreditation
• Criterion 1 - Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) – 3-5 Years after
Graduation
• Criterion 2 - Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) –Upon Graduation
• Criterion 3 - Curriculum and Learning Process - CLOs (After Each
Course)
• Criterion 4 - Students
• Criterion 5 - Faculty and Support Staff
• Criterion 6 - Facilities and Infrastructure
• Criterion 7 - Institutional Support and Financial Resources
• Criterion 8 - Continuous Quality Improvement
• Criterion 9 - Industry Linkages
 Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)
GA Characteristics Details

GA-1 Engineering An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

Knowledge: fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
GA-2 Problem Analysis An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
GA-3 Design/ An ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
Development of systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate
Solutions consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
GA-4 Investigation An ability to investigate complex engineering problems in a methodical way
including literature survey, design and conduct of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of experimental data, and synthesis of information to derive valid
conclusions.
GA-5 Modern Tool An ability to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
Usage modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modeling, to complex
engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations.
GA-6 The Engineer and An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess
Society societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice and solution to
complex engineering problems.
 Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)
GA Characteristics Details
GA-7 Environment and An ability to understand the impact of professional engineering
Sustainability solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate
knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
GA-8 Ethics Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.
GA-9 Individual and An ability to work effectively, as an individual or in a team, on
Team Work multifaceted and /or multidisciplinary settings.
GA-10 Communication An ability to communicate effectively, orally as well as in writing, on
complex engineering activities with the engineering community and
with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
GA-11 Project An ability to demonstrate management skills and apply engineering
Management principles to one’s own work, as a member and/or leader in a team,
to manage projects in a multidisciplinary environment.
GA-12 Lifelong Learning: An ability to recognize importance of, and pursue lifelong learning in
the broader context of innovation and technological developments.
 Program Education Outcomes (PEOs)

PEO Statement
PEO-1 Sound Technical Knowledge and skills towards Civil Engineering
Profession.
PEO-2 Planning, Design and management of Civil Eng. Projects for
Professional growth and development activities
POE-3 Effective Communication skills and team work to contribute in
multidisciplinary projects
POE-4 Zeal for contiguous learning and societal services in context of
social environmental and ethical aspects.
 BLOOM’S TAXONOMY

TYPES & LEVELS OF BLOOMS TAXONOMY

• Cognitive (Knowledge) (6 Levels)
• Psychomotor (Skill) (7 Levels)
• Affective (Attitude) (5 Levels)
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY

13
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY

14
 INTRODUCTION
• What is wastewater?
Water that has been used (as in a manufacturing process or any other
beneficial use) - (Merriam Webster Dictionary)

• What are major sources of Wastewater?

Point Sources
• Municipalities
• Industry
• Commercial activity
Non-Point Sources
• Storm-water Runoff
• Agricultural Return-flow
11/08/2023 15
 INTRODUCTION
• Why Treat Wastewater?
• Health Aspects: Municipal wastewater contains oil & grease, pathogens, helminths
(tapeworms, roundworms etc.), , organic matter, suspended/dissolved Solids
nutrients, heavy metals etc. More than 50 diseases transmit through human and
animal waste.
• Disposal Aspects: If wastewater is disposed off untreated, into water bodies, it can
result into.
– Depletion of oxygen in receiving water bodies
– Destruction of aquatic life
– Production of algae
– Obstruction to natural light and heat
– Rise in turbidity, color in water bodies
– Discharge of VOCs, odors and Toxic air contaminants
– Medically active substances including endocrine disruptors, pesticides,
industrial chemicals, and phenolic compounds commonly found in nonionic
surfactants. 11/08/2023 16
 INTRODUCTION
• Reuse Aspects: Wastewater renders(stops) receiving water un-
useable for any beneficial use e.g., recreation i.e., fishing &
swimming, irrigation, water supply, industrial applications etc.
• This aspect is gaining utmost importance, as the water scarcity is
growing to alarming proportions.

• Sewage treatment plant plays an important role for the

mankind. The main function of these plants is to make the
sewage that comes from home, commercial and industrial
sectors, CLEAN.

• So………. Wastewater must be treated before disposal to make it re-useable for

11/08/2023 17
human and industrial needs .
 Lecture-2-180923
Water Treatment Goals & NEQS?

 GOALS: Make the wastewater re-useable for any beneficial use

 NEQS for Municipal & Liquid Industrial Effluent
– 32 parameters: Temp., BOD, pH, TSS, TDS, etc.
 NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions
– 16 parameters: PM, SOx, NOx, etc
 NEQS for Motor Vehicle Exhaust & Noise
 Revised NEQS:
– Inland waters, Treatment Systems, Sea
– Background levels and Ambient air concentrations for SOx & NOx

11/08/2023 18
 TERMINOLOGY

• Sewage: The waste water coming from W.C. and containing human
excreta is known as sewage.
• Sullage: The Wastewater coming from bathrooms and kitchens
which does not contain fecal matter is known as sullage.
• Plumbing System: It is entire system of pipe line for providing water
supply to the building or it is a system of pipes for disposal of
wastewater from the building.
• Sewer: A pipe carrying sewage/ wastewater is called sewer.
• Soil Pipe: It is pipe carrying sewage from W.C.
• Waste Pipe: It is a pipe carrying sulluge from bathrooms, kitchens,
sinks, wash basins, etc.
• Sewerage System: A system of sewers of different types and sizes in
a town collecting wastewater from the town and carrying it to the
wastewater treatment plant. 11/08/2023 19
 Sullage

The Wastewater coming from bathrooms and kitchens which does not contain fecal matter is known as sullage.

11/08/2023 20
 Sewage

Waste matter from domestic or industrial establishments

that is carried away in sewers or drains for dumping or conversion into
a form that is not toxic.
• Sewage may Contain
– Water (more than 98 percent), which is
often added during flushing to carry waste
down a drain;
– Pathogens such as bacteria,
viruses, prions and parasitic worms;
– Non-pathogenic bacteria;
– Organic particles such as faeces, hairs, food,
paper fibres, plant material, humus, etc.;
– Soluble organic material such as urea, fruit
sugars,
soluble proteins, drugs, pharmaceuticals,
etc.; 11/08/2023 21
– Inorganic particles such as sand, grit, metal
 Sewage may contain…………..
• Soluble inorganic material such as ammonia, road-salt, sea-
salt, cyanide, thiocyanates, thiosulfates, etc.;
• Animals such as protozoa, insects, arthropods, small fish, etc.;
• Macro-solids such as sanitary
napkins, nappies/diapers, needles, children's toys, dead
animals or plants, etc.;
• Gases such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, methane,
etc.;
• Emulsions such
as paints, adhesives, mayonnaise, hair colorants, emulsified
oils, etc.;
• Toxins such as pesticides, poisons, herbicides, etc.
• Pharmaceuticals and hormones 11/08/2023 22
Composition of Sewage

11/08/2023 23
 Undesirable Wastewater Characteristics
Depending on (1) the consumers’ lifestyle and (2) the projected uses of the
waters of the receiving stream, Major Domestic waste Water Pollutants are
1. Soluble Organics causing depletion of dissolved oxygen. Since most
receiving waters require maintenance of minimum dissolved oxygen
(> 2 mg/L), the quantity of soluble organics is correspondingly restricted to the
capacity of the receiving waters for assimilation or by specified effluent limitations.
When receiving water is to be used as a potable water supply, phenol ( C6H5OH)
and other organics discharged in wastewater would cause tastes and odors in the
water. If these contaminants are not removed before discharge, additional water
treatment will be required.
2. Solids. Deposition of solids in quiescent stretches of a stream will impair the
normal aquatic life of the stream. Solids can be inorganic and organic solids.
They can also be Suspended Solids and Dissolved Solids. Both Suspended as
well as dissolved solids have 3 types: Settlable or Non-Settlable Solids, Volatile or
Non-volatile Soilds, and Fixed Solids
Sludge blankets containing organic solids will undergo progressive decomposition
resulting in oxygen depletion and the production of noxious gases.
In general, One Ton of sewage contains 500 grm of Solids. Of which 225 gram
are dissolved and 225 gram are suspended. 50% of the Total suspended solids
are settlable and the rest non-settlable. 11/08/2023 24
 Undesirable Wastewater Characteristics
3. NUTRIENTS: Nitrogen and Phosphorus. When effluent are
discharge to lakes, ponds, and other recreational areas, the presence of
nitrogen and phosphorus is particularly undesirable since it enhances
eutrophication and stimulates undesirable algae growth.
4. Refractory substance resistant to biodegradation. These may be
undesirable for certain water-quality requirements. ABS (Alkyl Benzene
Sulfonate) from detergents is substantially non-biodegradable and
frequently leads to a persistence of foam in a watercourse. Some refractory
organics are toxic to aquatic life.
5. Oil and floating material. These produce unsightly conditions and in
most cases are restricted by regulations.
6. Dissolved Oxygen: When DO< 1.5 mg/L, anaerobic conditions may
prevail.
7. pH : pH of wastewater between 6.5 and 8 is most acceptable for
11/08/2023 25
treatment. It must be adjust if wastewater has high or low pH.
 Undesirable Wastewater Characteristics
8. Salinity: Generally measured as Chlorides to assess the suitability of
wastewater for irrigation The normal chloride content of sewage is 120 mg/lit,
whereas the permissible limit of chloride content in water is 250 mg /lit. Large
amount of chlorides may enter from industries like ice cream plants, meat salting etc..
High chloride content of a given sewage indicates the presence of industrial wastes or
infiltration of seawater, thereby indicating strength of sewage.
9. Heavy metals, cyanide and toxic organics. The US-EPA has defined a list of
toxic organic and inorganic chemicals that now define specific limitations for these
pollutants.
10. Volatile Materials. Hydrogen sulfide and other volatile organics will create air-
pollution problems and are usually restricted by regulations.
11. Thermal Discharge: Besides causing out-right death, the problem also may result
in the interference with natural life process such as growth rates, respiration,
26
reproduction and distribution of species. Source: Modified from Dr Abdul Mannan Zafer
 Organic Chemical Characteristics

5-day carbonaceous A measure of the amount of oxygen required to

biochemical oxygen biologically stabilize the wastewater- bugs consume
demand (CBOD5) organics as Food
Biodegradable Organics composed principally of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats, biodegradable organics are
measured most commonly in terms of BOD and COD If
discharged untreated to the environment, their biological
stabilization can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen
resources and to the development of septic conditions
CBoD and N BoD
Chemical oxygen Demand Often used as a substitute for the BOD test
(COD)
Total organic carbon (TOC) Often used as a substitute for the BOD test
Specific organic compounds To determine presence of specific organic compounds
rganic chemical characteristics

and classes of compounds and to assess whether special design measures will be
(MBAS*, CTAs) needed for removal of Methylene Blue Active Substances
(MBAS) or Chemically threatening agents (CTAs)
 Biological Characteristics of
Wastewater
Coliform Micro-organisms To assess presence of
(MPN) pathogenic bacteria and
effectiveness of disinfection
process
Specific Micro-organisms- To assess presence of specific
pathogens (Helminths, Protozoa, organisms in connection with
Bacteria, Virus) plant operation and for reuse.
iological Characteristics

Communicable diseases can be

transmitted by the pathogenic
organisms that may be present in
wastewater

Toxicity (TUa, TUc) Toxic unit acute, Toxic unit

chronic
 Wastewater Characterization

• First step in the wastewater treatment is a complete characterization of the wastewater to be

treated. Proper sampling and analytical techniques are of fundamental importance in the
characterization of wastewater.
• SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
• Sampling programs arc undertaken to obtain:
(1) routine operating data on overall plant performance,
(2) data that can be used to determine sizes and types of treatment units
(3) data that can be used to implement proposed new' programs, and
(4) data needed for reporting regulatory compliance.
• TO MEET THE GOALS OF THE SAMPLING PROGRAM, THE DATA COLLECTED MUST BE:
1. Representative. The data must represent the wastewater or environment being sampled.
2. Reproducible. The data obtained must be reproducible by others following the same sampling
and
analytical protocols.
3. Defensible. Documentation must be available to validate the sampling procedures. The data
must have a known degree of accuracy and precision.
4. Useful. The data can be used to meet the objectives of the monitoring plan

Preferably, 24 hour composite sample should be taken for characterization. Automatic samplers are
used for this purpose.
If, due to some reasons, it is not possible to take composite sample, then at least 5-10 grab samples be
 Treatment Level Description
Removal of wastewater constituents such as rags, sticks,
floatables, grit, and grease that may cause maintenance or
Levels of Wastewater Treatment
Preliminary operational problems in the treatment operations, processes,
and ancillary systems

Removal of a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter

(SOURCE: METCALF AND EDDY, 2004)

Primary
from the wastewater
Enhanced removal of suspended solids and organic matter from
the wastewater. Typically accomplished by chemical addition or
Advanced Primary filtration
Removal of biodegradable organic matter (in solution or
suspension) and suspended solids. Disinfection is also typically
Secondary included in the definition of conventional secondary treatment
Removal of biodegradable organics, suspended solids, and
2ndary with
nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, or both nitrogen and
nutrients removals phosphorus)
Removal of residual suspended solids (after secondary
treatment), usually by granular medium filtration or micro-
Tertiary screens. Disinfection is also typically a part of tertiary treatment.
Nutrient removal is often included in this definition

Removal of dissolved and suspended materials remaining after

Advanced normal biological treatment when required for various water
11/08/2023 30
reuse applications
 Stages in Municipal Wastewater Trtmnt

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31
11/08/2023 32
33
 Municipal vs Industrial WW Characteristics

• Typical Municipal Wastewater

Parameter Range Typical NEQS
value Domestic wastewater can be slightly
pH 6.7--7.5 7 6-9 acidic or alkaline in nature.
Total Suspended Solids 200 200
The BOD:N:P is 100:20:3 (against a
(TSS)
Settleable solids (SS)
100-350
10 -
desirable ratio of 100:5:1 for
satisfactory biological treatment). This
(mL/L) 5-20
shows that N and P are present in
Total Five day Biochemical
100-300 210 80 sufficient amounts in domestic
Oxygen Demand (BODt)
wastewater.
Total Chemical Oxygen
250-1000 400 150 50 to 80% of organic matter is in
Demand (CODt)
particulate form and can be removed at
Phosphorous (P) 4-8 6 -
primary stage of treatment by using
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 40
20-85 - appropriate methods (using coagulants
(TKN)
i.e., alum or polymers).

11/08/2023 34
 Municipal vs Industrial WW Characteristics

Unit A B A- Nishat Textile

Parameter1 NEQS
N=14 N=33 Wastewater is highly alkaline and high in organic
1 Temperature) °C 38.8 29.3 20 ºC contents. Approx. 75% of of the organic contents are in
2 pH 11-12 7.55- 6-9 dissolved form. The BOD:N:P is 920:32.5:0.7 or
9.66 100:3.6:0.07 (vs 100:5:1 for satisfactory biological
3 Total solids (TS) mg/L 4802.6 -
treatment).
4 Total dissolve solids (TDS) mg/L 4670.8 3500
Therefore, addition of N and P is required for biological
5 Total suspended solids (TSS) mg/L 186.7 1233 200
treatment of textile wastewater.
6 Settleable solids (SS) mL/L 1.9 44 -
Almost half (102 vs 186) of the suspended solids can
7 Settleable solids (SS) mg/L 102.5 942 - settle easily in primary sedimentation tank.
8 Chlorides mg/L 118.8 3067 1000
9 Phosphorous (P) mg/L 0.7 - B-Siddique Tanneries
0.8
Moderately alkaline wastewater with high organic
10 Total Kjeldhal nitrogen mg/L 32.5 -
118 contents. Most of the suspended solids are easily
(TKN)
11 Sulfates mg/L 142.6 1240 600 settlable (Approx 68%). The BOD:N:P is 775:118:0.8 or
12 Total BOD (BODt) mg/L 920.7 775 80 100:15:0.1 (vs 100:5:1 desirable for satisfactory
13 Soluble BOD (BOD5) mg/L 680.7 - biological treatment). Addition of P
527
14 Total COD (CODt) mg/L 2053.2 2442 150 is required for satisfactory biological treatment.
15 Soluble COD (CODs) mg/L 1541.4 - Wastewater is high in chlorides, sulfide and chromium.
1327
Both sulfide and chromium are toxic.
16 Sulfide mg/L 1.0
156
17 Chromium mg/L 68 1.0

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