ELECTRICIT

Y
 What is Electricity?
• most widely used forms of energy
• Electrons – negative Charges
• Protons – Positive charges
• generated by friction, induction or
chemical change
• measured in units of power called watts
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
• Series Circuit
– One current path
• Parallel Circuit
– Two or more current path
• Series and Parallel Circuit
– Combination of series and parallel connection
in one circuit
 Series Circuit
• Current – same throughout the circuit
– Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 ….
• Voltage – equal to the sum of individual
voltage
– Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 …
• Resistance – equal to the sum of
individual resistance
– Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 …
 Parallel Circuit
• Current – equal to the sum of individual
current
– Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 ….
• Voltage – drop across each load is the
same
– Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 ….
• Resistance – product over sum
– Rtotal = (R1) (R2)
R1 + R2
 SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
CURRENT = [equals/as is] CURRENT + higher, increase

VOLTAGE + higher, increase VOLTAGE = [equals/as is]

RESISTANCE + higher, increase RESISTANCE x/+ lower, decrease

 Electric Current
• movement or flow of electrically charged
particles
• measured in amperes (unit of current)
• Electric current is either;
– Direct Current (DC) single-direction flow
– Alternating Current (AC) repeatedly
changes direction
• Voltage
– Force of an electrical current
– Volts ( Symbol : V or E )
• Current
– Flow of electricity
– Amperes ( Symbol : I )
• Resistance
– Oppose and reduce
– Ohms ( Symbol : R )
• Power
– Rate of doing work
– Watts ( Symbol : P or W )
• A cell supplies a load current of 0.5A for a
period of 20 hours until its terminal voltage
falls to an unacceptable level. How long
can it be expected to supply a current of
100mA?

1 A = 1000mA
0.5 A x 1000 mA = 500 mA
= 500 mA / 100 mA
= 5 x 20 hrs
= 100 hrs
• A battery is rated 200Ah. If it is
used to supply a constant current
of 8Ah. How long can the battery
last until it becomes unusable?
• A battery is rated 200Ah. If it is used to
supply a constant current of 8Ah. How
long can the battery last until it becomes
unusable?

= 200Ah / 8Ah
= 25 hours
• The resistance of 500 meters
of a certain wire is 125 ohms.
What length of the same wire
will have a resistance of 60
ohms ?
• The resistance of 500 meters of a certain
wire is 125 ohms. What length of the same
wire will have a resistance of 60 ohms ?

= 500 meters / 125 ohms

= 4 ohms per meter

= 60 ohms x 4 ohms per meter

= 240 meters
 Sources of Electricity
• Biomass
• Geothermal Energy
• Hydropower
• Ocean Power
• Solar Energy
• Wind Power
• Coal Energy
• Nuclear Energy
• Natural Gas
ELECTRONICS
• Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal
electrical component used to store
energy in an electric field.
• Conductors – are metals and other
substances where electrons can
move freely
• Resistor – a device that opposes the
flow of electric current, it lowers the
voltage. It is non-polarized.
• Insulators – substances where electrons
cannot move freely.
• Transformer – is an electronic devised
used in producing desired voltage.
 Diodes
• It converts AC to DC.
• It is a device that conducts current to flow in only one direction.
• They are called rectifiers
• It is polarized, the terminals are anode (positive) and cathode
(negative)
 Types of Diode
• Forward biased
• Reverse biased
• Zener diode
• Light emitting diode (LED)
• Photo diode
 Types of Diode
• Forward biased – ON switch
• Reverse biased – OFF switch
• Zener diode – acts as a regulator
• Light emitting diode (LED) – acts like
rectifier
• Photo diode – a light sensitive diode.
 Transistors
• Is an active semiconductor device having 3 electrodes. It could
perform a variety of applications such as switch, amplifier, and
rectifier.
• The terminals of a transistor are base, collector and emitter.
– BASE - which is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.
– COLLECTOR - which is the positive lead.
– EMITTER - which is the negative lead.
BREADBOARD
– Temporary, no soldering required
– It is easy to change connections and replace
components

STRIP BOARD
– Permanent, soldered
– requires no special preparation
• 1st and 2nd band – significant digits
• Multiplier – 3rd band
• Tolerance – 4th band
• Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold, 47 ohms, 5%
• 14 AWG light fixtures and circuit
• 12 AWG convenience outlet
• 8 AWG cable for service entrance
• SI standard of 14 AWG is 2.0 mm
• Resistor – non polarize
• Transistor, Diode, Capacitor (polarize, + - )
PLUMBING
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)
• Pipe wrench – used in turning soft iron
pipes and fittings with rounded surface.
• Wrench – is used to tighten or loosen
hexagonal fittings.
• Yoke vise – used in holding pipes for
cutting and threading.
• Vise grip – used in holding pipes for
cutting and threading.
• Pipe Threader – tools used in making teeth
on pipes
• Pipe Reamer – fluted conical tool for
beveling or removing burrs from pipe ends.
• Tube cutter – or pipe cutter used for
thinner pipes and tubes.
• Hacksaw – a fine tooth saw with blade
held under tension in a frame, used for
cutting metals or plastics.
 DIFFERENT TYPE OF PIPES
• Copper
• Stainless steel tube
• Galvanized Iron Pipe (G.I)
• Cast Iron Pipe and Fittings
• Concrete Pipes
• Plastic
 Plumbing (Types of Pipe)
• PVC PIPE - refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride
Plastic material. This is the most common
pipe for plumbing system.
• CI PIPE - is a heavy metal made of
casting on molds to make fixtures. such as
sink, tubs and lavatories, covered with a
porcelain enamel coating.
• GI PIPE - is a galvanized iron pipe
which is better fitted for plumbing
installation than steel pipe. It is
constructed of rough iron, dipped in molten
zinc and maybe identified by its dull
grayish color
In which type of pipes does potable
water travel?
A. Galvanized pipes
B. ABC pipes
C. PVC pipes ( orange )
D. Cast iron pipes
In which type of pipes does portable
water travel?
A. Galvanized pipes
B. ABC pipes
C. PVC pipes ( orange )
D. Cast iron pipes
• Standard length of a PVC pipe 10 ft.
• Standard length of a G.I. pipe – 6 ft.
• Standard length of a PVC pipe – 3.0 m
 Plumbing (Basic Terms)
• Fixture – any of the fixed
plumbing items in a household
such as lavatories, showers, bath
tubs, etc.
• Fittings – are piece of apparatus,
equipment or furnishing used for
pipe installations.
 Plumbing (Basic Terms)
• Drainage – includes all piping
within the public or private
premises that conveys sewage,
rainwater and other liquid wastes.
• Vent pipe – facilitate ventilation to
avoid siphonage or backflow of
the water seal.
 Plumbing (Fittings)
P-trap – a device designed to seal a liquid
or prevent the back passage of air without
affecting the flow of the sewage through it.
 • J-Bend

• P-Trap
ELBOW bushing coupling union wye

tee

nipple plug
reducer cap
Elbow > change direction
Bushing > inserted to one pipe and allow to
screw another smaller pipe
Coupling > connect shafts at their end
Union > connect shafts quickly and
conveniently
Plug > insert in end of tube
Cap > covers the end of pipe
Reducer > connect larger pipe to smaller pipe
Nipple > used for extension from fitting
Tee Fitting > used to combine the flow from two inlets
Wye Fitting > used to connect horizontally to vertical
planes.
 Valves
• Control flow of water through pipes
• Types of valves
– Gate> allows maximum flow of water
– Globe > slow down flow of water
– Check > prevent backflow of water
– Angle > control water supply in
lavatory, sink, tub
– Float > control water supply inside
tank
 gate

angle

globe

float

check
 Trap
• prevent the back passage of air
• Plumbing Code on Traps
“ Every trap shall be self-
cleaning trap for bath tubs,
lavatories, sink and other
similar fixtures”
 HOUSEHOLD WATER
SUPPLY
• House Service – pipe connection
from public water main to any source of
water supply
• Riser – extends upward from one
floor to next
• Branches – horizontal pipes that
serves faucets or fixtures
• Sludge – a semi-liquid
substance accumulated at the
bottom of the septic tank.
• Scum – a floating substance
at the septic tank.
 Plumbing (The Septic Tank)
• Bacteriological Processes
• Sedimentation process - decomposition
in the upper portion of the tank (with the
scum)
• Anaerobic decomposition –
decomposition of the sludge at the bottom
of the tank.
• The minimum distance required
between the septic tank and
residence is ten feet (10’)
• The minimum distance required
between the well and septic tank
is seventy-five feet (75’)
TYPES OF WASTE
• Solid waste – discharge from water closet
(toilet)
• Liquid waste – from sink, lavatories etc.

TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPING

• Soil Pipe – waste from water closet
• Waste Pipe – waste from various fixtures
other than water closet
Cleanout be installed in the pipe system to facilitate
troubleshooting in case of stoppage of flow
• Not less than 3” or 75mm diameter, no
less than 2 m
• The ideal position of horizontal pipe, were
those installed at 2% slope
CARPENTRY
 TYPES OF WOODS
1. Lumber
– Woods that came from trees, either
softwood or hardwood.
• Softwood – called as conifers
• Hardwood – comes from broad
leafed (deciduous) trees
2. Yard lumber
– Prepared lumber for variety of uses.
• Select grade – lumber of good
appearance that can take different
finishes such as stain, paint, and
enamel.
• Common grade – suitable for rough
carpentry. It is not of finishing quality
(eg. Coco Lumber)
3. Manufactured wood
–Also called man-made wood,
this are timber sheets which are
produced by gluing wood layers
or wood fibers together.
• Wood veneer – thin slices of wood
• Plywood – a sheet material from thin
layers or "plies" of wood veneer
 Board Foot
(unit measurement of lumber)
• (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
• Example:
– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per
board feet.
 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd.
Ft.
 (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
Php 616.00
 A carpenter bought 7 pieces of
2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is
35.00 per board foot, how much did
he pay?
a. 1,980.00
b. 1,940.00
c. 1,950.00
d. 1,960.00
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd ft.
56 bd ft. x Php 35.00 = Php
1,960.00
 A carpenter bought 7 pieces of
2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is
35.00 per board foot, how much did
he pay?
a. 1,980.00
b. 1,940.00
c. 1,950.00
d. 1,960.00
Find the total number of board feet
of six pieces of lumber with a
dimension of 2" x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.
six pieces of 2" x 4" x 12’

2 x 4 x 12 = 96
96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 6 pcs = 48 bd ft.
Find the total number of board feet
of six pieces of lumber with a
dimension of 2" x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.
Five (5) pieces of a 1” x 1” x 8”
lumber is how many board feet?
A. 35
B. 45
C. 30
D. 40
Five pieces of 1” x 1” x 8”

1x1x8=8
8 bd ft. x 5 pcs = 40 bd ft.
Five (5) pieces of a 1” x 1” x 8”
lumber is how many board feet?
A. 35
B. 45
C. 30
D. 40
A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many
board feet?
A. Six feet
B. Eight feet
C. Two feet
D. Ten feet
2” x 3” x 12”

2 x 3 x 12 = 72
2” x 3” x 12”

2 x 3 x 12 = 72
72/12 = 6
A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many
board feet?
A. Six board feet
B. Eight board feet
C. Two board feet
D. Ten board feet
WOOD PREPARATION
• Seasoning the process of drying the wood
in preparation for use.
– Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood
in open air
– Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven
to dry wood
– Treated – Use of Chemical compound before
seasoning
• approximate moisture content of
drying hardwood for home furniture
are:
20 % for softwood
6-12 % for hardwood
 WOOD JOINTS

Joinery is the process of

putting the work together.
 Lap joint
Miter joint

Rabbet joint

Butt joint
• Butt joint – the end of one piece is
fastened to the surface or edge of other
piece.
• Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at
45 degrees and joined forming right angle.
• Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers
and chairs. (“Kaltas”)
• Mortise and Tenon – is one of the
strongest joint used for quality chairs,
tables and benches. (Force Fitting)
• Dado - is a groove that runs on board and
receives the end or edge of the second
board. (“TnG”)
• Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used
for making frames to hold glass in
constructing drawers and other
cabinetwork.
• MITER JOINT – picture
frame
• LAP or BUTT JOINT –
tables and chairs
• MORTISE and TENON –
chairs, table and benches
Back Saw – making wood joint.
Coping Saw – plywood
Crosscut Saw – across the grain
Hack Saw – cut metal
Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and
circle shape in wood.
Long crosscut Saw – large and round
lumber
Rip Saw – along the grain
Fret Saw – deep accurate cut
Jigsaw – power tool, circular shape
 Wood Floor System
1. Girder – principal beam extending from wall to
wall.
2. Floor joist – placed on the girders where the
floor boards are fastened
3. Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation
4. Header – Short transverse joist that supports
the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
5. Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an
end portion of header.
6. Flooring – tongue and groove board which is
most common of wood flooring materials.
The
Stairs
MASONRY
• Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of
mixing sand, cement, gravel and water.
• Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water
used for binding stones, bricks, etc. or for
plastering.
• Grout – mixture of cement and water
• Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or
ceilings and hardened to produce smooth
surface.
• Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with
water to form a hard stone-like substance.
 Classification of Masonry
Tools
• Roughing up – tools used in
the process of preparing, arranging,
forming, laying and shaping of
bricks, masonry blocks and stones
• Surface finishing – tools
used to produce smooth finish
 Masonry (Surface Finishing
Tools)
• Float – tool with handle at the back
usually made of wood, a tool used to finish
a concrete surface by making it smooth

• Trowel – flat tool used for applying,

spreading and shaping plaster or mortar to
produce smooth finish.
Masonry (Common Materials)
• CHB – is the most widely used masonry
material for construction works.
• Bricks – are manufactured from clay and
other materials processed into workable
consistency and molded to standard sizes.
Types of Brick
Bonding
• STRETCHER BOND – longer face of
the brick as seen in the elevation.
• HEADER BOND – shorter face of the
brick as seen in the elevation.
• ENGLISH BOND – alternate courses
consist of headers and stretchers.
• FLEMISH BOND – Alternate courses
start with stretcher and header.
• To break the vertical joints queen closers
are required, if a course starts with header.
• Every header is centrally supported on the
stretcher below it.
• Flemish bonds may be further classified as;
a. Double Flemish Bond
b. Single Flemish Bond
• Rubble stone – irregular stones with
good face for wall surface.
• Ashlars – carefully worked and joined
stone blocks laid in parallel horizontal
courses.
• Aggregates - the
material that is
bound together into a
conglomerated mass
by cement and water
to form concrete,
mortar or plaster.
– Fine – sand
– Coarse – crushed
rocks, gravel .
• Mortar
– Workable paste which hardens to bind building
blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete
masonry units
– Use to fill and seal the irregular gaps between
them
• Grout
– Used as a filler for the joints between tiles once
the tile you are installing has been sbetween
tiles et
 Types of Cement
• Ordinary Portland Cement
– (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
– used for general construction and is
widely used all over the world
• Portland Pozzolana Cement
– (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
– used for constructions susceptible in
water exposure
Masonry Terms
• Plasticity – molded without segregation
• Consistency – degree of wetness or slump
• Center – Start laying ceramic tiles
• Left – Start laying concrete hollow blocks
• Admixture – Process added to the batch
immediately before or during its mixing
• Stirrups – the structural reinforcing member
• Forms – structure that holds the poured
concrete
• 7 days – concrete shall be maintained above
10 °C temperature
• Curing – Process of hardening of concrete
• Stretcher – Bricks longer side is exposed to
view
• Header – Bricks shorter side is exposed to
view
CHB lay per bag of Cement
CHB Size No. of Pieces

4” x 8” x 16” 55 to 60 pcs

6” x 8” x 16” 30 to 36 pcs

8” x 8” x 16” 25 to 30 pcs
 1 square meter = 12.5 pcs
concrete hollow blocks
10 sq. m. = _____ CHB
 1 square meter = 12.5 pcs
concrete hollow blocks
10 sq. m. = _____ CHB

10 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 125 pcs CHB

You have a 3 meters by 5 meters
room, how many hollow blocks do
you need?

3 m x 5 m = _______ CHB
You have a 3 meters by 5 meters
room, how many hollow blocks do
you need?

3 m x 5 m = _______ CHB
3 m x 5 m = 15 sq. m
15 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 187.5 pcs
CHB
How may CHB is needed for 15
meters by 20 meters fence?
How may CHB is needed for 15
meters by 20 meters fence?

15 m x 20 m = _______ CHB
15 m x 20 m = 300 sq. m
300 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 3,750 pcs
CHB
 HAND
CLASS CEMENT SAND GRAVEL
MIXING

AA 1 1.5 3

½ kg water
A 1 2 4 + 1 kg
cement + 2
kg sand +
2.5 to 3 kg
B 1 2.5 5 gravel

C 1 3 6
Class Purpose
AA Specialized Extra Strength

For beams, slabs, columns, all

A members subjected to bending

For member not reinforced for

B bending stress

C For footing (not under water)

Class Purpose
AA mix concrete for column and
1:1 ½:3 slab

A mix concrete for a slab in

1:2:4 the ground

C mix concrete for hollow

1:3:6 block filler
Types of Tile
• Ceramic tile is a less expensive
material used in tile setting.
Type of Ceramic Tiles
• Glazed Tiles
– with smooth
shiny surface
Type of Ceramic Tiles
• Unglazed
Tiles
– usually not
shiny and
with porous
surface
• Vinyl tile is inexpensive, easy to install,
and easy to maintain. These tiles are
waterproof and very durable.
• Quarry Tile – has a rough surface, so
that it is perfect for flooring because it
provides a good grip.
• Glass Tiles made from thin pieces of
glass with translucent glaze fired onto the
back of each tile
Type of Glass Tiles
• Mounted
Glass Tile
usually, pre-
mounted on mesh
backing
Type of Glass Tiles
• Unmounted
Glass Tile
Tiles that are
stained glass,
usually without
mesh backing
• Ceramic – used as bathroom wall and
kitchen floor surfaces
• Glazed Ceramic – kitchen
• Unglazed Ceramic – ideal for wet areas
and outdoor applications, bathroom, pool
• Quarry Tile – flooring
• Granite stone – kitchen design tiling
• Glass tiles – walls, bathrooms, in window
details, or for decoration.
Tiles per square meter
TILE SIZE TILE SIZE NUMBER OF
(METRIC) (ENGLISH) TILES
20x20 8x8 25 pcs
20x25 8x10 20 pcs
30x30 12x12 11 pcs
33x33 13x13 9.25 pcs
40x40 16x16 6.25 pcs
50x50 18x18 4 pcs
60x60 24x24 2.7 pcs
Your mother want to change the
tiles in your kitchen sink, so she
asked you to buy all the needed
materials. The size of tiles are
8”x8”, and the area of your sink is 6
sq. meters. How many tiles will be
needed?
Size of tiles: 8”x8”
Area: 6 sq. meter
Size of tiles: 8”x8”
Area: 6 sq. meter

8”x8” = 25 pcs
6 sq. m x 25 pcs = 150 pcs
Zeth would like to use a 12”x12”
tiles for his bathroom that is 5
meters long and 2 meters wide.
How many tiles does he need to
buy?
Size of tiles: 12x12 inches
Area: 5m x 2m
How many tiles?
Size of tiles: 12x12 inches
Area: 5m x 2m

12”x12” = 11 pcs
5m x 2m = 10 sq. m
10 sq. m x 11 pcs = 110 pcs