Plumbing

March 01,2024
 Terminology
Plumbing- it is installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus, conveying
and supply water in buildings and discharging wastes water.
Plumber – a person who install pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to
convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste
water.
Septic tank-A receptacle or vault used to collect organic wastes
discharged from the house sewer.
Sludge- The semi-liquid substances accumulated at the bottom of the
septic tank
Sewer-An underground tunnel that carries off the drainage ad waste matter from a
home or town
Waste pipe- The pipe that conveys waste from the various fixture other than from
the water closet
Trap- It is fitting or device that provides liquid seal to prevent the back passage of
air.
 Union fitting- The kind of fitting used to connect fixed pipe and fixtures
Check valve- A fitting or a device installed at the inlet of a water pump to prevent
backflow of water.
Ball valve- A device installed in water lines that can be closed or opened to allow
installation or troubleshooting of fixtures
Teflon tape- use to seal off threaded fittings to avoid leakage.
Reducer- A metal or plastic fitting used to connect smaller pipe from a
larger pipe.
Back flow - Water contaminants are being forced back into the water
piping system
Septic - A compartment that receives solid or liquid waste, located below
the normal grade of the gravity system
Potable water is safe for drinking, cooking and personal use
Down spout - A pipe where rainwater from the roof down to the ground
passes through.
Waste pipe that conveys only liquid waste
Galvanized pipes- Pipes does potable water travel.
 Important hand -outs
• In installing water supply inside the building the diameter of the pipes
should be 0.5 inch
• If the water system has leak shut off the flow of water in the gate valve
• A plumber wants to install a liquid seal to prevent sewer gasses from
entering the building he needs a device called backflow preventer.
• A gate valve is appropriate if a plumber wants to shut off the flow of
water just 90 degrees turn
• In the end of a PVC pipe, male adopter is fitted in order to stop the flow of water a
cap fitting shall be used
• If the end of a PVC pipe is fitted with a female adopter, in order to stop the flow of
water a plug shall be used.
• A coupling will be used as fitting if a plumber wants to connect two length of
pipes.
• Angle valve must be shut off when if here is leaking in the water supply of
lavatory, sink and water closet.
• 2% must be the standard pitch or slope in installing a soil pipe
• 15 meters must be the minimum safe distance form the septic tank for source of
potable water
• 45 meters must be the radius of cesspool, septic tank or drain fields from the well.
• 100 meters must be the minimum radius from a well to the residences if the water
will be use for public use.
• There should be no concrete sanitary sewer existing 45 meters radius from the well.
• The standard length of a PVC pipe 10 ft. ( 3 meters)
• If there is leaking in the water supply of lavatory, sink and water closet angle valve
must be shut off
• Vent pipe- must be installed to prevent siphonage or backflow of the water seal in
the drainage system
• Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC)- plastic pipes commonly used in water fixture
installation nowadays.
• If you want to estimate the number of G.I. pipes needed from your house to the
main supply the standard length of a G.I. pipe must be 6ft.
• If you want to estimate the number of PVC pipes needed from yur house to the ain
supply the standard length of PVC pipe must be 3meter (10 ft)
Plumbing fitting types
Types of Plumbing Valves
G.I. Pipes
PVC Pipes
Down Spout
 Electricity
• Hydrogen energy – the kinetic energy of falling water.
• Photovoltaic system – solar collector that is capable of producing
voltage when exposed to radiant energy ( sunlight ).
• Geothermal – energy derived or extracted from the internal heat
of earth .
• Photoelectric effect- refers to the extraction of electrons form a
substance by sunlight in incident electromagnetic radiation.
• The resistance of an electrical wire is inversely proportional to its cross
sectional area.
• If three equal resistance are connected in parallel, the equivalent
resistance of the circuit will be one third the value of one resistor
• Pull box- a box with a blank cover which is inserted in one or more
runs for raceway to facilitate pulling of the conductors
• Junction box- a box with a blank cover for joining runs of conduits ad
providing space for connection and branching of enclosed conductors
• The minimum sized of wire used in electrical wiring is the no.14 AWG,
under the SI standard 1.6mm diameter of wire must be used.
• Electrical Metallic Tubing- a thin walled steel raceway of circular
form with a corrosion-resistant coating for protection of wires or cables.
• Bx cable – an armored cable
• Armored cable- - a cable is fabricated assembly of insulated
conductors enclosed in a flexible metal sheath
• Flat cable assembly shaller be installed for exposed work only.
• Cleat- an assembly of two pieces of material provided with grooves for
holding one or more conducts at a definite spacing from the surface
wired over and from each other and with holes for fastening in position
• Concealed knob and tubes- a wiring method that uses knobs, tubes and
flexible non-metallic tubing for the protection and support of single
insulated conductors concealed in hollow spaces of walls ceilings of
buildings
• Concealed type- terms refers so that switch or outlet body that is
embedded or hidden in the wall.
• Surface type- when the entire switch or outlet body is visible and extends
beyond the wall surface.
• Breaker Switch - a device automatically breaks the circuit the moment
an overload or short circuit occurs.
• Duplex- a term used when two conductors are imbedded in one solid
mass of rubber insulation.
• Weatherproof socket- A type of sockets used for outdoor or wet
location wiring installation
• 2.0mm- is the smaller size of wire permitted by the code to be used in
wiring installation..
• Dry location- is permitted by the code to be used for surface non-
metallic raceway.
• Service entrance using copper conductors shall have sufficient capacity
and shall not be smaller than 8.0mm
• Ohmmeter- a device used to detect short circuit
• If installed in raceway, conductors of size 8.0mm and larger shall be
stranded.
• At least 150mm of free conductor shall ne left each outlet , junction and
switch for splices or connection of fixtures or devices.
• 360 degrees must be the total number of mechanical degrees that
electrical pipe run maybe bent between pull points.
• Rigid non-metallic conduit shall be supported within 900mm of each box
cabinet or other termination
• Electrical metallic tubing smaller than 15mm electrical trade size shall
not be used.
• Type AC cable shall be secured by approved staples, straps, hanger or
similar fitting at intervals not exceeding 1300mm.
• In concealed knob and tube wiring the clearance to maintained between conductors
is 76mm.
• Three bulbs are connected in parallel and controlled by a single switch. If one of
the three bulbs is busted the remaining bulbs will maintained its brightness.
• Alternator-a synchronous alternating current machine that changes mechanical
power into electrical power.
• The word electron was derived from the Greek word which means to rub.
• The peak to peak voltage in a 117Vac outlet is 220 V
• Negative to positive- the actual flow of current
• Resistance – the rate of doing work
• Millihenry is equal to 1000th Henry-
• An inductor opposes any changes in current.
• Parallel- A connection where circuit having two or more
current paths
• Potentiometer- an electrical unit of measuring a power.
• Linear- an electric device that is used to limit or oppose the
flow of current in a circuit.
• Resistor- an electronic device that is used to limit or oppose
the flow of current in a circuit.
• Ohmmeter- an instrument that is used to measure the amount
of resistance in a circuit .
• Solder- is a mixture of tin lead
• The commonly used soldering lead is 60-40
• A standard 220 VAC has a frequency of 60 Hz
• Base collector- A low frequency speaker
• The three leads of common transistor is collector base emitter
• Connecting lead from the negative to the positive of a
battery will produce short circuit
• 3.4 V is the approximate characteristics voltage that
develop across a red LED.
• If two resistors are place in a series the final resistance
is higher
• To prevent transistor from getting hot use heat sink
• Sine wave- when two capacitors rise and fall of
alternating current and voltage.
• When two capacitors are connected in parallel the
capacitance will increase
• Common emitter- a circuit with the most gain.
• When the resistor is open the resistance is infinite
• A low voltage power supply converts pulsating DC
voltage
• When checking an open resistor using an ohmmeter the
resistance reads infinite
• A schematic diagram shows the components of an electronic
circuit by means of symbol
• Resistor- non polarized electronic component
• The voltage rating found in a capacitor is called working
voltage.
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