RESISTIVE TRANSDUCER

ADVANTAGES
• They are inexpensive.

• Simple to operate and are very useful for

applications where the requirements are not
particularly severe.

• They are useful for the measurement of large

amplitudes of displacement.

• Electrical efficiency is very high, and they provide

sufficient output to allow control operations.
DISADVANTAGES

•When using a linear potentiometer, a

large force is required to move the
sliding contacts.

•The sliding contacts can wear out,

become misaligned and generate noise.
•CAPACITIVE
TRANSDUCER
CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCER
ADVANTAGES

•HIGH SENSITIVITY

•GOOD FREQUENCY RESPONSE

•LOADING EFFECT IS LESS DUE TO HIGH

INPUT IMPEDANCE
DISADVANTAGES

•Nonlinear output

•Affected by stray magnetic fields

APPLICATIONS

•Used to measure volume, liquid

level, density

•Used for measurement of linear

and angular displacement
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER

• SELF
INDUCTANCE

• MUTUAL
INDUCTANCE
INDUCTANCE
THREE METHODS

•Change in self inductance with

number of turns

•Change in permeability

•Change in length and area of the

coil
Change in self inductance with
number of turns
Change in permeability
ADVNTAGES

•Robustness against environmental

quantities

•High responsivity
DISADVANTGES

•SENSITIVE TO STRAY MAGNETIC FIELDS

RESISTIVE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
INDUCTIVE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
CAPACITIVE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
• PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER
PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTALS

•Barium titanate

•Lead zirconate titanate(PZT)

•Rochelle salt

•Quartz
ADVANTAGES

•Active transducer

•Low cost ,small size

•High sensitivity

•Broad frequency range

•Good linearity and repeatability

DISADVANTAGES

•LOW POWER

•DRIFT WITH TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE

•HIGH IMPEDANCE: needs shielding

APPLICATIONS
•Used for Measurement of force, stress,
vibrations

•To detect detonations in the engine block

•Used in Inkjet printers

•Used in smart phones screens

•Used in Lighters

•Accelerometers:1-30mv output voltage per gm

of acceleration
LVDT

• LINEAR VARIABLE
DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
ADVANTAGES

• LINEARITY

• HIGH RESOLUTION

• HIGH OUTPUT

• HIGH SENSITIVITY

• RUGGEDNESS

• LESS FRICTION
DISADVANTAGES

•SENSITIVE TO STRAY MAGNETIC FIELD

•SENSITIVE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES

•LIMITED DYNAMIC RESPONSE

STRAIN
GUAGE
BRIDGE CIRCUIT
Prove that k= 1 + 2µ
For positive strain and negative strain.
TYPES OF STRAIN GAGES

•RESISTANCE WIRE S.G.

•Copper, nickel or nickel iron alloys

•FOIL S.G.
•Nichrome, constantan, nickel, platinum

•SEMICONDUCTOR S.G.
•Silicon, germanium,High guage factor
UNBONDED RESISTANCE WIRE STRAIN GAGE
UNBONDED STRAIN GUAGE

•Wire stretched between two points

in an insulating medium such as air
•Copper, nickel or nickel iron alloys
•50 micrometer range
BONDED STRAIN GUAGE
BONDED STRAIN GUAGE

Fine wire of about 25 micrometer

diameter is looped back and forth on a
carrier (base) which is bonded to the
member undergoing stress
Carrier… paper, Bakelite, Teflon
Wire is covered with a thin sheet of
material to prevent it from mechanical
damage
FOIL STRAIN GUAGE

•Strain is sensed with the help of a metal foil

•Metals and alloys used for the foil and wire are
nichrome, constantan, nickel, platinum

•Same GF as wire strain guage but greater

dissipation capacity than wire gauges due to
the larger surface area for the same volume.
FLOW MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCER

•TURBINE METER

•ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETER
TURBINE FLOWMETER
TURBINE FLOWMETER

• Flow tube

• Magnetic
multibladed free
spinning motor
mounted inside
,inline with the
flow

• A pick up sensor
mounted above
the rotor
WORKING

• Flowing fluid causes the rotor to rotate at an

angular velocity proportional to the fluid flow rate.

• When the magnetic blade pass by the pickup

sensor, a signal is generated for each passing blade.

• This provides a pulsed signal proportional to the

speed of the rotor and represents pulses per
volumetric unit(flow rate)
ADVANTAGES
•Good accuracy

• Excellent repeatability and range

• Easy to install and maintain

DISADVANTAGES

•High cost

•Limited use for slurry applications

•Problems caused by non-lubricating

fluids
APPLICATIONS

•Liquids & gases

•Used in blending systems in

petroleum industry

•Aerospace applications for fuel

measurements
ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETER
• When an
electrically
conductive fluid
flows in the pipe,
voltage is induced
between a pair of
electrodes placed
at right angles to
the direction of
thee magnetic field.
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
•E = C.B.L.V

•Where,
•B = flux density
•L = length of conductor(pipe diameter)
•E = emf generated.
•V=velocity of the conductor
Q=V.A
ADVANTAGES

•No obstruction to flow

•Linear output

•o/p unaffected by changes in

characteristics of liquid
DISADVANTAGES

•Operating cost high

•Conductivity of liquid shouldn’t be very less

•Heavy

•Must be full at all times

•Must be explosion proof

OPTICAL TRANSDUCERS

•PHOTOCONDUCTIVE

•PHOTODIODE

•PHOTOTRANSISTOR
PHOTORESISTOR
(PHOTOCONDUCTIVE)
• The photoconductive cell converts the light energy
into an electric current.
• It uses the semiconductor material like cadmium
selenide, Ge, Se, as a photo sensing element.
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE

• When the beam of light falls on the semiconductor

material, their conductivity increases and the material
works like a closed switch.
• The current starts flowing into the material and deflects
the pointer of the meter.
PHOTODIODE
• A photodiode is a semiconductor device which can provide
conduction if it is illuminated by the light source.
• The photodiode shouldn’t be operated in forward biased mode.
PHOTODIODE

• The incident light comprises of photons which

impart their energy to electrons when collide with
them.
• Thus, the semiconductor material is illuminated by
light, the photons strike atoms of semiconductor
and as a consequence of which the electrons get
dislodge from the semiconductor atom.
• The movement of mobile electron constitutes
current in the photodiode.
PHOTODIODE

•The photodiode is a semiconductor material

which converts the light into the current.

•The electrons of the semiconductor material

start moving when the photodiode absorbs
the light energy.

•The response time of the photodiode is very

less. It is designed for working in reverse bias.
PHOTOTRANSISTOR

•It is a device almost similar to normal

junction transistor.
• However, the only variation that exists is a
large area of the base-collector region.
• In phototransistor, base current is not
supplied as input, instead of it, light energy
is provided that is used to trigger the
transistor.
•This supplied light energy generates an
electric current through the device due to
the photoelectric effect