Amount of Substance in

a Chemical Reaction
“WHAT AM I?” – Guess that picture.

“I am that
which triggers
formation of a
new substance.”
R E A C T I O N
Learning Objectives:
•Calculate the amount of product
formed
•Determine the limiting and excess
reactants in a reaction
•Calculate the percent yield
Chemical Reaction

“A balanced chemical equation conveys

qualitative and quantitative information.”
*Qualitative – gives identities of the reactants
and products, and their physical states
*Quantitative – provides the relative no. of atoms
or molecules of the reactants and products
 RECALL. Think about it!

1. WORD EQUATIONS

Iron + Copper sulphate Iron sulphate

+ Copper

Read as:
CHEMICAL REACTION
In the given GIF above, iron rods are placed in a test Iron reacts with the solution of Copper
tube containing a bluish copper sulphate solution. sulphate to produce Iron sulphate and
Copper deposits form on the iron rods and the Copper
solution changes color as it becomes iron sulphate.
 RECALL. Think about it!

1. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
and
“yields” or “reacts”
liquid
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (l) FeSO4 (s) + Cu (s)
CHEMICAL REACTION solid
In the given GIF above, iron rods are placed in a test
tube containing a bluish copper sulphate solution. “react to produce” or “produce
Copper deposits form on the iron rods and the
solution changes color as it becomes iron sulphate.
Formation of water

two molecules of oxygen

two atoms of oxygen

per molecule
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

“ It states that there is no increase or

decrease in mass during a chemical reaction
since the number of atoms of each element is
the same in the reactants as in the
products.”
No loss or addition of mass is seen in the reaction.
Do you remember what do these terms mean?

Molar mass
Mole Stoichiometry
Avogadro’s number
 Stoichiometric Calculations

Stoichiometry – refers to the quantitative relationship between the

reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Avogadro’s number - the proportionality constant 6.022 x 1023 which
expresses the particles of substances (atoms, molecules, formula units, and ions)
Mole – is the amount of substance that contains as many particles as there are
atoms in 12 grams of carbon - 12
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms, molecules, formula units, and ions
1 dozen = 12 eggs
- (abbreviated as mol) is numerically equal to the atomic mass (amu) of that
element
 Stoichiometric Calculations

Molar mass – refers to the total molar masses of individual

atoms in a compound
- Can be expressed as in grams per mol (g/mol)
- Also known as atomic weight or atomic mass

For example, the molar mass of Fe2O3 is calculated as follows:

 molar mass of Fe2O3

Fe: 2 atoms x 55.85 g/mol Fe = 111.7 g/mol Fe

O: 3 atoms x 16.00 g/mol O = 48.00 g/mol O
-----------------------------------------------------------------
molar mass of Fe2O3 = 159.7 g/mol Fe2O3
Learn how to solve stoichiometry problems
using this chart
Given: balanced equation, amount of reactant
Required: amount of product

Mass of
Mass of product
reactant

use molar mass use molar mass

of reactant of product
use molar ratio from balanced
Mole of equation
Mole of product
reactant
Let’s Practice!

In a 5.00 g sample of Fe2O3, compute the following:

a. Moles of Fe2O3
b. Particles of Fe2O3
c. Moles of Fe3+ ions
d. Ions of Fe3+
a. Moles of Fe2O3

Solution:
Conversion from grams to moles of a substance

5.00 g Fe2O3 x = 0.031 mol Fe2O3

b. Particles of Fe2O3

Solution:
Conversion from grams of a substance to its number of particles

0.313 mol Fe2O3 x = 1.89 x 1022 Fe2O3 particles

c. Moles of Fe3+ ions

Solution:
Conversion from mole of a compound to mole of its component
particles
Note: In one mole of a compound, the number of moles of an atom (or its corresponding ion) is
equal to its subscript in the chemical formula. That is, in one mole of Fe 2O3, there are 2 moles of
Fe atoms (or ions) and 3 moles O atoms (or ions).
1 mole Fe2O3 : 2 moles Fe 3+

0.313 mol Fe2O3 x = 0.0626 mole Fe3+

 d. Ions of Fe3+

Solution:
Conversion from grams to moles to particles

5.00 g Fe2O3 x x x = 3.77 x 1022 Fe3+ ions

Let’s Practice!
Calculate the amount of product formed

If 0.700g nitrogen reacts completely with hydrogen, how

many grams of ammonia, NH3 would be formed?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (s) 2 NH3 (g)
 Let’s Practice!
Calculate the amount of product formed
Calculating massproduct from massreactant
Given: mass N2 = 0.700 g
Find: mass NH3
Solution: mass N2 moles N2 moles NH3 mass NH3
Moles N2 = 0.700 g N2 x = 0.025 mol N2
Moles NH3 = 0.025 mol N2 x = 0.050 mol NH3
Mass NH3: (molar mass NH3 = 17.0 g/mol)
mass NH3 = 0.050 mol NH3 x = 0.850 g NH3
From 0.700 g N2, 0.850 g NH3 is formed.
EXPLORE.“REACTANTS, PRODUCTS AND
LEFTOVERS” – An interactive simulation

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/reactants-products-and-
leftovers
EXPLAIN

• Limiting Reactant
• used up in a reaction
• determines the amount of product which can be
formed in a given reaction
• the reactant that gives the smaller yield
• Excess Reactant
• added to ensure that the other reactant is completely
used up
 Consider this reaction:

2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O(l)

2 moles H2 reacts with one mole O2 to produce 2 moles of liquid water

Mole reactants available: 2 moles H2 , 2 moles

O2
Mole reactants consumed: 2 moles H2 , 1 mole
O2
 Consider this reaction:

2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O(l)

2 moles H2 reacts with one mole O2 to produce 2 moles of liquid water

Limiting reactant: H2
Let’s solve.
Refer to Module 2. Lesson 7. page 27
Consider the formation of disulfur dichloride (S2Cl2). Disulfur
dichloride is used to vulcanize rubber, a rubber that makes rubber
harder, stronger, and less likely to become soft when hot, or
brittle when cold. In the production of disulfur chloride, molten
sulfur reacts with chlorine gas according to this equation:
S8(l) + Cl2 (g) 4 S2Cl2(l)

If 200.0 g of sulfur reacts with 100 g chlorine,

what mass of disulfur dichloride is produced?
ELABORATE.

To maintain a low level of CO2 inside the cabin of

astronauts, the air is passed through lithium hydroxide.
The reaction is,
CO2 + 2LiOH (s) Li2CO3 (s) + H2O (g)

How many moles of water are formed in the reaction of

1.5 moles CO2 and 4.00 moles LiOH?
 ELABORATE.

Given: mole CO2 = 1.5 mol

mole LiOH = 4.00 mol
Find: mole H2O
Solution: Identify the limiting reactant by calculating the amount of product, H2O,
formed from each of the given values of the reactants.
For Co2: mole H2O = 1.5 mol CO2 x = 1.5 mol H2O
For LiOH: mole H2O = 4.00 mol LiOH x = 2.0 mol H2O
Therefore, the limiting reactant is CO2, which forms the smaller amount of H2O
wherein there are 1.5 moles H2O produced.
Solve!

In an experiment, 2.00g of Al is heated with 10.00 g of

sulfur to form aluminum sulfide:
2Al2 (s) + 3S (s) Al2S3 (s)

How many grams of excess reactants will remain?

 Solve!
Given: mass Al = 2.00 g; mass S = 10.00 g
Find: mass excess reactant
Solution:
1. Identify limiting reactant
For Al: mol Al2S3 = 2.00 g Al x x = 0.0371 mol Al2S3
For S: mol Al2S3 = 10.00 g S x x = 0.104 mol Al2S3

2.00 g Al produces less Al2S3 than 10.00 g S. Therefore, Al is the limiting

reactant and S is the excess reactant.
 Solve!
Solution:
2. Determine the actual mass of S that reacted with the limiting reactant Al.
mass S = 2.00 g Al x x x = 3.57 g S

3. Get the mass of S that did not react.

mass S not reacted = mass S available – mass S reacted
= 10.00 g – 3.57 g
= 6.43 g
There are 6.43 g S that remained.
Percent Yield

Percent yield =

- Also called experimental yield; refers to the

ACTUAL YIELD amount of product actually obtained from the
chemical reaction
- quantity of product which could be obtained
THEORETICAL
by the complete reaction of the limiting
YIELD reactant.
 The general steps in solving problems
involving percentage yield
mass of reactants
STEP 1: Convert using molar mass of
reactants

amount of reactants in mole

STEP 2: Convert using the mole
ratio of the limiting reactant to
product
theoretical amount of
product in mole
STEP 3: Convert using the molar
mass of the product
experimental mass of theoretical mass of the
STEP 4: Compare and compute
the product product

Percentage yield
Sample Problem

In the laboratory, 24.3 g magnesium is

allowed to react with oxygen; 40.3 g of
magnesium oxide is expected to be
produced. However, when the mass of
magnesium oxide was measured, only 32.5 g
was obtained. What is the percent yield of
the reaction?
Sample Problem

Given:
Actual yield = 32.5 g
Theoretical yield = 40.3 g
Find: % yield
Solution:
% yield =
=
= 80.6 %
 Let’s Solve.
Calculate the percent yield
The pollutant SO2 can be removed from the emission of an
industrial plant by making it react with CaCO3 and O2. The
reaction is:

2SO2(g) + 2CaCO3(s) + O2(g) 2CaCO4 (s) + 2CO2 (g)

If 0.100 mol SO2 reacts with excess CaCO3 and O2 and

the actual yield of CaSO4 is 11.4 g, what is the percent
yield?
Let’s Solve.
Calculate the percent yield
Given: mole SO2 = 0.100 mol;
actual yield = 11.4 g
Find: % yield
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the theoretical yield
mole SO2 mole CaSO4 mass CaSO4
Moles of CaSO4:
x = 0.100 mol SO2 x = 0.100 mol CaSO4
Mass of CaSO4:
mass of CaSO4 = 0.100 mol CaSO4 x = 13.616 g ≈ 13.6 g
From 0.100 mol SO2, 13.616 g CaSO4 is formed. Therefore, the theoretical yield is
13.616 g.
Let’s Solve.
Calculate the percent yield
Calculate the percent yield:
% yield =
=
= 83.7 %
EVALUATE.
1. What is the first step necessary in order to
answer or solve a stoichiometric problem?

A. Identify the given values.

B. Be ready with the calculator.
C. Check if the equation is balanced.
D. Write down the mathematical formula.
 EVALUATE.
2. What is the ratio of the bread, cheese and sandwich?

A. 1:2:1 C. 2:2:2
B. 2:1:1 D. 1:2:2
 Exploring Life Through
Science (2016) by Santiago
and Silverio pp. 91-97

Reference(s): Physical Science (2016) by

Padolina et al. pp. 61-73

SLM for SHS Physical Science

Quarter 1 Module 2 pp. 27-
31