Mce Igcse Biology PPT c18

PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSE™
Biology Student's Book
CHAPTER 18
INHERITANCE
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd The following content has not been through the Cambridge Assessment International Education endorsement process. 1
18.1 DNA
In this section, you will learn the following:
• State that chromosomes are made of DNA,
which contains genetic information in the form
of genes.
• Define a gene as a length of DNA that codes for
a protein.
• State that the sequence of bases in a gene
determines the sequence of amino acids
needed to make a specific protein.
• Explain that different sequences of amino
acids give different shapes to protein molecules.
• Explain that DNA controls cell function by
controlling the production of proteins, including
enzymes, membrane carriers and receptors for
neurotransmitters.
• Explain how a protein is made.
• Explain that most body cells in an organism
contain the same genes, but many genes in a
particular cell are not expressed because the
cell only makes the specific proteins it needs.
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2

How is DNA organised inside cells?

• Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is a molecule that carries
genetic information.
• The information is important for all cellular functions, such
as cell division and differentiation.
How DNA is packaged inside a cell nucleus

How are chromosomes, genes and proteins related?

• A DNA molecule consists of two parallel strands. The two strands are joined by nitrogen-containing or
nitrogenous bases.
• There are four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
Nitrogenous bases
Complementary base pairing
The DNA double helix is a coiled or twisted structure.

How are chromosomes, genes and proteins related?

• A DNA molecule carries many genes along its length. Each gene is a segment in the DNA that controls the
production of a particular protein, enzyme, membrane carrier or neurotransmitter.
Part of a DNA molecule showing three genes

Protein synthesis
How a protein is made

How do genes control cell function?

• The nucleus in every cell contains all the genes to construct the human body.
• Genes can be switched on or off to form different types of cells. This is the process of
differentiation.
Let’s Practise 18.1

1 Describe the relationship between a gene, a DNA and a chromosome.
2 If cytosine forms 40% of the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule, what percentage of the bases would be
adenine?
3 One of the strands of a DNA molecule has the following sequence of bases:
TACTTTGGACCGAAA
Write down the sequence of bases for the complementary DNA strand.

18.2 Mitosis
In this section, you will learn the
following:
• Describe mitosis as nuclear division
giving rise to genetically identical cells.
• State the role of mitosis in growth,
repair of damaged tissues, replacement
of cells and asexual reproduction.
• State that the exact replication of
chromosomes occurs before mitosis.
• State that during mitosis, the copies of
chromosomes separate, maintaining
the chromosome number.
• Describe stem cells as unspecialised
cells that divide by mitosis to produce
daughter cells that can become
specialised for specific functions.

What is mitosis?
• Mitosis is a type of nuclear division. It produces daughter nuclei which contain the same number of
chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.

What are stem cells?

• Stem cells are unspecialised cells. They divide and produce new cells by mitosis.
• The daughter cells can be differentiated into specialised cells for specific functions in the organs where they
are found.
What is the importance of mitosis?

• Mitosis ensures that the resulting two daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell.
• This is important for processes such as
- growth in multicellular organisms;
- repair of damaged tissues;
- asexual reproduction.

18.3 Meiosis
In this section, you will learn the
following:
• State that meiosis is involved in the
production of gametes.
• Describe meiosis as a reduction division,
in which the chromosome number is
halved from diploid to haploid resulting in
genetically different cells.
• Describe a haploid nucleus as a nucleus
containing a single set of chromosomes.
• Describe a diploid nucleus as a nucleus
containing two sets of chromosomes.

What is meiosis?
• Meiosis is a type of nuclear division.
• The daughter nuclei contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
Meiosis produces four genetically different gametes.

What is the difference between a haploid nucleus and a diploid nucleus?
Fertilisation of a sperm and an egg
What is the importance of meiosis?

• Meiosis produces haploid gametes for fertilisation.
• Meiosis produces gametes that are genetically different.

Let’s Practise 18.2 and 18.3
1 The figure shows a cell with two pairs of chromosomes. Four genetically different gametes are
produced during meiosis. Draw in the chromosomes to show how four different gametes are produced.

18.4 Monohybrid Inheritance

• Describe inheritance as the transmission of
genetic information from generation to generation.

How are traits passed on from one generation to another?
Some human traits that can be inherited

What is genetics?
• Genetics is the scientific study of heredity.
Geneticists are scientists who study genetics.
What is monohybrid inheritance?

Monohybrid Inheritance is the inheritance involving one pair of contrasting traits,
such as: Gregor Mendel, father of genetics
• single or double eyelids;
• straight or curly hair;
• attached or detached earlobes.

18.5 Genotype and Phenotype

• Define an allele as an alternative form of a gene.
• Describe genotype as the genetic make-up of an organism in terms of the
alleles present.
• Describe phenotype as the observable features of an organism.
• Describe homozygous as having two identical alleles of a particular gene.
• State that two identical homozygous individuals that breed together will be
pure-breeding.
• Describe heterozygous as having two different alleles of a particular gene.
• State that a heterozygous individual will not be pure-breeding.
• Describe dominant as an allele that is expressed if it is present in the genotype.
• Describe recessive as an allele that is only expressed when there is no
dominant allele of the gene present in the genotype.
• Interpret pedigree diagrams for the inheritance of a given characteristic.
• Use genetic diagrams to predict the results of monohybrid crosses, and
calculate phenotypic ratios, limited to 1:1 and 3:1 ratios.
• Use Punnett squares in crosses which result in more than one genotype to
work out and show the possible different genotypes.
• Explain how to use a test cross to identify an unknown genotype.
• Describe co-dominance as a situation in which both alleles in heterozygous
organisms contribute to the phenotype.

What are alleles?

• Different forms of the same gene are called alleles.
• If a person has two different alleles, the allele that is expressed is called the dominant allele, while the
other allele that is not expressed is called the recessive allele.
A pair of homologous chromosomes, showing five genes in

each chromosome. Two alleles of the eyelid gene are shown.

What are genotype and phenotype?

• If a person has both recessive alleles, then the recessive phenotype will be expressed.
• Different combinations of alleles are called genotype.
• The expressed characteristic or outward appearance is called phenotype. Genotype Phenotype
• Example: D = dominant allele; d = recessive allele. DD double eyelid
Dd double eyelid
dd single eyelid
Homozygous and heterozygous

• A pure-bred or homozygous organism (homozygote) has two identical alleles (e.g. DD or dd).
• A homozygous dominant organism has two dominant alleles (e.g. DD).
• A homozygous recessive organism has two recessive alleles (e.g. dd).
• A heterozygous organism has different alleles (e.g. Dd).

What are genetic crosses?
Punnett square

Test cross

Worked Example 18A

The figure shows the inheritance of hair colour in members of a
family.
(a) Which is the dominant phenotype?
(b) What is the genotype of A — homozygous or heterozygous?
(c) What is the most likely genotype of F? Is he homozygous
dominant or heterozygous?
(d) Can you confirm that F is homozygous dominant?
Explain your answer.

What is codominance?
• In codominance, both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote.
Worked Example 18B

A pure-bred red-haired bull mated with a pure-bred white-haired cow. All their offspring had both red hairs
and white hairs, called roan. When their roan offspring interbred among themselves, they produced offspring
in the ratio 1 red : 2 roan : 1 white.
Using suitable symbols, explain the above crosses.

Let’s Practise 18.4 and 18.5
1 A pure-bred plant with blue flowers was crossed with a pure breeding plant with white flowers. All the F1 offspring
had blue flowers. When the F1 plants were self-fertilised or bred among themselves, the F2 plants produced
were in the ratio of 3 blue-flowered plants to 1 white-flowered plant.
Using suitable symbols, explain the crosses above.

18.6 Inheritance of ABO Blood Groups

• Explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups —
phenotypes being A, B, AB and O blood groups and
alleles being IA, IB and IO.

What are multiple alleles?

• Multiple alleles is a term used for a gene that exists in more than two alleles.
Human blood groups and their corresponding genotypes

Blood Group Genotype
A IAIA or IAIO
B IBIB or IBIO
AB IAIB
O IOIO

Worked Example 18C

A man whose blood group was A married a woman of blood group B. They had a child with blood group O.
(a) Explain, by means of a genetic diagram, how it is possible for the couple to have a child with blood
(a) group O.
(b) What is the probability that their next child will have blood group O?

1 A man has blood group A. His wife has blood group O. Explain with a genetic diagram how they are
1 able to have a child with blood group O.

18.7 Sex Determinism

• Describe the inheritance of sex in humans with reference to
X and Y chromosomes.
• State that in a diploid cell, there is a pair of each type of
chromosome and in a human diploid cell, there are 23 pairs.
• Describe a sex-linked characteristic.
• Describe red-green colour blindness as an example of
sex linkage.
• Use genetic diagrams to predict the results of monohybrid
crosses involving codominance or sex linkage and calculate
phenotypic ratios.

What are sex chromosomes?

• In a human body cell, there is one pair of sex chromosomes.
• Males have a pair of XY sex chromosomes, and females have a pair of XX sex chromosomes.
• The remainder 22 pairs of chromosomes are non-sex chromosomes (called autosomes).
Chromosomes of a male Chromosomes of a female

Sex determination in humans
Sex determination in humans

What is sex linkage?

• Characteristics controlled by genes found only in the X chromosomes are called sex-linked characteristics.
• How is colour blindness inherited?
Genotype Phenotype
X NY Normal
Male
XnY Colour blind
X NX N Normal
Female
X NX n Normal
XnXn Colour blind

Worked Example 18D

A man and his wife both have normal eyesight. They have a son who is colour blind.
(a) Using suitable symbols, explain how their son has inherited the defect.
(b) What is the chance that their next son will be colour blind?

1 The figure shows the chromosomes of a human.

1 (a) Identify chromosomes A and B.
1 (b) Is this person male or female?
1 (c) The normal human body cell contains 46 chromosomes.
1 (c) How many non-sex chromosomes are present in the sperm cell?

What have you learnt?

What have you learnt?
Can you draw your own mind map?

Acknowledgements
• Slide 1: yellowspotted burrfish and ocean © Stephan Kerkhofs | 123rf.com; yellowspotted burrfish – ID 24999633 © Richard Carey |
Dreamstime.com
• Slide 16: father and son – ID 18103355 © Wavebreakmedia Ltd | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 26: blood group © pixabay.com (https://pixabay.com/images/id-4039751/)
• Slide 29: gender © pixabay.com (https://pixabay.com/images/id-312411/)
• Slide 30: male chromosomes © Sovereign, Ism | Science Photo Library; female chromosomes © Sovereign, Ism | Science Photo
Library
• Slide 34: female chromosomes © Sovereign, Ism | Science Photo Library

Mce Igcse Biology PPT c18

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Mce Igcse Biology PPT c18

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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSE™

Biology Student's Book

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2

How is DNA organised inside cells?

How DNA is packaged inside a cell nucleus

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 3

How are chromosomes, genes and proteins related?

Complementary base pairing

The DNA double helix is a coiled or twisted structure.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 4

How are chromosomes, genes and proteins related?

Part of a DNA molecule showing three genes

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 5

How a protein is made

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 6

How do genes control cell function?

Let’s Practise 18.1

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 7

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 8

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 9

What are stem cells?

What is the importance of mitosis?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 10

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 11

Meiosis produces four genetically different gametes.

What is the difference between a haploid nucleus and a diploid nucleus?

Fertilisation of a sperm and an egg

What is the importance of meiosis?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 13

Let’s Practise 18.2 and 18.3

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 14

18.4 Monohybrid Inheritance

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 15

How are traits passed on from one generation to another?

Some human traits that can be inherited

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 16

What is monohybrid inheritance?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 17

18.5 Genotype and Phenotype

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 18

What are alleles?

A pair of homologous chromosomes, showing five genes in

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 19

What are genotype and phenotype?

Homozygous and heterozygous

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 20

What are genetic crosses?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 21

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 22

Worked Example 18A

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 23

Worked Example 18B

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 24

Let’s Practise 18.4 and 18.5

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 25

18.6 Inheritance of ABO Blood Groups

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 26

What are multiple alleles?

Human blood groups and their corresponding genotypes

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 27

Worked Example 18C

Let’s Practise 18.6