CHAPTER 4

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT (SEI),

PREDICTION, EVALUATION, MITIGATION
AND MONITORING - SOCIAL
© By Dr.Devika Krishnan

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE

 At the end of this chapter students able to

 Explain the definition of noise and effects of noise on wildlife
 Describe on classic four stage model of transport
 Explain on cultural heritage
 Discuss about ecology and the ecosystem

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 NOISE-DEFINITION

 Noise is essentially unwanted sound.

 Noise is a major and growing form of pollution.

 Noise can be produced by many sources - man's vocal cord, a running engine, a vibrating loudspeaker

diaphragm, an operating machine tool, and so on.

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 There are two important characteristics of sound or noise - frequency and loudness.
 Sound is the quickly varying pressure wave travelling through a medium. When sound travels
through air, the atmospheric pressure varies periodically. The number of pressure variations per
second is called the frequency of sound, and is measured in Hertz (Hz) which is defined as cycles
per second. The higher the frequency, the more high-pitched a sound is perceived. The sounds
produced by drums have much lower frequencies than those produced by a whistle.

 Another property of sound or noise is its loudness. A loud noise usually has a larger pressure
variation and a weak one has a smaller pressure variation. Pressure and pressure variations are
expressed in Pascal (Pa). To express sound or noise in terms of Pa is quite inconvenient because we
have to deal with numbers from as small as 20 to as big as 2,000,000,000. A simpler way is to use a
logarithmic scale. As such, the loudness of sound is commonly expressed in decibel (dB).

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 NOISE
 Effects of noise on wildlife (based on Wardell Armstrong 2011)

Type of effect Primary Secondary

Auditory Hearing loss Change in predator-prey relationships

Auditory threshold shift Mating interference/success

Reduction in functioning
Physiological Stress Reduced reproductive capacity
Metabolic change Weakened immune system
Hormonal change Reduction in functioning
Behavioural Signal masking Change in predator-prey relationship
Avoidance behavior Population reduction
Migration and loss of habitat
Mating interference/success
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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 TRANSPORT
 Transport demand is typically modelled using what has been termed the “classic four stage model”
(Willumsen 2014). This approach, developed in the 1960s, is illustrated in Figure 1 and involves:
 Stage 1: Identifying a zoning and network system representing in abstract the transport network and the land
uses it serves.
 Stage 2: Collecting data on population, land use and traffic flows to populate the model and using this to
estimate the total number of trips generated and attracted by each zone identified in the mode (this is
sometimes termed a “gravity model”).
 Stage 3: Representing the distribution of origins and destinations of trips in space in a trip matrix, and
allocating them to specific modes (e.g. cars, buses, lorries, trains, cycles, taxis, etc).
 Stage 4: Assigning trips by mode to the corresponding transport networks in the model, together with travel
times and generalized costs.

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 TRANSPORT

 The outputs of such models provide estimates of traffic and/or passenger flows on the links in the
modelled network, which represent roads or public transport routes in the real world.
 These estimates in turn provide inputs to the prediction, estimation or modelling of environmental
effects that are correlated to these flows, such as noise and air pollution.
 The application of these is discussed later in this chapter.

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 CULTURAL HERITAGE-DEFINITION

 UNESCO (1982) defines as:

“the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that
characterize a community, society or social group. It includes not only arts and literature, but also modes
of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value system, traditions and beliefs.”

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 CULTURAL HERITAGE-CONCEPT

 Cultural heritage therefore comprises these expressions of culture, described by the

World Bank (1994) as “the present manifestation of the human past”. It tends to be
divided into two categories:

1) Tangible heritage, example : heritage that is physical, touchable, and perceptible.

2) Intangible, example : heritage that is not physical or represented by a physical
object, and is of a value not precisely measurable.

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 TANGIBLE HERITAGE

 Archaeological remains
 Monuments
 Historic buildings and sites
 Structures
 Historic/cultural landscape
 Movable objects

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 INTANGIBLE HERITAGE

 Oral traditions and expressions including language

 Performing arts
 Social practices, ritual and festive events
 Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe
 Traditional craftsmanship

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 ECOLOGY

 Ecology is study of (in decreasing order of size) ecosystems, habitats, communities and species; and it
is important to understand what these are and how they are inter-related.

 An ecosystem is a self-sustaining, functional systems consisting of physical, chemical and biological

attributes. Ecosystems need to be clearly defined in term of scale. Planet earth, for example, can be
represented as a single global ecosystem, and yet closer inspection reveals innumerable unique smaller
marine and terrestrial ecosystems that each have their own set of attributes.

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 ECOSYSTEM

 An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and micro-organism

communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit (UN
1992).

 Natural capital is the stock living and non-living environmental resources

potentially available to generate value, while ecosystem services are the flow of
benefits that this stock provides.

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 BENEFITS OF STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT

 Applying SEA to development co-operation has benefits for both decision-making procedures and
development outcomes.
 It provides the environmental evidence to support more informed decision making, and to identify new
opportunities by encouraging a systematic and thorough examination of development options.
 SEA helps to ensure that the prudent management of natural resources and the environment provide the
foundations for sustainable economic growth which, in turn, support political stability.
 SEA can also assist in building stakeholder engagement for improved governance, facilitate trans-
boundary co-operation around shared environmental resources, and contribute to conflict prevention.

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 BARRIERS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACT (SEI)
 Lack of knowledge and experience on which environmental factors to consider, what the potential
environmental impacts are, and how to achieve integrated policy-making.
 Institutional and organizational difficulties-need for effective coordination among and within government
departments.
 Lack of resources (information, expertise, financial).
 Lack of guidelines or mechanism to ensure full accomplishment.
 Insufficient political will and commitment to implement SEA.
 Difficulty in stating clear policy proposals and defining when and how EA should be applied.
 Methodologies not well developed.
 Public involvement is limited.
 Lack of clear accountability for application and the policy EA process.
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Current project-specific EA practices are not necessarily applicable to SEA and are inhibiting sound SEA
approaches.
CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516
 THANK YOU

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CHAPTER 4 Socio-economic Impact (sei), Prediction, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring - social EVA 516