Energy and environmental implications

Energy and environmental implications

• Course title: Energy and environmental implications
• Course code: ENR 148 No. of credits: 2 L-T-P: 30-0-0 Learning hours: 30
• Pre-requisite course code and title (if any): N.A.
• Department: Sustainable Engineering

• Course type: Programme Core Course offered in: Semester 1

• Course description
• The course discusses and analyse the role of energy in the development of India. The focus of the
• course is on the conventional energy sources & their conversion technologies as well as the
• environmental impacts including global warming and climate change.
• Course objectives
• The objective of the courses is to develop understanding for the following:
•  Utilization of conventional energy sources - coal, oil & natural gas, nuclear and hydro
•  Environmental implications due to u s e of conventional energy resources
• Course contents
• Module Topic L T P
• 1 Overview of Energy Sector – Global & Indian Context 2 0 0

• COAL
• 2
• Coal Basics

• Formation of coal
• World and domestic reserves of coal
• Production & imports of coal
• Coal types, coal characteristics and
• properties Quality of Indian coals

•Coal Utilization Technologies

•Uses of coal
•Coal washing, pyrolysis, combustion gasification, liquefaction, Coal
bed methane, ash utilisation

• Environmental Aspects and Clean Use of Coal

• Environmental impacts of coal mining and combustion and pollution
control measures
• Clean coal technologies
• Carbon dioxide capture, storage and utilization

OIL & NATURAL GAs

• Basics
• Formation of oil and natural gas
• Reserves of oil and natural gas
• Production, imports of oil & gas

• Uses &Environmental Aspects

• Use of petroleum products as fuels and feedstock Uses of natural gas,
• LNG, CNG, LPG
• Oil Refining
• Environmental aspects of oil and natural gas
• NUCLEAR

• 7
• Basics

• Overview on Radioactivity -half- life, nuclear decay, nuclear reactions

• Uranium and thorium reserves
• Nuclear Reactors and technologies

• Fuel Processing and Safety

• Nuclear fuel cycle
• Nuclear fuel reprocessing, safety & nuclear waste management

• HYDRO

• Basic & Technology

• Basic concepts, hydro potential and exploitation in India
• Major hydroelectric power plants in India
• Components of hydroelectric power plant: weir/intake, channel,
• desilting, forebay, spillway, penstock, turbine – Impulse and Reaction,
• generator, governor

• Environmental Issues
• Environmental issues
• Constraints and problems
• Future Prospects

• ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE LINKAGES

• Energy and carbon emissions

• International Response to Climate Change – UNFCCC
• SDGs and Energy - Accessibility, affordability reliability and
• sustainability

• 30 Lectures

• Evaluation criteria
•  Assignments: (after completion of module 6) - 20%
•  Minor test 1: (after completion of modules 1, 2, and 3) - 20%
•  Minor test 2: (after completion of modules 4, 5, 6, and 7) - 20%
•  Major test: (at the end of the semester after completion of all modules) - 40%
• Learning outcomes
• At the end of the course the student will be able to
•  To understand the energy systems. (Minor test 1)
•  Quantify the scale of pollution from a conventional Energy source. (Minor test 2 and Major test 3)
•  Identify strength and weak-linkages in the energy systems. (Minor test 2 and Major test 3)
• Pedagogical approach
• A combination of class-room interactions, tutorials, assignments and projects.
• The annual global energy consumption is estimated to 580 million
terajoules. That's 580 million trillion joules or about 13865 million
tons of oil equivalents. (mtoe).

• China is the largest consumer of primary energy in the world, using

some 159.39 exajoules in 2022. This is far more than was consumed
by the United States, which ranks second. The majority of primary
energy fuels are still derived from fossil fuels such as oil and coal.
Materials

• Recommended readings
• Rao. S and Parulekar B.B., “Energy Technology”, Khanna Publishers
• Bernard R Cooper and William A Ellingson, “The Science & Technology of
Coal and coal utilization”Edited, ISBN0-306-41436.8, Plennwell
• Pradip Kumar Das & Hrishikesh, “Petroleum and Coal”, ISBN 81-7533-042-2,
MD
• Deshpande, B G, “The World of Petroleum”
• Yadav, M S, “Nuclear Energy and Power” SBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt.
Ltd.
• Jack J Fritz, “Small and Mini Hydropwer system”, ISBN 0-07-022470-6, MC
Graw Hill.
• Reference Books
• Bruce G Miller, “Coal Energy System”, ISBN 0-12-497451-1, Elsevier Academic
Press
• William L Leffler, Petroleum Refining, ISBN 0-87814-776-4, Pennwell
• Dr. Duncan Seddon, “Gas Usage and Value”, ISBN 1-59370-073-3, Pennwell
Raymond L Murray,
• Nuclear Energy, Pergamon Press
• Small Hydropower Initiative and Private Sector Participation, Alternate Hydro
Energy Centre, IIT Roorkee
• Charles Simeons, “Hydropower-The use of water as an alternate source of
energy”, ISBN 0 08 023269 8,Pergamon press
• Fuels and Fuel Technology by Francis & Peters
• Fuels & Combustion by Samir Sarkar
• Fuels-Solid, Liquid & Gaseous
• Elements of Fuel Technology by G.W.Himus
• The efficient Use of Fuels by HMSO ( Her Magestys Stationaery
Office.
• Petroleum Refining Technology by I.D.Mall, Publisher CBS
PUBLISHERS AND DISTRIBUTORS PVT LTD.
• Douglas M Considine, Energy Handbook, Mc Graw Hill
• Editor in Chief- CutlerJ Cleveland, “Encyclopedia of Energy”, Elsever Academic
• PressWiley Encyclopedia Series, Energy, Technology & Environment
• Websites
• coal.nic.in,
• worldcoal.org,
• petroleum.nic.in,
• dae.gov.in
• npcil.nic.in,
• nhpcindia.com
• https://cimfr.nic.in/
• Globally we get the largest amount of our energy from oil, followed
by coal, gas, then hydroelectric power. As we look at in more detail
below – “How much of global energy comes from low-carbon
sources?” – the global energy mix is still dominated by fossil fuels.
They account for more than 80% of energy consumption.
• third in
• India has emerged as a major player in the global energy market,
with the country ranking third in the world for primary energy
consumption, according to the India Energy Outlook 2021 report by
the International Energy Agency (IEA).
• What is India's total energy consumption?
• India is the third largest producer of electricity in the world. During
the fiscal year (FY) 2022–23, the total electricity generation in the
country was 1,844 TWh, of which 1,618 TWh was generated by
utilities. The gross electricity consumption per capita in FY2023 was
1,327 kWh.

• Why is India's energy consumption so high?

• WHY IS DEMAND GROWING? India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi
and Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman have previously linked
increased power demand to higher economic activity. Industrial and
commercial activity account for more than half of India's annual
power use.,
• What are the top 3 energy sources in India?
• Coal is the country's top energy source with a share of 46% in 2022,
followed by oil (24%) and biomass (20%). Natural gas covers 5% and
primary electricity (hydro, nuclear, solar, and wind) 4%.
• Which industry consumes maximum energy in India?
• The manufacturing sector is the largest consumer of commercial
energy in India. In producing about a fifth of India's GDP, this sector
consumes about half the commerical energy available in the
country.
• What are the 5 sources of energy?
• Primary energy sources take many forms, including nuclear energy,
fossil energy -- like oil, coal and natural gas -- and renewable sources like
wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower.

• Here are a few common sources of renewable energy:

• SOLAR ENERGY. Solar energy is the most abundant of all energy
resources and can even be harnessed in cloudy weather. ...
• WIND ENERGY. ...
• GEOTHERMAL ENERGY. ...
• HYDROPOWER. ...
• OCEAN ENERGY. ...
• BIOENERGY.
• What is the cleanest energy source?
• Out of all energy resources, we consider green power (solar, wind,
biomass and geothermal) as the cleanest form of energy. So, if we were
looking at clean energy on a spectrum, these would be farthest from
“dirty” or emissions-heavy energy.
• Which energy is mostly used in India?
• Thermal power is the "largest" source of power in India. There are
different types of thermal power plants based on the fuel used to
generate the steam such as coal, gas, and Diesel, natural gas. About
71% of electricity consumed in India is generated by thermal power
plants.
• Globally we see that coal, followed by gas, is the largest source of
electricity production. Of the low-carbon sources, hydropower and
nuclear make the largest contribution; although wind and solar are
growing quickly.

• Globally we see that coal, followed by gas, is the largest source of

electricity production. Of the low-carbon sources, hydropower and
nuclear make the largest contribution; although wind and solar are
growing quickly.
 Coal
• Coal is a compact stratified ( occurring in beds ) mass of mummified
/fossilized plant and tree debris interspersed with inorganicmineral
matter covered by the sedimentary rocks.
• Agents causing change :
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Time – 300-360 million years
Use of coal
• Power
• Steel
• Cement
• Textile
• Industrial Boilers
Refractories
• Kilns
• Furnaces and hearths
• Metallurgical industries
• Soft coke and char
• Process heat
• Fertilizer plants
• Methanol and other chemicals
• Ceramics and glass
• Lime kilns
• Railways and shipping
• Coke oven chemicals- Fine chemicals
• Adsorption and ion exchange
• Domestic fuel
• TANDOORS AND HOTELS
• IGCC
• Coal conversion to chemicals, nanomaterials, etc.
• Fly ash utilization
 Advantages of coal
• Easy storage
• Larger proportion of CV available
• Lesser S – contents
• Coal ash is free of vanadium
• Pulverisation is easy and less energy intensive
• Cheaper and indigenous fuel
• Ready availability- No pipe lines, tankers or flammability. Issues as such
• Can supply the same heat at 1/3rd price as that of oil
• Much larger reserves
• Easy conversion to other fuel forms
• Grid stabilization
• Other uses
 Rank of coal
• The degree of change of chemical composition of coal within the
series of fossil fuels from Lignite/Brown coal to Anthracite .
• Change from Lignite to Anthracite
• C H N S O Moisture VM, FC, CV, Chemical Reactivity, Caking power,
• Smoke generation
 Countries by coal reserve

Ran
k
Estimation of proved reserves of coal in the
Country
Anthracite & bitumino

Tonnes
us
Subbituminous & ligni

Tonnes
te

Tonne
Total

wworld
% % %
(mil) (mil) s (mil)

United 24
1 220,167 30% 30,052 9.4% 250,219
States %

15
2 Russia 69,634 9.5% 90,730 28.4% 160,364
%

14
3 Australia 70,927 9.7% 76,508 23.9% 147,435
%

13
4 China 130,851 17.8% 7,968 2.5% 138,819
%

10
5 India 96,468 13.1% 4,895 1.5% 101,363
%

6 Indonesia 26,122 3.6% 10,878 3.4% 37,000 4%

7 Germany 3 0% 36,100 11.3% 36,103 3%

8 Ukraine 32,039 4.4% 2,336 0.7% 34,375 3%

9 Poland 20,542 2.8% 5,937 1.9% 26,479 3%

Kazakhst
10 25,605 3.5% 0 0% 25,605 2%
an
 11 Turkey 551 0.1% 10,975 3.4% 11,526 1%
12 South Africa 9,893 1.3% 0 0% 9,893 1%
13 New Zealand 825 0.1% 6,750 2.1% 7,575 1%
14 Serbia 402 0.1% 7,112 2.2% 7,514 1%
15 Brazil 1,547 0.2% 5,049 1.6% 6,596 1%
16 Canada 4,346 0.6% 2,236 0.7% 6,582 1%
World 17 Colombia 734,903 4,881
100% 0.7% 319,879 0 100% 0% 4,881
1,054,782 100% 0%
18 Pakistan 207 0% 2,857 0.9% 3,064 0%
19 Vietnam 3,116 0.4% 244 0.1% 3,360 0%
20 Hungary 276 0% 2,633 0.8% 2,909 0%
21 Greece 0 0% 2,876 0.9% 2,876 0%
World 734,903 100% 319,879 100% 1,054,782 100%
22 Czech Republic 110 0% 2,547 0.8% 2,657 0%
Production and Supplies ( World )

Coal 2019-20 2023-24*

Coking Coal 51.83 15.59

Non-Coking Coal 196.70 53.66

Total Coal Import 248.53 69.25

Coke 2.88 1.08

Coal production in India
• The all India coal production was 279.657 MT during 2001-02
• This increased in the year 2022-23 up to 893.19 Million Tonne (MT)
(Provisional) in comparison to 778.21 MT in the year 2021-22 with a
growth of about 14.77%.
• Production of coal is growing despite the thrust towards RE sources
Solar and wind etc.
• Coal based thermal power is required for stabilizing the grids.
• Globally, China is the greatest producer of coal by a considerable
margin. In 2022, China accounted for over 52 percent of the coal
production worldwide.
• In comparison, the second largest coal producer, India, had a global
share of nearly nine percent.

• In March 2023, both China and India set new monthly records, with
China surpassing 400 million tonnes for the second time ever and
India surpassing 100 million tonnes for the first time
1200m by the GSI, CMPDI, SCCL and MECL etc, a cumulative total estimated coal reserve (resource) of the country as per the Coal Inventory published by GSI, as on 01.04.2022 is 361411.46 million tonnes”. Detail

Coal reserves in India were 267 million tons earlier

State Measured (331) Indicated (332) Inferred (333) Total Resource

Total 187105.32 147252.18 27053.96 361411.46

Odisha 48572.58 34080.42 5451.60 88104.60

Jharkhand 53245.02 28259.67 5155.41 86660.10

Chhattisgarh 32053.42 40701.35 1436.99 74191.76

West Bengal 17233.88 12858.84 3778.53 33871.25

Madhya Pradesh 14051.66 12722.97 4142.10 30916.73

Telangana 11256.78 8344.35 3433.07 23034.20

Maharashtra 7983.64 3390.48 1846.59 13220.71

Bihar 309.53 4079.69 47.96 4437.18

Andhra Pradesh 920.96 2442.74 778.17 4141.87

Uttar Pradesh 884.04 177.76 0.00 1061.80

Meghalaya 89.04 16.51 470.93 576.48

Assam 464.78 57.21 3.02 525.01

Nagaland 8.76 21.83 447.72 478.31

Sikkim 0.00 58.25 42.98 101.23

Arunachal Pradesh 31.23 40.11 18.89 90.23

• Status of Coal Resources in India during Last 3 years
• Sl no. Year Resource (million tonne)
• 1 As on 01.04.2020 3,44,020.84
• 2 As on 01.04.2021 3,52,125.97

• 3 As on 01.04.2022 3,61,411.46
•
• Globally we see that coal, followed by gas, is the largest source of
electricity production. Of the low-carbon sources, hydropower and
nuclear make the largest contribution; although wind and solar are
growing quickly.

• Fossil fuel consumption per capita, 2022

• United States
• 63,836 kWh
• Australia
• 54,286 kWh
• Germany
• 31,225 kWh
• Europe
 Per capita carbon footprints?

• China
• 25,344 kWh
• United Kingdom
• 22,509 kWh
• South Africa
• 21,063 kWh
• France
• 19,372 kWh
• India
• 6,319 kWh
• Source: Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy (2023)

• OurWorldInData.org/energy • CC BY
Thermal power

• Thermal power is the "largest" source of power in India. There are different types
of thermal power plants based on the fuel used to generate the steam such as
coal, gas, and Diesel, natural gas. About 71% of electricity consumed in India is
generated by thermal power plants
• The energy of the sun is the original source of most of the energy found on earth.
We get solar heat energy from the sun, and sunlight can also be used to produce
electricity from solar (photovoltaic) cells.
• Is India rich in energy?
• It is one of the world leaders in renewable energy investments and installations.
India has set a target of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity by 2022.
• This would include 100 GW capacity from solar energy sources, 60 GW from wind
power, 10 GW from biopower, and 5 GW from small hydropower.
Besides fossil fuels there is a trend towards
RE Sources
• Bioenergy
• Solar
• Wind
• Hydropower
• Nuclear
• Oil
• Gas
• Coal
• Source: Ember's Yearly Electricity Data; Ember's European Electricity
Review;
• Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy

• Note: 'Other renewables' includes waste, geothermal, wave and

tidal.
Renewable Energy Sources
• OurWorldInData.org/energy
• in terawatt-hours
• Bioenergy 575.50 TWh
• Solar 701.19 TWh
• Wind 1,419.51 TWh
• Hydropower 4,220.11 TWh
• Other renewables 91.15 TWh
Internet Source – Power Generation
• Electricity production by source

• Coal 9,680.92 TWh

• Gas 6,176.34 TWh
Nuclear 2,724.08 TWh
• Oil 776.78 TWh

Total 26,365.58 TWh

• What are the 4 types of coal found in India?
• Types of Coal:
•• Peat: It is light brown in colour and contains only 50 – 60%
carbon. It is the most inferior form of coal.
•• Lignite: it contains more than 60% carbon. It is brown in colour
and harder than peat. Even known as Brown coal.
•• Bituminous: It has 90%, 80%, 70 – 75% carbon contents. ...
•• Anthracite: It is the purest variety of coal.
• Does India have coking coal?
 India is among the top five coal-producing
countries in the world. However, some parts of its
coal requirement are met through imports as the
country is also among the major consumers of the
dry fuel.
For coking coal -- a key raw material used in steel
making -- the country remains heavily dependent on
imports. Almost 79 % coal is Non –coking coal.

• Coking coal is imported by India

• Some non coking coal was also imported by India.
• India is among the top five coal-producing countries
in the world. However, some parts of its coal
requirement are met through imports as the country
is also among the major consumers of the dry fuel.
For coking coal -- a key raw material used in steel
making -- the country remains heavily dependent on
imports.
More and faster power requirement
• India's coal imports increased by 30 per cent to 162.46 million
tonnes in the 2022-23 financial year against 124.99 MT in the year-
ago period, according to a report. The import of coking coal rose
5.44 per cent to 54.46 MT over 51.65 MT in FY22, mjunction said in
its latest report.

• India has emerged as one of the highest global importers of coking

coal (and pulverised coal injection) at 69 million tonnes (mt),
accounting for 22 per cent of the world's shipments in the calendar
year 2022, as per data collated by market research firm CoalMint.
 Almost 63 % of imported coal – Power
generation in India
• Domestic power plants in India used 35 million tons of imported
coal accounting for almost 63 % of coal imported ( 55 million tons ).
• This is a steep increase in coal use in the past.
• Domestic coal was blended with imported coal to boost the power
generation to meet the increasing demand.
• Coal blending is an important factor ?
• The use of imported coal by the power plants using mainly imported
coal had reduced- Coastal plants find it cheaper to use imported
coal.
Grading of coals in India
• COAL GRADES
• The gradation of non-coking coal is based on Gross Calorific Value (GCV), the
gradation of coking coal is based on ash content and for semi coking /weakly
coking coal it is based on ash plus moisture content, as in vogue as per
notification.
• Grades of Coking Coal
• Grade Ash Content
• Steel Grade - I Not exceeding 15%
• Steel Grade -II Exceeding 15% but not exceeding 18%
• Washery Grade -I Exceeding 18% but not exceeding 21%
• Washery Grade -II Exceeding 21% but not exceeding 24%
Washery Grade -III Exceeding 24% but not exceeding 28%

Washery Grade -IV Exceeding 28% but not exceeding 35%

Washery Grade – V Exceeding 35% but not exceeding 42%

Washery Grade -VI Exceeding 42% but not exceeding 49%

 Steel plants

• Grades of Semi-coking and Weakly Coking Coal

• Grade Ash+Moisture
• Semi Coking Grade -I Not exceeding 19%
• Semi Coking Grade -II Exceeding 19% but not exceeding 24%
Grades of Non-coking Coal New Practice

• GCV BAND (K.Cal./Kg.) GRADE

• Exceeding 7000 G-1
• Exceeding 6700 and not exceeding 7000 G-2
• Exceeding 6400 and not exceeding 6700 G-3
• Exceeding 6100 and not exceeding 6400 G-4
• Exceeding 5800 and not exceeding 6100 G-5
 G6 to G13
Exceeding 5500 and not exceeding 5800

Exceeding 5200 and not exceeding 5500

Exceeding 4900 and not exceeding 5200

Exceeding 4600 and not exceeding 4900

Exceeding 4300 and not exceeding 4600

Exceeding 4000 and not exceeding 4300

Exceeding 3700 and not exceeding 4000

Exceeding 3400 and not exceeding 3700

 G 14 to G17
Exceeding 3100 and not exceeding 3400

Exceeding 2800 and not exceeding 3100

Exceeding 2500 and not exceeding 2800

Exceeding 2200 and not exceeding 2500

 CMPDIL, CIMFR, ISM
• In India Coal has been mined since 1774, and India is the second
largest producer and consumer of coal after China, mining 777.31
million metric tons (856.84 million short tons) in FY 2022.
• Around 30% of coal is imported. Due to demand, supply mismatch
and poor quality with high ash content, India imports coking coal to
meet the shortage of domestic supply. Dhanbad, the largest coal
producing city, has been called the coal capital of India.
• State-owned Coal India had a monopoly on coal mining between its
nationalisation in 1973 and 2018.
• There were 60 coal washeries (19 coking and 41 non-coking) in India
as on 31 March 2021 with a total installed capacity of 138.58 million
tonnes per year, of which 108.60 million tonnes are non-coking and
29.98 million tonnes are coking coal washeries

• REFERENCE : Indian Minerals Yearbook 2021 (Part- III : MINERAL

REVIEWS) 60th Edition COAL & LIGNITE (ADVANCE RELEASE)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF
MINES Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, NAGPUR – 440 001 PHONE/FAX
NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX: (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648 E-
MAIL: cme@ibm.gov.in Website: www.ibm.gov.in
 Lignite reserves in India
• Indian lignite deposits occur in the Tertiary
sediments in the southern and western parts of
peninsular shield particularly in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry,
• Gujarat & Rajasthan and also in Jammu & Kashmir.
• The
• total known geological resources of lignite as on
• 01.04.2021 is about 46.02 billion tonnes, of which 79.3%
• resources (about 36.49 billion tonnes) are located in
• Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan (13.8%) and Gujarat (5.92%).
Discussion about lignites/ Brown coals
later
• Other States where lignite deposits have been located
• are West Bengal and Kerala. State-wise/District-wise
• Geological resources of lignite as on 01.04.2021. Some lignite is also present in Jammu and
Kashmir
• NLC
• S in Lignites in India
• High VM
• Low CV
• High reactivity
• Humic acids- Tertilizer
• Power
• Chemicals – Soft coke or char
Which coal is maximum in India?
Which state in India has the highest coal reserves?

• It is mainly available in older Gondwana Formations of peninsular India and

younger Tertiary formations of the north-eastern region.

• About 80 percent of the coal deposits in India are of the bituminous type and are
of non-coking grade / Sub-bituminous coals

• It is mainly available in older Gondwana Formations of peninsular India and

younger Tertiary formations of the north-eastern region. About 80 percent of the
coal deposits in India are of the bituminous type and are of non-coking grade.
• Jharkhand has the largest reserves of coal in India followed by Odisha and
Chhattisgarh.
Raniganj town, Forests, Jharia ?
• India has abundant domestic reserves of coal. Most of these are in
the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,
Telangana and Madhya Pradesh...
• India has the fourth largest coal reserves in the world. As of 1 April
2021, India had 352.13 billion metric tons (388.16 billion short tons)
of the resource.
• The Reserve Life Index is calculated as the gross proven plus
probable reserves of the relevant mine divided by the three-year
average annual sales volume.
 1362 MW Total
• India had power generation capacity of 1362 MW in 1947 which
included 756 thermal + 98 Diesel + 508 Hydro = 1362 Total
• In 2014 it increased to 72,224 MW in 2014
• In 2017 it increased to 101, 132 MW
• 2020 it increased to 132,427 MW.
• Great leap
• 2023 it increased to 416,059 MW
 Utility power[edit]

Growth of Installed Capacity in India[5]

Thermal (MW) Renewable (MW)

Installed % Growth
Nuclear
Capacity Total (MW) (on yearly
(MW)
as on basis)
Sub-Total Other Sub-Total
Coal Gas Diesel Hydro
Thermal Renewable Renewable

31 December
756 - 98 854 - 508 - 508 1,362 -
1947

31 December
1,004 - 149 1,153 - 560 - 560 1,713 8.59%
1950

31 March
1,597 - 228 1,825 - 1,061 - 1,061 2,886 13.04%
1956
Utility power[edit]
Growth of Installed Capacity in India [5]

Thermal (MW) Renewable (MW)

Installe %
d Nucle Grow
Total th
Capaci Sub- ar Sub-
Other (MW) (on
ty Dies Total (MW) Hydr Total
Coal Gas Renewa yearl y
as on el Ther o Renewa basis)
ble
mal ble

31
Decem
756 - 98 854 - 508 - 508 1,362 -
ber
1947

31
Decem 8.59
1,004 - 149 1,153 - 560 - 560 1,713
ber %
1950

31
1,06 13.04
March 1,597 - 228 1,825 - - 1,061 2,886
1 %
1956

31
1,91 12.25
March 2,436 - 300 2,736 - - 1,917 4,653
7 %
1961

31
4,12 18.80
March 4,417 137 352 4,903 - - 4,124 9,027
4 %
1966

31
6,96 16,66 10.58
March 8,652 165 241 9,058 640 - 6,966
6 4 %
1974

31
14,87 15,20 10,8 26,68 12.02
March 168 164 640 - 10,833
5 7 33 0 %
1979
 31
145,27 21,78 1,20 168,25 4,78 40,53 245,25 10.77
March 31,692 72,224
3 2 0 5 0 2 9 %
2014

31
192,16 25,32 218,33 6,78 44,47 101,13 326,84 10.31
March 838 57,260
3 9 0 0 8 8 1 %
2017

31
197,17 24,89 222,90 6,78 45,29 114,31 344,00
March 838 69,022 5.25%
1 7 6 0 3 5 2
2018

31
200,70 24,93 226,27 6,78 45,39 123,04 356,10
March 637 77,641 3.52%
4 7 9 0 9 0 0
2019

31
March 205,13 24,95 230,60 6,78 45,69 132,42 370,10
510 87,028 3.93%
2020[4 5 5 0 0 9 7 6
1]

31
March 209,29 24,92 234,72 6,78 46,20 140,64 382,15
510 94,433 3.25%
2021[4 4 4 8 0 9 2 1
2]

31
210,70 24,89 236,10 6,78 46,72 109,88 156,60 399,49
March 510 4.53%
0 9 9 0 3 5 7 7
2022

31
211,85 24,82 237,26 6,78 46,85 125,16 172,01 416,05
March 589 4.15%
5 4 9 0 0 0 0 9
2023[2]

Nearly 32,285 MW coal and gas based thermal power projects are under construction as on 1
April 2021.[43]
Coal Map of India
The composition of ash, given in terms of oxides,
varies: Can vary depending upon source?

• Ash composition, weight percent

• SiO2 20–40
• Al2O3 10–35
• Fe2O3 5–35
• CaO 1–20
• MgO 0.3–4
• TiO2 0.5–2.5
• Na2O & K2O 1–4
• SO3 0.1–12[71]
• Other minor components include: Trace elements
Fly ash generation in India
• In India, fly ash production was about 226.13 million tons in the year
2019-20 and it is predicted to be around 300-400 million tons by the
year 2025. Problems associated with fly ash include menace to the
environment and requirement of huge land for its disposal.

• Though fly ash utilization in India has increased from nearly 10% in
1996-97 to the highest level of 92% in 2020-21, over 17 million
tonnes remained unutilized during last financial year when 179
thermal power plants generated around 222 million tonnes of fly
ash.0
• China is the leading producer of fly ash, followed by India. However, due to
stringent environmental regulations in China, production is expected to shift
to India in the coming years.
• Recently, the Central government drafted the new fly ash utilisation rule for
Thermal Power Plants(TPPs), bringing them to mandatory utilise 100% of fly
ash within three to five years. Existing provisions allow TPPs to fully utilise
fly ash in a three-year cycle in a staggered manner.
• However, in general, the maximum percentage of fly ash that can be used as
a replacement for cement is typically around 35% by weight of the total
cementitious material in the concrete mixture. Maximum percentage of
replacing fly ash with cement is 25% as on industrial practise.
Fly ash utilization
• Supply of Fly Ash to Cement Industry
•:
Use of Fly Ash bricks

• Supply of pond Ash for Road/ Fly over construction projects:

• Use of Fly Ash in reclamation of Mine Voids
• Ash filling along with Overburden material in Operating DulangaMine
• Fly Ash based Geo-Polymer concrete Road:
• Nutrients
• Ash Utilization progress at NTPC
 Environmental Problems of Fly Ash
• Average content in coals
• Substance/ Mineral Content
• Mercury (Hg) 0.10 ± 0.01 ppm
• Arsenic (As) 1.4 – 71 ppm
• Selenium (Se) 3 ppm
• Volatile inorganics
• Li and other rare earth elements in coal
• Our Research at IIT Delhi- Leaching of coal – Recovery of rare earth
metals ?
Energy density of coal

• The energy density of coal is roughly 24 megajoules per kilogram

(approximately 6.7 kilowatt-hours per kg).
• For a coal power plant with a 40% efficiency, it takes an estimated
325 kg (717 lb) of coal to power a 100 W lightbulb for one year.
• Efficiency is about 30-33 %

• 27.6% of world energy was supplied by coal in 2017 and Asia used
almost three-quarters of it.
 Mining

• Main article: Coal mining

• About 8000 Mt of coal are produced annually, about 90% of which is hard
coal and 10% lignite. As of 2018 just over half is from underground mines.
More accidents occur during underground mining than surface mining. Not
all countries publish mining accident statistics so worldwide figures are
uncertain, but it is thought that most deaths occur in coal mining accidents
in China:
• in 2017 there were 375 coal mining related deaths in China. Most coal
mined is thermal coal (also called steam coal as it is used to make steam to
generate electricity) but metallurgical coal (also called "metcoal" or "coking
coal" as it is used to make coke to make iron) accounts for 10% to 15% of
global coal use.
Coal as a traded commodity

• China mines almost half the world's coal, followed by India with about a
tenth. Australia accounts for about a third of world coal exports,
followed by Indonesia and Russia, while the largest importers are Japan
and India.

• The price of metallurgical coal is volatile and much higher than the price
of thermal coal because metallurgical coal must be lower in sulfur and
requires more cleaning. Coal futures contracts provide coal producers
and the electric power industry an important tool for hedging ( advance
purchase ) and risk management.
• In some countries new onshore wind or solar generation already
costs less than coal power from existing plants However, for China
this is forecast for the early 2020s and for southeast Asia not until
the late 2020s.
• In India building new plants is uneconomic and, despite being
subsidized, existing plants are losing market share to renewables.

• Market trends
• Of the countries which produce coal China mines by far the most.
 Switch to cleaner fuels and lower carbon electricity generation

• Coal-fired generation puts out about twice as much carbon dioxide—around a

tonne for every megawatt hour generated—as electricity generated by
burning natural gas at 500 kg of greenhouse gas per megawatt hour. In
addition to generating electricity, natural gas is also popular in some countries
for heating and as an automotive fuel- CNG, LNG.

• The use of coal in the United Kingdom declined as a result of the development
of North Sea oil and the subsequent dash for gas during the 1990s. In Canada
some coal power plants, such as the Hearn Generating Station, switched from
coal to natural gas. In 2017, coal power in the US provided 30% of the
electricity, down from approximately 49% in 2008 due to plentiful supplies of
low cost natural gas obtained by hydraulic fracturing of tight shale formations.
Use in foundry components

• Finely ground bituminous coal, known in this application as sea coal,

is a constituent of foundry sand. While the molten metal is in the
mould, the coal burns slowly, releasing reducing gases at pressure,
and so preventing the metal from penetrating the pores of the sand.
It is also contained in 'mould wash', a paste or liquid with the same
function applied to the mould before casting. Sea coal can be mixed
with the clay lining (the "bod") used for the bottom of a cupola
furnace. When heated, the coal decomposes and the bod becomes
slightly friable, easing the process of breaking open holes for
tapping the molten metal.
• Even in glass and pottery industries
 Alternatives to coke - Sponge Iron
• Direct reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, is produced from
the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines)
into iron by a reducing gas or elemental carbon produced from natural
gas or coal. Many ores are suitable for direct reduction.

• Direct reduction refers to solid-state processes which reduce iron

oxides to metallic iron at temperatures below the melting point of
iron. Reduced iron derives its name from these processes, one
example being heating iron ore in a furnace at a high temperature of
800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F) in the presence of the reducing gas
syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
 Uses of sponge iron

• Sponge iron is not useful by itself, but can be processed to create wrought
iron or steel. The sponge is removed from the furnace, called a bloomery,
and repeatedly beaten with heavy hammers and folded over to remove the
slag, oxidize any carbon or carbide, and weld the iron together. This
treatment usually creates wrought iron with about three percent slag and a
fraction of a percent of other impurities. Further treatment may add
controlled amounts of carbon, allowing various kinds of heat treatment
(e.g. "steeling").

• Today, sponge iron is created by reducing iron ore without melting it. This
makes for an energy-efficient feedstock for specialty steel manufacturers
which used to rely upon scrap metal.
 Kinetic stability of coal
• Coal is thermodynamically unstable as the Gibbs free energy for the
reaction between coal and Oxygen is negative.
• However, the activation energy required for this reaction is high.
• Thus the coal is stable in the presence of air and oxygen.
• The stability is because of the existence of the energy barrier
between the fuels and products. Had this energy barrier been not
there the life would have not existed on this earth , all the fuels
would have been burnt by themselves.
Future of coal
• Coal demand is forecast to fall in advanced economies in the coming
years as renewables increasingly displace it for electricity
generation. However, emerging and developing economies in Asia
are set to increase coal use to help power their economic growth,
even as they add more renewables.
• Both coal prices and demand are expected to decline in the medium
term. Average annual coal prices are forecast to decrease in 2023
compared to 2022 but remain well above their five-year average.
Coal futures prices are also considerably lower in 2023 compared to
2022
 Future of coal
• Despite decades of knowledge about its contribution to climate change,
coal combustion still accounts for 40% of global CO2 emissions from
energy use. The power sector must stop using coal without carbon
capture and storage by approximately 2050 if the Paris Agreement climate
goals are to be achieved1. This will not be easy. Globally, the coal mining
industry alone employs about 8 million people and creates revenues of
more than US$900 billion a year2. While growth in coal investments is
slowing and COVID-19-induced electricity demand reductions have cut
coal-fired electricity output in 2020, coal use is unlikely to decline
substantially in the medium term. Reductions in the USA and Europe are
offset by growth in China, India and other Asian countries3,4, thus locking
in future demand (Fig. 1). African countries may follow next5.
• Despite expected growth in Renewable Energy, coal will remain the
dominant fuel for electricity generation in India through 2030 and
beyond, even though its share of generation will fall. CIL's coal
production constitutes over 80% of all India coal production..
 Future of coal

• Coal to chemicals ( methanol, aromatics, pyridine, gases, blending with biomass to

improve its Calorific value etc.) and fertilizer
• Steel plants
• CCSU- Dry and tri-reforming of carbon dioxide and utilization of carbon dioxide
• IGCC and Cleaner Coal Technologies, Carbon utilization economy
• Supply of minerals – Rare earths, Li, Ge, Ga etc.
• Adsorbents
• Coal to syn gas, hydrogen, Char, , nanomaterials, smart materials, medicines ?, etc.
• Cement industries
• Foundries
• Coal to Gas – Cabinet has cleared 6000 crores to provide insentive to the gasification of
coal in India
• Most of the coal conversion technologies can be used for the biomass
conversion also.
• Coal is available under rivers, seas, oceans. Ice caps, forests, cities,
untapped sources.
• Utilization of carbon dioxide would afford the adaption of cleaner coal
technologies in future.
• Putting back carbon dioxide and its products in the earth
• Instead of pollution getting wealth from coal – Furtherb Research and
Development would be required to utilize the enormous reserves under the
earth.
• Coal may last for more than 200-250 years ?
 Origin of coal
• Two Types of coals based on origin
• 1. In –situ originated coals
• 2. Coals having drift orogin
• To be discussed later.
Comparison of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous
Fuels