FINAL ELEMENT

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 Final Control Operation

• Involve the steps necessary to convert a

control signal (from the actuator) into
proportional action on the process itself.
• The specific intermediate operations vary
depending on the process-control design.
• The input control signal may take many forms
– Electric current, a digital signal, or
pneumatic.

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 Elements of final control operation

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 Signal Conversion
• Signal conversion refers to modifications that must
be made to the signal from the controllers to
properly interface with the actuators.
• The devices that perform such signal conversions are
called Transducers because they convert signals from
one form to another such as current-to-
pressure ,current-to-voltage etc.
• The signal conversion process is the development of
electronic devices that provide a high-energy output
under the control of a low-energy input.

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 Current-Pressure ( I/P ) Converter

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 Actuators

 The Actuator is a translation of the converted

control signal into action on the control
element. Thus, if a valve is to be operated,
then the actuator is a device that converts the
control signal into the physical action of
opening or closing the valve.

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 Pneumatic Actuator

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 Electrical Actuator

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 Control Element

• Has direct influence on the process dynamic

variable.
• If flow is to be controlled, the control element, a
valve, must be directly introduced into the flow
system.
• If temperature is to be controlled, then some
element that has a direct influence on the
temperature such a heater/cooler combination (or) a
valve to control influx of reactants must be involved
in the process.
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 A Typical Final Control
A cracker colouring system

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 A Typical Final Control
A Hydraulic servo control

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 SCR as a Final element
Theory of operation
• A diode will conduct only in one direction
• An SCR will not conduct in any direction until it is “triggered” or “fired”.
• A third terminal “gate”, when applied with a positive voltage w.r.t. cathode, starts
the conduction of SCR if it is forward-biassed. ( Anode held +ve and Cathode -ve)
• Once the conduction starts, even if the trigger is absent, SCR will continue
conducting till it is turned off.
• SCR can be switched off when the forward-biassing is removed.
• SCR output is available is only during the +ve cycle of the control voltage
• Output of SCR can be increased or decreased by advancing or delaying the time of
application of the triggering voltage.
• An electronic circuit using the control voltage can be used to trigger the SCR.
• Alternately, an optical coupler can be used to control triggering of the SCR from an
external circuit.

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 Triggering of an SCR

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 SCR Control

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 TRIAC
Theory of operation
• An extension to SCR, TRIAC can be triggered to
conduct in either direction. The TRIAC can be
thought of as two SCRs connected in parallel and
reversed,but with the gates connected.
• A positive trigger will cause it to conduct in one
direction and a negative trigger will cause it to
conduct in the other direction.
• The TRIAC can be used in pure AC applications.
• The trigger voltage must be bipolar, one pulse of one
polarity and the next of the opposite polarity and can
be provided by a DIAC.

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 Operation of a TRIAC

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 DIAC
Theory of Operation

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