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CAN YOU RECALL

GRIMNER
?
 What happens if these
zebras did not
reproduce?

The entire
ecosystem can be
affected!
 What is reproduction?
• Living organisms are able to reproduce. They are able to make copies of themselves. This
ensures that members of the population of a species continue to exist. It also allows for
the survival of the species.
• Even though reproduction is not necessary for an individual to stay alive, it is ESSENTIAL
for a species to stay alive.
• Reproduction is the process by which living organisms generate new individuals of the
same kind as themselves. This process ensure that life continues and doesn’t become
extinct. Reproduction ensures that genetic information is passed on from
parents to offspring.
• There are 2 methods of reproduction that allow genetic information to be passed on:
• Asexual Reproduction – involves 1 parent; makes clones
• Sexual Reproduction – involves 2 parents; offspring shows variation
CLONED SHEEP!
Every human is made up of trillions of cells. These cells would have
been replicated from the one cell that fused from the parent
organisms.
When the cells from both the father and mother join, a new cell is
made.
This new cell contains chromosomes in the nucleus or genetic
information in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This DNA
codes for all the characteristics and features of the new organism.
Sex cells are the cells involved in reproduction.
There are different cells and organs in males and females.
Sort
Sort the
the keywords
keywords into
into two
two lists:
lists: one
one for
for the
the male
male
system
system and
and one
one for
for the
the female
female system
system
Male Female

Sperm
Scrotum
Vagina Testes
Oviduct Ovary Uterus

Cervix
Ovum
Sperm duct
 * Bladder The *______
male
reproductive system

* Prostate Gland *Sperm duct

* Penis

* Urethra
* Testes

* Scrotum
The *________
female reproductive system

* Oviduct

* Ovary * Uterus

* Cervix * Vagina
UTERUS  Sometimes called the womb – if an egg is fertilised it will implant
in the wall of the uterus and develop into a foetus
CERVIX  The opening or ‘neck’ of the uterus at the top of the
Connects the cervix to the outside of the body - sperm is
vagina.
VAGINA
deposited here by the penis during sex
 The female sex cell – sometimes called an ‘egg’.
OVUM
 After puberty, egg or ovum is released from here once every 28 days
OVARY
or so.
OVIDUCT  Carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus – the egg is fertilised
here.
SPERM The male sex cell – it is adapted to swim from the vagina to the egg.
 After puberty, these make sperm continuously.
TESTES
SCROTUM  A sac of skin which holds the testes .
*Outline the route taken from the
testes by the sperm as it leaves the
body
Sperm leaves the testes and travels
down the sperm duct...
... which travels past/through the
prostate glands.
The glands provide the sperm cells
with food so that they have energy
for swimming.

The sperm duct joins the

urethra...
... which carries the sperm
out of the body through the
penis.
PUBERTY
• Sexual reproduction in humans is successful only when a child has reached
puberty.

• This is a stage of adolescence in which the body of the individual begins to

develop into an adult. It is where an individual becomes capable of sexual
reproduction.

• The bodies of both males and females go through certain changes, physically
and emotionally during this time.

• Puberty is the start of the time when a girl is capable of becoming a mother,
and a boy, a father.

• Usually, puberty occurs between the ages of 8-14 in girls and 9-15 in boys.
• Puberty is initiated by the production and maturing of reproductive
cells in the human reproductive system.

• When puberty begins, the human reproductive organs start to release

sex hormones in the bloodstream.

• These sex hormones are responsible for the growth spurt and many of
the physical and emotional changes that take place in adolescents during
puberty.
 BOYS
 Testes produce sperm and sex
hormones (testosterone).
 Height increases rapidly.
GIRLS
 Ovaries release mature eggs and
produce sex hormones
(oestrogen).
 Height increases rapidly.

 Shoulders widen, body becomes  Breasts grow larger and hips

more muscular and penis become wider and rounder.
enlarges.
 Facial hair grows, and hair grows  Hair grows in the armpits and
in armpits and pubic regions. pubic regions.
 Voice deepens as voice box  Menstruation starts.
enlarges.
• One of the changes that take place in girls
during puberty is the onset of
menstruation.
• Unlike boys, who produce
sperm only
when puberty begins, girls are born
with a supply of eggs. However, the
eggs only start to mature during puberty.
• About once every 28 days, a mature
egg in one of the two ovaries in the female
reproductive system is released into the
Fallopian tube. This process is
ovulation.
• The released egg is caught in the opening of the
Fallopian tube. The rippling
movements of the Fallopian tube and the
sweeping motion of the hair-like projections
(cilia) on its wall, push the egg along the
tube towards the uterus.
• During its journey to the uterus, the egg is
ready for fertilization (where the
sperm and egg fuse and results in a baby).
If the egg is fertilized…
If the egg is fertilized by the sperm, the female will
become pregnant and a foetus will develop in
her uterus. However if the egg in the Fallopian tube
fails to be fertilized within a day or two, it will die
and disintegrate.
Each time an egg is released from the ovary, the
uterus prepares itself for the
growth of a foetus, just in case the released
egg is fertilized. The lining of the uterus becomes
thick, spongy and full of blood capillaries. It is now
ready to receive any fertilized egg.
If the egg is not fertilized…
• If no fertilized egg enters the uterus after a week or so, its
thickened lining is no longer needed.
• The lining will slowly break down. Together with the
disintegrated egg and some blood, the uterus lining which
has broken down, will be pushed down the uterus and out of
the body through the vagina over a period of about six days.
• The process by which the broken uterus lining, blood and
disintegrated egg are discharged from the uterus is called
menstruation. During this time, the woman or girl is
said to be menstruating or having her period.
• A period can cause discomfort due to the contraction of the
uterus wall. This causes cramps during menstruation. The
body loses some blood as well.
 The Menstrual Cycle
• The menstrual cycle of about 28 days comprises of two main events:
1. Ovulation – the release of the ovum from the ovary.
2. Menstruation – the shedding of the uterus lining from
the body. This starts to occur about 14 days after ovulation if fertilization
did not happen.
• The ovary contains ova in various stages of development. At birth, there are
tens of thousands of potential ova present. However, only about 400 of them
will develop fully.
• During the ages of about 12-45 of a woman’s life, one ovum will develop fully
once a month. Ova develop inside the follicles.