Module 1

Section 1

Concepts
of Globalization
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Key in your answers in the chat box. (Good for 5 minutes.)

 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Lorenz is a college student. He drinks Milo with his usual corned

beef, egg, and rice for breakfast every school day. While eating, he watches
Cartoon Network on cable TV to make his morning light. Afterwards, he
rushes to brush his teeth using Colgate. Then, he is good to go. Once inside
the university campus, he sends an I-am-at-school message to his mom
using his new iPhone X. Likewise, he sends his “Hi” message to his special
friend via his Samsung Galaxy S9. More so, Lorenz and his friends love to
wear Vans schoolbags. They love to hang out in their favorite fast food
store, McDonalds, and happily eat their favorite burger, chicken nuggets,
and Coke float. He talks to his dad who works in Dubai via Skype on
Monday, Thursday, and Saturday nights.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Economic Imperialism
is a situation in which one nation
assumes economic power or
influence over the others.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

“Americanization” of
contemporary
Filipinos
 What is Globalization?
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Globalization is phenomenon.
It is something that is difficult to understand.
According to Reich (1998), it is a term whose
meaning is obscure.
According to Schottle (1995), “globalization stands for
quite a large public spread across the world as one of
the defining terms of the 20th century social
consciousness.”
 What is Globalization?
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

 Rosenau (1996) recognizes globalization that is not the same as

globalism which points our aspirations for an end state of affairs
wherein values are shared by or pertinent to all the world’s five billion
people, their environment, their roles as citizens, consumers, and
producers with an interest in collective action designed to solve
common problems. Nor it is universalism.
o Universalism is the values that embrace all humanity.
 What is Globalization?
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

 According to McGrew(1990), globalization is described as something

that is comprised of multiple sameness and interconnectedness that
go beyond the nation states.
o It is a process in which individuals and organizations in one part of
the world are affected by the activities, affairs, and convictions on
another part of the globe.
 According to Cerny (1997), globalization is a cluster of economic and
political frameworks and procedures deriving from the changing marks
of the interests and assets that comprise the foundation of the
international political economy--- specifically, the expanding structural
differences of those interests and assets.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Globalization as a PROCESS

Globalization as a CONDITION

Globalization as an IDEOLOGY
 Globalization as a Process
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Freeden (2003) posits that globalization

denotes a range of processes nesting under
one rather unwieldy epithet.
o Global flows occur in different physical
and mental dimensions.
 Globalization as a Process
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

o According to him, different kinds of globalization

occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions
of integration that he calls “scapes”.
Arjun Appadurai
Anthropoligists
 Ethnoscapes
o He proposed five (5)  Technoscapes
dimensions of global  Mediascapes
cultural flow namely:  Financescapes
 Ideoscapes
 Globalization as a Process
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

For Steger (2005 & 2014a)

• The term globalization should be limited
to a set of intricate social processes that
modify prevailing social statuses based
on modern regime of self-dependent
nation-states.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

 Definition of Globalization for a number of scholars:

o A multidimensional group of social procedures
that build, accelerate, elaborate, and intensify
worldwide interactions while, at the same time,
nurturing in people an increasing consciousness
of deepening linkages between the local and far-
off.
 Globalization as a Condition
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Steger (2005)
globalization
as a
condition
denotes "future social condition characterized
Steger (2005)
by thick economic, political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that make
currently existing political borders and
economic barriers irrelevant."
 Globalization as a Condition
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up
 Globalization as an Ideology
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

IDEOLOGY
 is dogmatic.
 for others, it connotes political sophistication.
 May also refer to the dominant modes of thought (Gerring, 1997).
 Steger (2014b) defines ideology as a system of widely
shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and values,
and ideals accepted as truth by some groups.
 is defined by core claims. Since globalization has core claims;
hence, it is an ideology.
 Globalization as an Ideology
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

 Steger (2014b)
globalization as
an ideology
Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets;

Five Globalization is inevitable and irreversible;

Core Nobody is in charge of globalization;

Claims Globalization benefits everyone; and

Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the

world.
 Globalization For Political Scientist
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

o Serves as a challenge to nation-states.

o The strengthening of regional blocks like EU,
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN), and the UN is gaining a stable ground.
o The emergence of global political norms is
evident.
• For instance, the norm that each country is entitled
to the exploitation of human natural resources for
its own growth (Giensen & Pijl, 2006).
 Globalization For Political Scientist
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

o The emergence of global corporations.

• Businessmen and investors can already demand what they want
from the nation-state that would advance their interests.
• Some of them prefer to go to countries where they can earn more
with the least cost.
• some corporations have bigger revenues than the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) of some countries (Trivett, 2011).
For example.
 In 2010, Microsoft's revenue of $62.48 million is bigger than Croatia's
$60.59 million GDP.
 In 2018, according to Fortune. Microsoft ranked 30th biggest
corporation with $89.95 million revenue.
 Globalization for an Economist
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

means increase of free of trade, speed of trade,

global economic organization, and regional trade
blocks.
• The expansion of free trade allows governments
not to restrict the importation of products nor
impede the export of local products. Importing and
exporting are done in just a millisecond through
technology and the internet.
 Globalization for an Economist
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

 Intense establishment of economic organization.

International World Trade
Monetary Fund World Bank (WB) Organization
(IMF), (WTO)

International
Labor European Free
Organization Trade Area Mercusor
(EFTA) a customs union among
(LOL)
Brazil, Argentina,
Uruguay, Paraguay, and
Venezuela.
ASEAN Free
Trans-Pacific
Trade Area
Partnership.
(AFTA),
 Globalization For Culture And Communications Experts
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Globalization refers to the concept of a global village.

 Through globalization, the world has become a
borderless world.
 Communication technology makes the world shrink.
• McLuhan (1964) believes that media has connected
the world in ways that created a global village.
 Globalization For Culture And Communications Experts
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

Globalization is referred to as cultural imperialism.

• The conviction that there is a “better” culture.
• Some cultures see other cultures as superior to
theirs, forming inferior or nondominant cultures. In
cultural globalization, therefore, the spread of
popular culture (e.g., music, art, literature, fashion,
lifestyle, etc.) flows from dominant to nondominant
cultures (i.e., from developed to developing
nations).
 Working Definition Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

"Globalization
refers to the expansion and
intensification of social
relations and consciousness
across world-time and world-
space (Steger, 2013)."
re d St ege r
M anf
 Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

1. Globalization has various forms of

connectivity

2. Globalization allows for the expansion and

Four stretching of social relations
Attributes
Of
Globalization 3. Globalization intensifies and accelerates
social exchanges and activities

4. Globalization occurs worldwide

 Four Attributes Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

1. Globalization has various forms of connectivity.

 These forms, enabled by various factors,
• ECONOMIC pressures, or media, affect different degrees of
• POLITICAL interconnection.
 To illustrate, a Filipino minimum wage earner
• CULTURAL
may suffer from a slight price hike of basic
commodities while his neighbor who earns
above the minimum might not be affected by
the said increase. This adjustment in prices of
commodities can be caused by national and
international economic and political events.
 Four Attributes Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

2. Globalization allows for the expansion and stretching of social

relations.
 These can be observed in the existence of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) that operate in the local, regional, and
international setting.
 For instance, the Philippine National Red Cross is an affiliate of the
International Committee of the Red Cross, a humanitarian institution
based in Switzerland.
 Social relations can also be seen in the establishment of sister-city
relationships such as the cooperation between Cebu City and
Haarlemmermeer City of the Netherlands.
 In addition, social relations manifest in the establishment of government
associations and presence of multinational companies in the Philippines.
 Four Attributes Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion

3. Globalization intensifies and accelerates social exchanges and activities.

Live snail mail social

telecast to email media

In the early 1990s, some Filipinos Mail can be sent

could watch international television
shows only a week after the episode instantly unlike the mail Builds global
aired. Cable TV and internet live courier-delivered letters
streaming allow Filipinos to watch
shows as soon as they are released. of the 1980s. community
 Four Attributes Of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

4. Globalization occurs worldwide

 Every person is a global citizen because he or she thinks about the issues of the
world.
 For example, Europeans and Americans used #prayformarawi in social media to
show their concern for the victims of the Marawi City siege in May 2017.
 Another instance is when teenagers associate themselves with global trends like
K-Pop.
• They imitate the way their K-Pop idols dress up, dance, and even talk.
 Global citizens also assume a sense of responsibility in global matters.
 One good example is the participation of global citizens in Earth Hour every 3rd
Sunday of March and the expression of concern from the international
community for the alleged human rights violations of the current administration in
the Philippines.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up

The definition and conceptualization of globalization

may come from the different lenses but an
interdisciplinary definition is necessary. Some scholars
consider it as a process, a condition, or an ideology.
Experts from different fields of social sciences also
define globalization based on their specialization of
expertise. But a working definition has encompassed
all definitions of and notions about globalization.
Steger’s definition is the most unbiased working
definition.
 Concepts of Globalization
Learning Outcomes Activity Discussion Wrap-up