REASON AND RESULT

Clause +noun/ving result

Because because of Therefore

As due to That’s why
Since owing to hence
Now that on account of thus
Given that in view of so
Inasmuch as given as a result
Seeing that as a result of consequently
Knowing that as a consequence of for this reason
,for thanks to thereby
in that
We decided to put off the event as it rained cats and
dogs.
We decided to put off the event because of the rain.
Everybody at the company has agreed to aid the
charity since it provides the students with
scholarship.
As a result of the tsunami,plenty of people became
homeless.
Due to the overeating,he is getting fatter and fatter
day by day.
In Turkey children are vaccinated against
measles,therefore it is very rare in our country.
Because children are vaccinated against measles,it is
very rare in Turkey.
• All over the world, many plant and animal species are now at
risk of extinction ---- humans are destroying the environment.

A) before
B) only if
C) even though
D) because
E) but
• Tropical rainforests are exceptionally significant ……….their
geographic location and their interaction with the
environment and climate.

a)due to
b)in case of
c) instead of
d)in contrast to
e)despite
So…..adj/adv….that such…adj+noun…that
It was such a diffcult exam that only %10 of the students passed
it.
Near the hills was so silent that we could hear each sound very
clearly.
So…many/much/few/little +noun +that
We have so much furniture that we are running out of space to
store it all.
I have so many friends that sometimes I forget their names.
I have so little money that I can not even eat something.
Such….a lot of/a few/a little…..that
There were such a few attendees at the seminar that they had to
cancel it.
So careless is she that she is always making punctiation errors in
her essays.
 PURPOSE/AIM/GOAL

To with the aim of

In order to + fiil yalın with the purpose of+noun

So that /in order that=
cümle
So as to with a view to

in an attempt to

I take English lessons so that I can pass YDT/YDS.

The board should gather monthly in order to assess the situation.
We got up early so as not to miss the train
• When walking in a group,the walking pace should be that of
the slowest member…….he or she does not feel left behind.

a)in case
b)so that
c)when
d)even if
e)provided that
• Six of Europe’s biggest oil and gas companies
have banded together……….they can devise a
plan to stop global warming.

a)rather
b)though
c)in order that
d)so
e)as well
 CONCESSION AND CONTRAST
CONCESSION
Although However In spite of
Even though Nonetheless despite
Though nevertheless notwithstanding
Much as even so for all
Even if yet regardless of
Whether or not but irrespective of
Even when still no matter+ wh
Even after how
Even before
Although he is wealthy ,he doesn’t help the poor.
Much as I like him,I don’t trust him.
He implemented the plan despite the severe opposition.
The weather was rainy,nonetheless we didn’t cancel the trip.
My sister didn’t have enough time to study for her
exams,still/yet/however she passed them all.
No matter what I do,no matter where I go,no matter how I
feel,all I think about is you.
We shouldn’t discriminate against people regardless of their
social status,religion,sex,race.
However strong he is,he can not lift this box.Strong as/though he
is,he can not lift this box.
• ……..now characterized by inhospitable deserts,the Arabian
Peninsula was a green hot spot for migrating members of the
human genus at least 300 thousand years ago.

a)Because
b)Unless
c)Just as
d)Although
e)Until
• ---- aeroplanes have made it easier for us to explore the
world, nearly one in three of us claim to be anxious or fearful
of flying.
A) Only if
B) Whenever
C) As soon as
D) Although
E) Because
 CONTRAST

Whereas In contrast in contrast to

While on the contrary contrary to
Conversely unlike
On the other hand as opposed to
in opposition to
While some people think that internet is a miracle,others think the
opposite.
While I am keen on classical music,my deskmate hates it.
Unlike her husband who has very healthy lifestyle,she is addicted to
smoking.
She devoted herself to science as opposed to her brother.
The impact of poverty on public health hasn’t increased.On the contrary,
it has weakened.
Import market has developed rapidly this year,in contrast export market
has been in a long period of stagnation.
Contrary to common belief,scorpions do not commit suicide when they
are surrounded with fire.
Decrease
Decline
Increase Diminish
Ascend Reduce
Rise Shrink
Soar Descend
Skyrocket Lessen
Boost
• Unlike World War II and Vietnam war,…………

a)Korea had been a part of the Japanese empire at that time.

b)the Russians occupied the vast area north of the time.
c)the invasion was the first military action of the Cold War
d)nearly 10 thousand North and South Korean soldiers were
killed in Battle
e)The Korean War did not get much media attention in the US.
• At the start of the 20th century, nine out of ten people lived
in rural areas where they worked on the land, ----
approximately half of the world’s population today lives in the
city.

A)as
B) whereas
C) hence
D) so
E) whether
 PARALLEL AND CORRESPONDING
Moreover
As well as
Furthermore
In addition to
What is more
Along with
In addition
Together with
Also
Alongside
Besides
Beside
Additionally

We will employ an engineer as well as a doctor.

In addition to a house,Mark possesses a car.
As well as a long railway system,the city has also two big airports.
• The antibacterial quality of honey depends on the type of
honey…….when and how it’s harvested.

a)so that
b)as well as
c)in that
d)since
e)such as
 GIVING EXAMPLE

•Such as Wise people such as Einstein had a

• Like huge impact on the societies.
I need a friend someone like you.
•For example
•For instance
•To illustrate
• Animals, ---- oxen and horses, could carry, pull and lift much
heavier loads than people could.

A)despite
B) in contrast with
C) such as
D) instead of
E) owing to
• Different tools are used to measure different things; ----,
balances measure weight, stop watches measure time, and
thermometers measure temperature.

A)for example
B) instead
C) otherwise
D) on the contrary
E) however
 PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
• Either….. or…..
• Both ……..and……
• Not only…….but also/……….as well
• Neither ……………nor…….
• Not…..but….

Either you tell him the truth or you have to bear the consequences.
We will either buy or rent this house.
You can visit him either now or later.
We both studied and worked when we were young.
I know both your sister and brother
Both Ali and Veli passed the test.
Neither the students nor the teacher was at present at the conference.
She can neither speak nor write English.
Not only the students but also the teachers were happy with the results.
She is not only a doctor but a poet as well.
You can find this product nowhere but Gaziantep.
Many people would be scared if they saw in the mirror not their faces but their
character.
Two singular subjects
• In general, when we join two singular subjects using a correlative conjunction, the verb
that follows should be singular. For example:
• “Neither the plumber nor the electrician is here yet.”
• “Not only Mike but also Daniel is coming with us.”
• One exception to this rule is when using both … and. In this case, we use a plural subject:
• “Both Mike and Daniel are coming with us.”
Two plural subjects
• When we join two plural subjects, the verb that follows should also be plural. For
example:
• “Neither the plumbers nor the electricians are here yet.”
• “Not only Mike’s friends but also Daniel’s friends are coming with us.”
One singular and one plural subject
• Sometimes, we join a singular subject to a plural subject. In this case, the majority of
style guides state that the verb should agree with the noun that is closest to it. For
example:
• “Every day both the cat and the dogs wake me up.” (Wake is plural because the dogs is
plural.)
• “Neither my cousins nor my mom likes swimming.” (Likes is singular, because mom is
singular.)
• All cargo passing through the European Union is subject to
one security control,---- at the origin of the shipment ---- at
the destination of cargo.

A) as / as
B) such / as
C) neither / nor
D) the more / the more
E) either / or
• Animal species that may become extinct over
the coming years include ---- large animals ----
smaller creatures like insects.
A) the more / the more
B) both / and
C) as / as
D) neither / nor
E) whether / or
• Seoul is busy reinventing itself and practically rebuilding the
city with an eye to improving ---- the aesthetic value ---- the
commercial value of the city.
A) such / as
B) so / that
C) not only / but also
D) less / than
E) neither / nor
 EXPLANATION

That is • I have difficulty in writing

essays.In other words ,it is very
That is to say
hard for me.
In other words

I mean

Namely
 Only ——– when/ after/if
• Soru kökünde only yapısı varsa genellikle
seçeneklerde when, if, after seçeneklerine,içerdikleri
anlam ve zamana bakılmalıdır.
• Örnek:
You can only write a good summary of a passage…..
• if you ever need to go back to review it.
• why you have read it carefully
• when you have fully understood it.
• that it uses words from the essay.
• whether the summary is objective.
• Regarding
• Concerning
• As regards …e ilişkin
• With regard to
• About

• Most of our knowledge regarding the structure of the

earth has been from the study of rocks.
• As regards the development of moral standards in the
growing child, consistency is very important in parental
teaching.
• Concerning the question of capital punishment, the U.S.
and its allies stand on opposite sides of a great divide.
• In terms of: itibariyle, bakımından
• With respect to: …e göre (kıyaslamada)
• According to: …e göre (görüş belirtirken)

• The amount of air pollution over the cities in the

inner parts of the country is of great importance in
terms of human health.
• People who learn longer live longer according to a
study of links between health and education among
adults.
• The report arranged with respect to the factors
affecting the development of the under develop
countries is of great importance in many respects.
 Fire was essential for the growth of human
civilization…………..people used it to cook their food ,warm
their homes,clear woodland for cultivation,make pottery,and
eventually melt metals.
a)Unless b)even if c)whenever d)as e)in case
• …………….using renewable energy is potentially a means of
combating global warming,renewable energy facilities can be
very expensive to establish.
a)Unless
b)although
c)just as
d)until
e)when
• In Scandinavia, wildlife in many rivers has been destroyed ----
the devastating power of acid rain.

A) in spite of
B) because of
C) as opposed to
D) in terms of
E) as regards
 The cost of everything from metals and minerals to
commodities ---- sugar ---- petrol, went up
dramatically in the first half of 2006.

A) both / and
B) such as / and
C) apart from / than
D) more / than
E) not only / but also
• ---- Charles Dickens himself had a very hard childhood, he
found it possible to write novels which contain humour and
have happy endings.

A) If B) Before C) When D) Although E) Unless

 Global demand for coal will continue to expand over the next
five years ---- governments’ attempts to reduce reliance on this
fuel.
A) in spite of
B) as a result of
C) as well as
D) due to
E) in case of
• A sneeze is more favourable than a cough because it nearly
always cures the tickle that triggered it, ---- coughing can
worsen things.

A)once
B) if
C) whereas
D) otherwise
E) just as
 All over the world, many plant and animal species are
now at risk of extinction ---- humans are destroying
the environment.
A) Before B) only if C) even though
D) because E) but
• The numerous Italian princes’ palaces became significiant
centres of the Renaissance and the Baroque periods ---- their
comparatively minor political influence.

a) due to
b)rather than
c)in terms of
d)as well as
e)despite
 ---- most people can find benefits in cross-cultural living or
learning, some experience psychological blocks and other
inhibiting effects due to culture shock.
a) Because b)Only when c) While
d)Unless e) Provided that.
• Vision abnormalities ---- astigmatism,nystagmus(rapid
involuntary oscillation of the eye), and photophobia (extreme
sensitivity to light) are common.
A)such as
B) contrary to
C) for the sake of
D) on behalf of
E) by means of
 Renaissaince art evolved from a common set of
principles,…………it took many directions and
changed considerably in the following centuries.

a)instead b)provided that c)but

d)for e)so
Computers may be able to beat us in specific
activities;…….., it will be a long time before we
see a robot with human-like versatility.

A)moreover
B)thus
C)likewise
D)instead
E) however
• 2020
• - Since new car smells are toxic, ----.

a)the other area of transport is steadily increasing

b) its usage in all its forms there is no evidence linking that
to the materials used in cars
c)they cause headache, eye irritation and drowsiness
d)it is really surprising that new car smells have hazardous
side effects
e)the problem tends to dissipate after about six months
• Because of increased migration, geographical proximity,
and/or political conquest and colonisation, ----.
a)bilingualism is often defined as proficiency in both languages
b)in many countries, monolingualism represents the natural or
norm of language development
c)multilingual education programs aim for proficiency in more
than two languages
d)bilingual education is the instruction that uses two languages
as the media of instruction
e)few countries today can claim monolingualism as the norm
• Although the Roman Empire finally fell in 476, ----.
a)the Romans claimed that Romulus founded the city in 753 BCE
b)citizenship was given to every free male inhabitant of the
empire
c)leading generals wanted more opportunities to win wealth and
glory
d)its influence is still felt in the calendars and alphabets still in
use today
e)the Roman Republic had a complex political and administrative
system
• Although the prices of the first gramophone recordings were
incredibly high, ----.
a)the recording industry was slow to move into the world of
music
b)each went on to sell more than a million copies
c)they were all written by the prolific composers of the era
d)the business was shaped by technological advances
e)musicians lacked electronic amplification for recording
As the climate warmed and the human population grew and
spread geographically, ----.

A)walking upright on two feet has long been considered to be

a human characteristic
B)humans began to develop the first ‘civilised’ human
settlements
C)they needed to find ways to keep warm and dry
D)we do not know when exactly humans started making
clothes and footwear
E)the task of understanding the nature of early human life has
been very difficult
• 2020