Professional Documents
Culture Documents
drsuhasshetty@gmail.com
+ 91 9449603234
www.drsuhasayurveda.com
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Learning Outcome
• Sample & Population
• Sampling process
• Types of sampling
• Probability sampling
• Non Probability sampling
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Sampling
A sample is a subset of a
larger population of objects
individuals, households,
businesses, organizations
Population
Population and so forth.
44
Determine
Determine ifif aa probability
probability
33 or
or non-probability
non-probability sampling
sampling Determine
Determine sample
sample size
size 55
method
method will
will bebe chosen
chosen
22 Select
Select aa Select
Select actual
actual sampling
sampling units
units 66
Sampling
Sampling Frame
Frame
Define
Define the
the Target
Target
11 Conduct
Conduct research
research 77
population
population
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Sampling Techniques
• Collection of sample
• Representative sample
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Basic Sampling Classifications
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Classification of Sampling
Methods
Sampling
Methods
Probability Non-
Samples probability
Simple
Cluster Judgment Quota
Random
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Probability Sampling
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Most Common Types of Probability
Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling
• Systematic Random Sampling
• Cluster Or Multistage Sampling
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Simple Random Sampling
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Probability Sampling
Methods
Simple Random Sampling
the purest form of probability sampling.
Assures each element in the population
has an equal chance of being included in
the sample
Random number generators
Sample Size
Probability of Selection = Population Size
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Advantages
minimal knowledge of population needed
External validity high; internal validity
high; statistical estimation of error
Easy to analyze data
Disadvantages
High cost; low frequency of use
Requires sampling frame
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Stratified Random Sampling
• Often factors which divide up the
population into sub-populations (groups /
strata)
• Measurement of interest may vary among
the different sub-populations.
• This has to be accounted for when we
select a sample from the population to
ensure our sample is representative of
the population.
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Stratified Random Sampling
• A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples
from each stratum or sub-group of a population.
• Suppose a farmer wishes to work out the
average milk yield of each cow type in his herd
which consists of Ayrshire, Friesian, Galloway
and Jersey cows. He could divide up his herd
into the four sub-groups and take samples from
these (Easton and Mc Coll 2004).
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Stratified Sampling
Sub-samples are randomly drawn from
samples within different strata that are
more or less equal on some characteristic
Why?
Can reduce random error
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Advantages
Assures representation of all groups in
sample population needed
Characteristics of each stratum can be
estimated and comparisons made
Reduces variability from systematic
Disadvantages
Requires accurate information on
proportions of each stratum
Stratified lists costly to prepare
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Systematic Random Sampling
• Systematic sampling, sometimes called interval
sampling, means that there is a gap, or interval,
between each selection.
• Often used in industry, where an item is
selected for testing from a production line (say,
every fifteen minutes) to ensure that machines
and equipment are working to specification.
• Alternatively, the manufacturer might decide to
select every 20th item on a production line to
test for defects and quality. This technique
requires the first item to be selected at random
as a starting point for testing and, thereafter,
every 20th item is chosen.
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Systematic Random Sampling
• Used when questioning people in surveys eg market
researcher selecting every 10th person who enters a particular
store, after selecting a person at random as a starting point
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Systematic Sampling
An initial starting point is selected by a
random process, and then every nth
number on the list is selected
n=sampling interval
Disadvantages
Periodic ordering
Requires sampling frame
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Cluster Or Multistage Sampling
• Cluster sampling is a sampling technique where the
entire population is divided into groups, or clusters, and
a random sample of these clusters are selected. All
observations in the selected clusters are included in the
sample.
• every element should have a specified (equal) chance
of being selected into the final sample.
• typically used when the researcher cannot get a
complete list of the members of a population they wish
to study but can get a complete list of groups or
'clusters' of the population
• Cheap, easy economical method of data collection.
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Non-Probability Sampling
Main Types
• Convenience/ opportunity/accidental
sampling.
• Purposive/ judgemental sampling
• Quota sampling
• Snowball sampling
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Convenience/ opportunity/accidental
sampling
• volunteer samples
• Sometimes access through contacts or
gatekeepers
• ‘easy to reach’ population.
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Non-Probability Sampling
Methods
Convenience Sample
The sampling procedure used to obtain
those units or people most conveniently
available
Why: speed and cost
External validity?
Internal validity
Is it ever justified?
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Advantages
Very low cost
Extensively used/understood
Disadvantages
Variability and bias cannot be measured
or controlled
Projecting data beyond sample not
justified.
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Purposive/ judgemental sampling
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Judgment or Purposive Sample
The sampling procedure in which an
experienced research selects the sample
based on some appropriate characteristic
of sample members… to serve a purpose
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Advantages
Moderate cost
Commonly used/understood
Disadvantages
Bias!
Projecting data beyond sample not
justified.
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Quota sampling
• Widely used in opinion polls and market
research.
• Interviewers given a quota of subjects of
specified type to attempt to recruit.
• eg. an interviewer might be told to go out and
select 20 male smokers and 20 female smokers
so that they could interview them about their
health and smoking behaviours .
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Quota Sample
The sampling procedure that ensure that
a certain characteristic of a population
sample will be represented to the exact
extent that the investigator desires
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Advantages
moderate cost
Very extensively used/understood
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Snowball sampling
The sampling procedure in which the
initial respondents are chosen by
probability or non-probability methods,
and then additional respondents are
obtained by information provided by the
initial respondents
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Advantages
low cost
Useful in specific circumstances
Disadvantages
Bias because sampling units not
independent
Projecting data beyond sample not
justified.
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Graphical Depiction of
Sampling Errors
Respondents
Planned (actual
Sampling Frame Sample sample)
Non-Response Error
Sampling Frame Error
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
Statistics !!!
Difficult
Easy
Boring
Interesting
Useless
Useful
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved
drsuhasshetty@gmail.com
+ 91 9449603234
www.drsuhasayurveda.com
drsuhas2015©allrightsreserved