5 Logical Reasoning Full Teaching 1, 2,3

Lesson 1
Chapter 3
LOGICAL REASONING
FORM 4 KSSM
Question
Where is my
Expl ai n the meani ng of
cat?
statement and
Base on the dialog, can you deter mi ne the tr uth
identify the question sentences val ue of a statement.
and a statements
Your cat is
on the
Your cat is chair.
under the
chair.
True/
False
False?
True
True/ False?
Statements
Question
2 + 3 =? Expl ai n the meani ng of
statement and
identify the question sentences deter mi ne the tr uth
and statements val ue of a statement.
What is a statement?
 A statement is a
2+3=6
sentence of which the
2+3=5 truth value can be
determined, that is
True/
False
False?
either true or false,
but not both.
 Question, exclamation
and command
True
True/ False? sentences are not
statement.
Statements
Example 1
Explain the meaning of
Determine whether each sentence below is a statement or s t at e m e n t a n d d e t e r m i n e
not a statement. Justify your answers. the tr uth value of a
(a) Proton Waja cars are products of Japan True/

False
False? s t at e m e n t .
Statement because false. What is a statement?

(Proton waja cars are product of Malaysia)
True/ False? sentence of which the
(b) Go there!
truth value can be
Not a statement because it is a command. determined, that is
True/
False
False? but not both.
(c) 3 + 4 = 11
Statement because false. and command
(3 + 4 = 7)
sentences are not
statement.
Example 1
Determine whether each sentence below is a statement or s t at e m e n t a n d d e t e r m i n e
not a statement. Justify your answers. the tr uth value of a
(d) 8 > 3 True/

TrueFalse? s t at e m e n t .
Statement because True. What is a statement?
True/ False? True if x = 1  A statement is a

(e) x + 1 = 2 sentence of which the
False if x ≠ 1
truth value can be
determined, that is
Not a statement because there are 2 truth value.
but not both.
(f) 2y + 3y = 6y True/
False
False?
Statement because false. and command
(2y + 3y = 6y) sentences are not
statement.
Example 2
Determine whether the following statements are true or s t at e m e n t a n d d e t e r m i n e
false. If false, prove it. the tr uth value of a
s t at e m e n t .
(a) True/
False
False?
OR Substitute x = 2, y = 3 What is a statement?
True/
False
False? truth value can be
(b)
determined, that is
Prime number = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …}. either true or false,
{ 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 } but not both.
and command
sentences are not
statement.
Example 3
Determine whether the following mathematics statements s t at e m e n t a n d d e t e r m i n e
are true of false. Explain if the statement is false. the tr uth value of a
s t at e m e n t .
(a) All polygons have diagonals True/
False
False?
 The quantifier “all’ is used to imply that every object or case fulfills the What is a statement?
given conditions.
Triangle is a polygon but a triangle has no diagonals
truth value can be
True/
False
False? determined, that is
(b) Some perfect squares are whole numbers
 The quantifier “some” is used to imply that only some but not all objects
but not both.
or cases fulfills the given conditions.
Perfect squares = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25,...} and command
All perfect squares are whole numbers sentences are not
statement.
Example 3
Determine whether the following mathematics statements s t at e m e n t a n d d e t e r m i n e
are true of false. Explain if the statement is false. the tr uth value of a
True s t at e m e n t .
(c) All even numbers have factors True/ False?
What is a statement?
True
True/ False?
(d) Some straight lines intersect at y-axis.
truth value can be
determined, that is
but not both.
(e) All multiple of 8 are multiple of 16. True/

False
False?  Question, exclamation
and command
Multipel of 8 = 8, 16, 24, 32,... sentences are not
24 is multiple of 8 but not multiple of 16 statement.
How do you negate a statement? Ne gate a statement.
The negation
To negate theof p is written
statementinsert
statement, as ~
the word p. or ‘not’ to
‘no’
 The negation of
change the truth of a statement.
statement p is written
Change the truth as ~ p.
(a) 5 is a multiple of 3 True/

False
False? value by inserting  To negate the
“no’ or ‘not’ statement, insert the
word ‘no’ or ‘not’ to
change the truth of a
5 is a multiple of 3
not True
statement.
Example 3
Ne gate a statement.
Form a negation (~p) for each of the following statements (p)
by using the word ‘no’ or ‘not’.
 The negation of
Change the truth statement p is written
(b) 6 – 4 = 2 True/
True False? value by inserting as ~ p.
“no’ or ‘not’
 To negate the
6 – 4 =
/ 2 False
statement, insert the
(c) All even numbers are multiple of 6 True/
False False? statement.
Doesn’t
All even numbers are not multiple of 6 False
change
Not All even numbers are multiple of 6 True

Example 3
Ne gate a statement.
Form a negation (~p) for each of the following statements (p)
by using the word ‘no’ or ‘not’.
 The negation of
statement p is written
as ~ p.
(d) All multiple of 8 are multiple of 2 True/
True False?
 To negate the
Not All multiple of 8 are multiple of 2 False statement, insert the
statement.
All multiple of 8 are not multiple of 2 False
What is a compound statement? Tr uth value of the
compound statement
A compound statement is a combination of two or more
statements by using the word “and” or “or”.
Combine the statements

p: Ellysa buys a book.
using “and” or “or”
q: Ellysa buys a pencil.
Ellysa buys a book and a pencil
Ellysa buys a book or a pencil

Example 5
Tr uth value of the
compound statement
Combine the following statements, p and q, by using the words
(i) And
A compound statement is
(ii) or
a combination of two or
more statements by
(a) p: A pentagon has two diagonals. using the word “and” or
q: A heptagon has four diagonals. “or”.
(i) A pentagon has two diagonals and a heptagon has four

diagonals.
(ii) A pentagon has two diagonals or a heptagon has four

diagonals.
Example 5
Tr uth value of the
compound statement
(i) And
(ii) or
more statements by
(b) p: A pyramid has five planes. using the word “and” or
q: A pyramid has five vertices “or”.
(i) A pyramid has five planes and five vertices
(ii) A pyramid has five planes or five vertices.

Example 5
Tr uth value of the
compound statement
(i) And
(ii) or
more statements by
(c) p: – 4 is an integer. using the word “and” or
q: 2 is an integer “or”.
(i) – 4 and 2 are an integer
(ii) – 4 or 2 is an integer
Example 6
Tr uth value of the
compound statement
Determine the two statements, p and q, in the following
compound statements.
(a)55 ++ 3 >>55and 5 – 33 <<5.5. more statements by
using the word “and” or
p: “or”.
q:
Example 6
Tr uth value of the
compound statement
Determine the two statements, p and q, in the following
compound statements.
(b) 9 or 91 is a prime number. more statements by
using the word “and” or
p: 9 is a prime number “or”.
q: 91 is a prime number
Statements that form compound statements Deter mine the tr uth
using “and” may be true or false. value of the
compound statement
Compound statement
p and q is true when both true
The compound statement
that contains the word:
Base on the statement above, complete the truth table below
of the compound statement ‘and’ “and” True if both
statements are
p q p and q true.
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False

Statements that form compound statements Deter mine the tr uth
using “or” may be true or false. value of the
compound statement
Compound statement
p or q is true when one of it is true
The compound statement
Base on the statement above, complete the truth table below
of the compound statement ‘or’ “and” True if both
statements are
p q p or q true.
True True True “or” True if either

one statement is
True False True true or both
False True statements are
True
true.
False False False
Example 9
Deter mine the tr uth
value of the
Determine whether each statement below is true or false.
compound statement
(a) 6 + 2 = 8 and 6 – 2 = 4 True

True True The compound statement
(b) 15 is a prime number and ⅘ is a fraction. False “and” True if both
False True statements are
true.
(c) 2² = 4 or 4 ÷ 6 = 0.5 True “or” True if either

True False one statement is
true or both
statements are
(d) 24 is a multiple of 5 or 7. False true.
False False
Example 9
Deter mine the tr uth
value of the
Determine whether each statement below is true or false.
compound statement
(e) (92)3 = 312 or 57 is a prime number True

True False The compound statement
53 can divided by 3 that contains the word:
“and” True if both

statements are
(f) 4 is a factor of 16 and 2 is a multiple of 6. False true.
True False
“or” True if either
False one statement is
(g) y = 3x is parallel to y + 3x = 5 or the y-intercept true or both
statements are
of a straight line y + 3x = 5 is 3 False true.
False
Exercise
Work book
Page 27-30
Lesson 2
Chapter 3
LOGICAL REASONING
FORM 4 KSSM
What is an implication? Constr uct statement
in the for m of
An implication is a statement having the form implication:
(i) If p, then q
“if p then q”. (ii) p if and onl y if q
Following as a
Antecedent Consequent result, inference, or
natural effect
If this morning rains, then the school assembly will be cancelled.
Antecedent consequent
p q
Example 10
Constr uct statement
in the for m of
Identify the antecedent and consequence of the implication implication:
below:
(i) If p, then q
(ii) p if and onl y if q
If y > 4, then y > 2
Antecedent : p
Antecedent consequent Consequent : q
Implication: if p, then q
Example 10
in the for m of
Form an implication “if p then q, with the given antecedent implication:
and consequent.
(i) If p, then q
(a) Antecedent:
Consequent:
Antecedent : p
Consequent : q
If then
(b) Consequent:
Antecedent:
If then
Implication in the form of “p if and only if q” Constr uct statement
in the for m of
The implication “p if and only if q” is a combination of 2 implication:
implication: (i) If p, then q
Implication 1: if p then q
True Antecedent : p
Implication 2 if q then p Consequent : q
Identify p and q
n = 2 if and only if 3 + n = 5
This implication can be written as
Implication 1: If n = 2, then 3 + n = 5
Implication 2 If 3 + n = 5, then n = 2
Example 11
in the for m of
Write down two implication based on the following sentence: implication:
(i) If p, then q
(b) the area of a square is 9 cm² if and only if its sides are 3 cm (ii) p if and onl y if q
Implication 1: If the area of a square is 9 cm² then its Antecedent : p

sides are 3 cm Consequent : q
Implication 2: If the sides of a square are 3 cm then its Implication: if p, then q
area is 9 cm²
p if and only if q
(c) x > 5 if and only if x + 2 > 7
Implication 1: if p, then q
Implication 2: if q, then p
Implication 1: If x > 5 then x + 2 > 7
Implication 2: If x + 2 > 7 then x > 5

Example 12
in the for m of
Form an implication “p if and only if q” for the implication below: implication:
(i) If p, then q
(a) Implication 1: If a polygon is an octagon (ii) p if and onl y if q
octagon, then it has 8 sides
sides.
Implication 2: If polygon has 8 sides, then it is an octagon. Antecedent : p

Consequent : q
if and only if Implication: if p, then q
p if and only if q
(b) Implication 1: If x > 12, then x > 10 Implication 1: if p, then q

Implication 2: if q, then p
Implication 2: If x > 10, then x > 12
an implication “p if and only if q” cannot be form because the

implication 2 is false.
How do you construct the converse, inverse and
Constr uct the
contrapositive of an implication
conver se, inver se
 Converse, inverse and contrapositive are implications that written in and contr apositive of
different ways an implication.
 If you have 2 statements, p and q: p: Today

today is Sunday
q: I wash the car Antecedent : p
Consequent : q
Statement If today is Sunday then I wash
not Sunday not wash
the car
the car
Statement: if p, then q
Converse If then Converse: if q, then p
Opposite the statement Inverse: if ~p, then ~q
Contrapositive: if ~q, then ~p
inverse If today is not Sunday then I not wash the car
negate the statement
Contrapositive If then
negate the converse
Example 12
Constr uct the
Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following conver se, inver se
implications. and contr apositive of
an implication.
(a) If , then
Antecedent : p
Statement If , then Consequent : q
Converse If , then
Opposite the statement
inverse If , then Converse: if q, then p
Inverse: if ~p, then ~q
negate the statement Contrapositive: if ~q, then ~p
Contrapositive If , then
negate the converse
Example 12
Constr uct the
Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following conver se, inver se
implications. and contr apositive of
an implication.
(b) If x < 3, then x < 0
Antecedent : p
Statement If , then Consequent : q
Converse If, then
Opposite the statement
inverse If, then Converse: if q, then p
negate the statement Contrapositive: if ~q, then ~p
Contrapositive If, then
negate the converse
Lets complete the truth value of the statement, Compare the tr uth
converse, inverse and contrapositive value of conver se,
inver se and
Antecedent Consequent contr apositive of an
Statement Converse
p q implication.
If p, then q If q, then p
True True Tips:
True True
False True
True False Antecedent true and consequent
False false →
False True True Implication, converse, inverse
True True And contrapositive always false.
False False
Other than that , Everything
~p ~q Inverse Contrapositive will be True
If ~p, then ~q If ~q, then ~p
False False True True
False True True False
True False False True

True True True True
Example 16
Compare the tr uth
value of conver se,
Determine the truth values of statement, converse, inverse and
inver se and
contrapositive of the implication.
contr apositive of an
(a) If , then implication.
True False
Statement If then False Converse: if q, then p
False True Contrapositive: if ~q, then ~p
Converse If, then True
False True Tips:

inverse If , then True
Antecedent true and consequent
True False false →
Implication, converse, inverse
Contrapositive If , then False
And contrapositive always false.

will be True
Example 16
Compare the tr uth
value of conver se,
Determine the truth values of statement, converse, inverse and
inver se and
contrapositive of the implication.
contr apositive of an
(b) “If 12 is an even number, then 12 is divisible by 2” implication.
True True
Statement If is an even number, then 12 is divisible by 2 True Converse: if q, then p
True True Contrapositive: if ~q, then ~p
Converse If , then is an even number True
False False True Tips:

inverse If is not an even number, then
Antecedent true and consequent
False False True false →
If, then is not an even number Implication, converse, inverse
Contrapositive
And contrapositive always false.

will be True
Example 17
Deter mine a counter-
Determine the truth value of the following mathematical example to ne gate
statements. If it is false, give one counter-example to support the tr uth of a
your answer. par ticular statement.
(a) All animals have wings. True/

False
False? What is a counter-examples?
 The counter-example
Counter-example: snake is an animal but snake doesn’t have
is an example to prove
wings.
the statement is
false.
(b) Some prime numbers are even number True/
TrueFalse?
Example 17
Determine the truth value of the following mathematical example to ne gate
statements. If it is false, give one counter-example to support the tr uth of a
your answer. par ticular statement.
(c) 4 and 8 are factors of 20 True/

False
False? What is a counter-examples?
 The counter-example
Counter-example: 8 is not a factor of 20
the statement is
false.
(d) If x is a multiple of 2, then it is a multiple of 4 True/
False
False?
Counter-example: 6 is multiple of 2 but not a multiple of 4

Example 18
Write the mathematical statement for each of the following. Then example to ne gate
determine the truth value of each statement written. If it is false, the tr uth of a
give one counter-example to support your answer. par ticular statement.
(a) 6 {3, 6, 9} What is a counter-examples?

Negation : 6 {3, 6, 9} True/
False
False?  The counter-example
Counter-example = 6 is an element of {3, 6, 9} the statement is
false.
(b) All multiples of 10 are multiples of 2. True/
False
False?
Negation : Not All multiples of 10 are multiples of 2
Counter-example = All multiples of 10 are divisible by 2.

Example 18
Write the mathematical statement for each of the following. Then example to ne gate
determine the truth value of each statement written. If it is false, the tr uth of a
give one counter-example to support your answer. par ticular statement.
(c) If x > 5, then x > 3. What is a counter-examples?

Converse: If x > 3, then x > 5. False
True/ False?  The counter-example
Counter-example = 4 > 3 but 4 < 5 the statement is
false.
(d) If then
Inverse : If then True/

False
False?
Counter-example = when ,
Exercise
Work book
Page 30-36
Lesson 3
Chapter 3
LOGICAL REASONING
FORM 4 KSSM
Example 1
T he meaning of
Determine whether the following statements are specific or ar gument and
general statement. dif ferentiate between
deductive and
(a) inductive ar guments.
24 is divisible by 8 24 is divisible by 4 All numbers divisible by 8 are also divisible by 4  An argument consists
of premises and a
conclusion.
General Specific  A premise is a
statement consists of:
(i) Specific statement –
refer to a particular
case.
(ii) General statement –
describe a concept.
Example 1
T he meaning of
deductive and
(b) inductive ar guments.
The area of a circle is πr2 Circle A has a radius of 7 cm. the area of circle A is 154 cm2.  An argument consists
of premises and a
conclusion.
case.
describe a concept.
Example 1
T he meaning of
deductive and
(c) inductive ar guments.
Interior angle of triangle with 3 sides is 180° Interior angle of pentagon with 5 side is 540°
∘
Interior angle of polygon is (𝑛−2)×180  An argument consists
of premises and a
conclusion.
case.
describe a concept.
Example 1
T he meaning of
deductive and
(d) inductive ar guments.
2 2 2 2
3 − 𝑝 =( 3− 𝑝)( 3+𝑝 ) (2 𝑟 ) − 𝑘 =(2 𝑟 − 𝑘)( 2𝑟 + 𝑘)
2 2  An argument consists
𝑎 − 𝑏 =( 𝑎 −𝑏)( 𝑎+ 𝑏) of premises and a
conclusion.
case.
describe a concept.
Different between T he meaning of
ar gument and
dif ferentiate between
DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
deductive and
ARGUMENTS
inductive ar guments.
A process of making A process of making
specific conclusion general conclusion base on  An argument consists
based on general specific premises. of premises and a
premises. conclusion.
• The sum of exterior angles
 A premise is a
• All acute angles are of a triangle is 360°.
less than 90°. • The sum of exterior angles
• Angle PQR is an acute of a quadrilateral is 360°. (i) Specific statement –
angle. • The sum of exterior angles refer to a particular
Thus, angle PQR is less of a pentagon is 360°. case.
than 90°. Thus, the sum of exterior (ii) General statement –
angles of each polygon is describe a concept.
360°.
Example 2
T he meaning of
ar gument and
Determine whether each argument below is a deductive argument
or an inductive argument dif ferentiate between
deductive and
(c) All sudoku competition representatives are

 An argument consists
members of the Mathematics Club. of premises and a
conclusion.
Jamal is sudoku competition representative.
 A premise is a
Thus, Jamal is a member of the Mathematics Club statement consists of:
DEDUCTIVE (i) Specific statement –

ARGUMENTS refer to a particular
case.
describe a concept.
Example 2
T he meaning of
ar gument and
Determine whether each argument below is a deductive argument
or an inductive argument dif ferentiate between
deductive and
(d) The sum of the digits in 18 is divisible by 9.

 An argument consists
The sum of the digits in 27 is divisible by 9. of premises and a
conclusion.
The sum of the digits in 36 is divisible by 9.  A premise is a
Thus, the sum of the digits in multiples of 9 is divisible by 9.
INDUCTIVE case.
ARGUMENTS
describe a concept.
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
A valid deductive argument can be categorised into three forms.
ar gument is valid or
The argument is valid if it follows the form.
invalid. T hen state
the valid ar gument is
Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 sound
Premise 1 : All A are B If p, then q If p, then q
Premise 2 : C is A p is true not q is true
Conclusion: C is B q is true not p is true
The argument is sound if it is valid and all premises and

conclusion are true.
Example 3
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
Are the following arguments valid and sound? If it is not, justify
your answer.
(a) Premise 1 : All multiples of 16 are even numbers. True/
True False? sound
Premise 2 : 64 is a multiple of 16. True/
True False?
True/
True False? form 1 Premise 1 : All a are b
Conclusion : 64 is an even number.
Premise 2 : c is a
Follow argument? Form 1
Conclusion: c is b
Valid Form 2 Premise 1 : if p, then q
Soundness? Sound Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Form 3 Premise 1 : if p, then q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 3
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
your answer.
(b) Premise 1 : All basketballs are in spherical shape. sound
Premise 2 : The Earth is in spherical shape.

form 1 Premise 1 : All a are b
Conclusion : The Earth is a basketball. Premise 2 : c is a
Follow argument? No Conclusion: c is b

Not Valid
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 3
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
your answer.
(c) Premise 1 : If w < 9, then w <19. True/
True False? sound
Premise 2 : 4 < 9. True/

True False?
Conclusion : 4 < 19. True/

True False? Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: c is b
Valid
Premise 2 : p
Soundness? Sound Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 3
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
your answer.
(d) Premise 1 : If a ≠ 0, then axn + bx + c is a quadratic sound
expression. True/
False False?
Premise 2 : a ≠ 0. True/
True False?
Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion : axn + bx + c is a quadratic expression.
True/
False False? Conclusion: c is b
Premise 2 : p
Valid
Conclusion: q
Soundness? Not Sound because premise 1 & Form 3 Premise 1 : if p, then q
conclusion false.
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 3
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
your answer.
(e) Premise 1 : If k is divisible by 8, then k is divisible by 4. sound
Premise 2 : 12 is not divisible by 8.

Conclusion : 12 is not divisible by 4. Premise 2 : c is a
Follow argument? No Conclusion: c is b

Not Valid
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 3
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
your answer.
(f) Premise 1 : If k is an even number, then k + 1 is an odd sound
number.
Premise 2 : 8 + 1 is an odd number.
Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion : 8 is an even number.
Conclusion: c is b
Follow argument? No
Premise 2 : p
Not Valid
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 4
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
Write a conclusion for each of the following deductive arguments
to form a valid and sound deductive argument.
(a) Premise 1 : All whole numbers are real numbers. sound
Premise 2 : 38 is a whole number.

Conclusion : 38 is a real numbers Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: c is b
Form 1 Form 2 Premise 1 : if p, then q
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 4
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
(b) Premise 1 : If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots, then b2 – 4ac ≥ 0. sound
Premise 2 : 2x2 + mx –1 = 0 has real roots.

Conclusion : m2 – 4(2)(–1) ≥ 0 Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: c is b
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 4
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
(c) Premise 1 : If a straight line y = mx + c is parallel to the x-axis, sound
then m = 0.
Premise 2 : m ≠ 0.
Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: a straight line y = mx + c is not parallel to the x-axis
Conclusion: c is b
Form 3
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 5
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
Complete the premise in the following argument to form a valid
and sound deductive argument.
(a) Premise 1 : All multiple of 3 are divisible by 3 sound
Premise 2 : 12 is multiple of 3
Conclusion: 12 is divisible by 3 Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: c is b
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 5
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
(b) Premise 1 : if 6 + x = 8, then x = 2 sound
Premise 2 : x 2
Conclusion: 6 + x ≠ 8 Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: c is b
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 5
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
(c) Premise 1 :If x is not positive a number then x2 is positive number sound
Premise 2 : x is not a positive number

Conclusion: x² is a positive number Premise 2 : c is a
Form 2 Conclusion: c is b
Not?
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 5
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
Is it TRUE? invalid. T hen state
(d) Premise 1 : If
All
16multiple of 4ofare
is multiple 4 multiple ofmultiple
then16 is 8 of 8 sound
Premise 2 : 16 is multiple of 4
Conclusion: 16 is multiple of 8 Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: c is b
Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 5
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
Is it TRUE? invalid. T hen state
(e) Premise 1 : If x is not element of set A then x is an sound
element of the universal set
Premise 2 : x is not element of set A Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: x is an element of the universal set. Conclusion: c is b

Form 2 Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Example 5
Deter mine w hether
the deductive
(f) Premise 1 : If k is an odd number, then 2k is an even number sound
k is an odd number
Premise 2 : 5
Conclusion: 10 is an even number. Premise 2 : c is a
Conclusion: c is b
Form 2 Premise 2 : p
Conclusion: q
Premise 2 : not q
Conclusion: not p
Exercise
Work book
Page 37-41
Lesson 4
Chapter 3
LOGICAL REASONING
FORM 4 KSSM
Inductive Argument
 A process of making a general conclusion
base on specific premises.
Specific General
(describe a concept)
Conclusion: Multiple of 10
50
Inductive Argument Deter mine w hether
the inductive
ar gument is strong or
 A process of making a general conclusion base on specific weak. T hen state
premises. the strong ar gument
is cogent.
Specific General (describe a concept)
 An inductive argument is strong if the conclusion is true and

follows probably from the premises.
 Cogent is a strong inductive argument with true premises.
 Uncogent is an inductive argument that is either weak or

has at least one false premise.
Example 6
Deter mine w hether
the inductive
Determine whether the given arguments are strong or weak. ar gument is strong or
Hence, determine whether the strong argument is cogent or not weak. T hen state
the strong ar gument
cogent and justify your answer.
is cogent.
(a) Premise 1 : Nadia has long hair.

Specific General
Premise 2 : Shamitha has long hair. (describe a
concept)
Premise 3 : Xin Yee has long hair
 strong if the
Conclusion : All women have long hair. True/
False
False? conclusion is true
 Cogent → is a strong
Weak and not cogent with true premises
Not all women have long hair  Uncogent → at least
one false premise.
Example 6
Deter mine w hether
the inductive
is cogent.
(b) Premise 1 : 27 is a multiple of 3. True/

True
False?
Specific General
Premise 2 : 81 is a multiple of 3. True/
True
False?
(describe a
concept)
Conclusion : All multiples of 9 are multiples of 3. True/
True
False?
 strong if the
conclusion is true
Strong and cogent
with true premises
 Uncogent → at least
one false premise.
Example 6
Deter mine w hether
the inductive
is cogent.
(c) Premise 1 : 11 x 5 = 55 True/

True
False?
Specific General
Premise 2 : 12 x 5 = 60 True/
True
False?
(describe a
concept)
Conclusion : All multiples of 5 end with digit 0 or 5 True/
True
False?
 strong if the
conclusion is true
Strong and cogent
with true premises
one false premise.
Example 6
Deter mine w hether
the inductive
is cogent.
(d) Premise 1 : 1 is a prime number. True/

False
False?
Specific General
Premise 2 : 2 is a prime number. True/
True
False?
(describe a
concept)
True
False?
 strong if the
True
False? conclusion is true
Conclusion : All prime numbers are divisible by 1 and itself.  Cogent → is a strong
True/TrueFalse? with true premises
Strong but not cogent
Premise 1 is false one false premise.
For m a strong
inductive ar gument
50 of cer tain situation
1 0 1 0 10 10
Can be describe as the
Conclusion: Multiple of 10 formula of:
……?…….. ; n = 1, 2, 3, …
To form a strong inductive argument, we need to write in the ……?…….. ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
general formula that you have learned in the topic of sequence
numbers in form 2.
The general conclusion is 10n, where n = 1, 2, 3, …

Example 7
For m a strong
Form a strong inductive conclusion for each of the following inductive ar gument
number sequences. of cer tain situation
Tips:
(a) Sequence 9, 6, 1, … 1) Write the same
number and operation
1st term 9 = 10 – 1² Can be describe as the
in all terms
2) Different number
formula of:
2nd term 6 = 10 – 2² represent as n
3) Make sure the term ……?…….. ; n = 1, 2, 3, …
3rd term 1 = 10 – 3² position is equal to the ……?…….. ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
number. If not find the
……………… correct n term
………………
Conclusion: 10 – n2 , where n = 1, 2, 3, …
Example 7
For m a strong
(b) Sequence 1, 4, 9, …
1st term 1 = 1² Can be describe as the

formula of:
2nd term 4 = 2²
……?…….. ; n = 1, 2, 3, …
3rd term 9 = 3² ……?…….. ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
……………… Tips:
1) Write the same
……………… number and operation
in all terms
2) Different number
Conclusion: n 2 , where n = 1, 2, 3, … represent as n
3) Make sure the term
position is equal to the
correct n term
Example 7
For m a strong
(c) Sequence 1, 7, 17, …

1st term formula of:
+2
……?…….. ; n = 1, 2, 3, …
2 term
nd
……?…….. ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
………………
………………
+2 Tips:
3rd term 1) Write the same
Conclusion: number and operation
in all terms
2) Different number
represent as n
3) Make sure the term
2n where n = 1, 2, 3, … position is equal to the
correct n term
Example 7
For m a strong
(d) Sequence 1, 4, 7, …
1 term
st
formula of:
2nd term ……?…….. ; n = 1, 2, 3, …

……?…….. ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
3rd term
Tips:
………………
1) Write the same
……………… number and operation
in all terms
2) Different number
represent as n
Conclusion: 3) Make sure the term
n2 where n = 1, 2, 3, … position is equal to the
correct n term
Example 8
Solve problems
The number of subsets of a set can be found by using 2 n, where n is involving logical
reasoning
the number of elements. It is given set A = {3, 5, 7}. Make one
conclusion by deduction for the number of subset of set A.
Deductive/
Deductive
Inductive
Argument
argument?
Number of elements
Number of subset = 2n
n(A) = 3
Number of subset = 23
= 8
Conclusion: The number of subset of set A is 8
Example 9
Solve problems
The diagram on the right shows the growth of a
involving logical
cell which begins with cell A. On the first day, two
new cells are produced. Every cell will produce reasoning
two other cells on subsequent days. The number
of cells growth is P(t) = 2t, where t is the number
of days.
(i) How many new cells will be produced on the 8th day?
P(t) = 2t
= 28
= 256 cells
Conclusion: 256 cells will be produced on the 8th day

Example 8
Solve problems
The diagram on the right shows the growth of a
involving logical
cell which begins with cell A. On the first day, two
new cells are produced. Every cell will produce reasoning
two other cells on subsequent days. The number
of cells growth is P(t) = 2t, where t is the number
of days.
(ii) On which day will the number of new cells become 2048?
P(t) = 2t
2048 = 2t
211 = 2t
Conclusion: The number of new cells is 2048 on the 11th day

Example 10
Solve problems
The table below shows the number of toy cars produced by the TOY
involving logical
Factory in a certain morning.
reasoning
Time Number of toys car
1st term 8.00 am 270 250(1) + 20
?
2nd term +𝟐𝟓𝟎 250(2) + 20
?
9.00 am 520
3 term
rd
+𝟐𝟓𝟎 250(3) + 20
? formula of:
4rd term 10.00 am 770 +𝟐𝟓𝟎250(4) + 20
?
11.00 am 1020 ……?…….. ; n = 1, 2, 3, …
……?…….. ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
(a) Construct a general formula for the number of toy cars
produced by the TOY Factory based on the table.
250n + 20, where n = 1, 2, 3, …

Example 10
Solve problems
involving logical
reasoning
250n + 20, where n = 1, 2, 3, …
(b) The TOY Factory operates from 7 o’clock in the morning until 10 Can be describe as the
o’clock at night everyday for 5 days in a week. formula of:
(i) How many toy cars can be produced by the TOY Factory in a ……?…….. ; n = 1, 2, 3, …
day? ……?…….. ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Number of hour in a day = 15 hours
250(15) + 20 = 3770 toys in a day

Example 10
Solve problems
involving logical
reasoning
250n + 20, where n = 1, 2, 3, …
Number of hour in a day = 15 hours Can be describe as the

formula of:
250(15) + 20 = 3770 toys in a day
……?…….. ; n = 1, 2, 3, …
(ii) The TOY Factory receives an order of 25 000 toy cars. This order ……?…….. ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
needs to be completed in a week. Will the TOY Factory be able
to deliver the toy cars on time? If it is not, suggest a solution so
that the TOY Factory can deliver this order.
Complete in a week = 3770 x 5 days
= 18850 (< 25000)
Suggestion: 25000
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 h𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ≥
( 250 𝑛+ 20 ) ×5 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 h𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠=20 hours perday
Exercise
work book
Page 42-44

5 Logical Reasoning Full Teaching 1, 2,3

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Lesson 1

(a) Proton Waja cars are products of Japan True/

Statement because false. What is a statement?

(d) 8 > 3 True/

Statement because True. What is a statement?

True/ False? True if x = 1  A statement is a

OR Substitute x = 2, y = 3 What is a statement?

(e) All multiple of 8 are multiple of 16. True/

(a) 5 is a multiple of 3 True/

Not All even numbers are multiple of 6 True

Combine the statements

Ellysa buys a book and a pencil

Ellysa buys a book or a pencil

(i) A pentagon has two diagonals and a heptagon has four

(ii) A pentagon has two diagonals or a heptagon has four

(i) A pyramid has five planes and five vertices

(ii) A pyramid has five planes or five vertices.

(i) – 4 and 2 are an integer

True True True

True False False

False True False

False False False

True True True “or” True if either

(a) 6 + 2 = 8 and 6 – 2 = 4 True

(c) 2² = 4 or 4 ÷ 6 = 0.5 True “or” True if either

(e) (92)3 = 312 or 57 is a prime number True

“and” True if both

If this morning rains, then the school assembly will be cancelled.

Implication 1: If the area of a square is 9 cm² then its Antecedent : p

Implication 2: If x + 2 > 7 then x > 5

Implication 2: If polygon has 8 sides, then it is an octagon. Antecedent : p

(b) Implication 1: If x > 12, then x > 10 Implication 1: if p, then q

an implication “p if and only if q” cannot be form because the

 If you have 2 statements, p and q: p: Today

False True True False

True False False True

False True Tips:

Other than that , Everything

False False True Tips:

Other than that , Everything

(a) All animals have wings. True/

(c) 4 and 8 are factors of 20 True/

Counter-example: 6 is multiple of 2 but not a multiple of 4

(a) 6 {3, 6, 9} What is a counter-examples?

Negation : Not All multiples of 10 are multiples of 2

Counter-example = All multiples of 10 are divisible by 2.

(c) If x > 5, then x > 3. What is a counter-examples?

Inverse : If then True/

(c) All sudoku competition representatives are

DEDUCTIVE (i) Specific statement –

(d) The sum of the digits in 18 is divisible by 9.

Premise 2 : C is A p is true not q is true

Conclusion: C is B q is true not p is true

The argument is sound if it is valid and all premises and

Soundness? Sound Premise 2 : p

Premise 2 : The Earth is in spherical shape.

Conclusion : The Earth is a basketball. Premise 2 : c is a

Follow argument? No Conclusion: c is b

Premise 2 : 4 < 9. True/

Conclusion : 4 < 19. True/

Premise 2 : 12 is not divisible by 8.

Conclusion : 12 is not divisible by 4. Premise 2 : c is a

Follow argument? No Conclusion: c is b