Rakshit bhasin

12 .B.comm
Maths Project
 Allegation And Mixture
• Mixture is a combination of two or more elements to form a third
element. The questions from mixture are usually based on
ratio and proportion and do not require any special formula.
• Alligation is a rule that enables us to quickly calculate the price of a
mixture, given that it is a mix of two elements having different prices.
• Here, mean price is the price of 1 unit of the mixture. Please note that in the above formula,
everything has to be calculated by considering one unit only.
Another point to be noted is that mean price would always be between cheaper price and
dearer price.
• In questions of replacement where we initially have some quantity of pure element (like
petrol), and we keep on replacing a fixed portion of this pure liquid every time with some
other element (like water) thus making it a mixture, we apply the following formula for
finding the quantity of pure element after ‘n’ replacements :
P = x [1 – (R / P)]n, where
P is the initial quantity of pure element
R is the quantity replaced every time
n is the number of replacements
 Question 1 : From a vessel of 20 liters pure milk, 1 liter is taken out and
replaced with water, so as to keep the volume constant to 20 liters. This
process is repeated 5 times. Find the percentage of pure milk left in the vessel
after 5 replacements.
Solution : Here, we need to apply the formula P x [1 – (R / P)]n
P = Initial quantity of pure element = 20 liters
R = Quantity replaced every time = 1 liter
n = Number of replacements = 5
So, quantity of pure milk after 5 replacements = 20 x [1 – (1 / 20)]5
Quantity of pure milk after 5 replacements = 20 x (0.95)5 = 20 x
0.773780938 = 15.4756 liters
Therefore, percentage of pure milk left in the vessel after 5 replacements =
(15.4756 / 20) x 100 = 77.378 %
Question 2 : A dishonest shopkeeper mixed cheaper quality of rice, priced at
Rs. 10 / KG with good quality rice, priced at Rs. 25 / KG and sells the mixture
at Rs. 15 / KG. which he mixes the two qualities of rice.

Solution

Thus, ratio of quantities of cheaper and good quality

rice = 10 : 5 = 2 : 1
 Boat And Streams
General terms:
1) Still water: The water of a river or any other water
body which is not flowing is known as still water.
2) Stream: It is the flowing water of a river which is
moving at a certain speed.
3) Upstream: The boat or a swimmer moving against the
stream is known as moving upstream i.e. against the flow
of water.
4) Downstream: The boat or a swimmer moving along the
stream is known as moving downstream i.e. along the
flow of water.
 Boats and streams
1) If the speed offormulas
the boat or swimmer is X km/hr and the speed of the
stream is Y km/hr, The speed of the boat or swimmer in the direction of
the stream And, the speed of the boat or swimmer against the stream is
known as speed upstream. It is given by;
Speed upstream= (X-Y) km/hr

2) Speed of man or boat in still water is given by; is known as

speeddownstream. It is given by;
Speed downstream= (X+Y) km/hr
= ( speed downstream + speed upstream)

3) Speed of the stream is given by;

= ( speed downstream - speed upstream)
 4) A man can row at a speed of X km/hr in still water. If the speed of the stream is
Y km/hr and the man rows the same distance up and down the stream, his average
speed for the entire journey is given by;

5) A man can row a boat in still water at X km/hr. If the stream is

flowing at Y km/hr it takes him t hours more to row upstream than to
row downstream to cover the same distance. The distance is given by;
Distance =
 6) A man can swim in still water at X km/hr. If the stream is flowing at Y km/hr it
takes him t hours to reach a place and return back to the starting point. The
distance between the place and the starting point is given by;

Distance =

7) A boat or swimmer covers a certain distance downstream in t1 hours and returns

the same distance upstream in t2 hours. If the speed of the stream is Y km/hr, the speed
of boat or man in still water is given by;
Distance =

8) A boat or swimmer takes K times as long to move upstream as to move

downstream to cover a certain distance. If the speed of the stream is Y
km/hr, the speed of the boat or man in still water is given by

Distance =
Example 1: In one hour, a boat goes 13 km/hr in the direction of the stream and 7 km/hr against the direction of the stream.
What will be the speed of the boat in still water?

Solution According to the formula,

Speed of a boat in still water = ½ (DownstreamSpeed + UpstreamSpeed)
Speed of boat in still water = ½ (13+7) = ½ × 20 = 10 km/h

Example 2 A speedboat, whose speed in 15 km/hr in still water goes 30 km downstream and comes back in a total of 4 hours 30
minutes. What is the speed of the stream in km/hr?

Solution Let the speed of the stream be x km/hr

Upstream Speed = 15 + x
Downstream Speed = 15 – x
So, {30 / (15+x)} + {30 / (15-x)} = 4 ½ (4 hours 30 minutes)
⇒ {900 / (225-x2)} = 9/2
⇒ 9x2 = 225
⇒x2 = 25
 Partnership
 1) Partnership: It refers to a business association between two or more than
two persons who run a business together and share the total profit at an
agreed proportion. The persons who enter into a partnership are called
partners.
 2) Working partner: A partner who is actively involved in the business and
manages the business is known as an active partner.
 3) Sleeping partner: A partner who invests money but does not involve or
look after the business is known as a sleeping partner.
 4) Simple partnership: It refers to a partnership in which each partner
invests capital for the same period.
 5) Compound partnership: It refers to a partnership in which the partners
invest capital for different periods.
 Partnership formulas
 1) If two partners invest capital Rs. C1 and Rs. C2 for the same period and
earn profit Rs. P, the share of the partners in the profit is given by;

 Similarly, If there are three partners who invest Rs. C1, Rs. C2 and Rs. C3 for
the same period and earn total profit Rs. P, the shares of the partners in the
profit are given by;
 2) If two partners invest capital Rs. C1 and Rs. C2 for different
periods T1 and T2 respectively and earn total profit Rs. P, shares
of the partners in the profit are given by;

 Similarly, if there are three partners who invest Rs. C1, Rs. C2
and Rs. C3 for different periods T1, T2 and T3 respectively and
earn total profit Rs. P, the shares of the partners in the profit are
given by:
 3) If two partners invest capital C1 and C2 for the periods T1 and T2,
respectively, the ratio of their profits is given by:

 Similarly, if three partners A, B, and C invest Rs. C1, Rs. C2 and Rs. C3
for different periods T1, T2, and T3 respectively then the ratio of their
profits is given by:
 Profit of A: Profit of B: Profit of C = C1*T1: C2*T2: C3*T3
 If three partners invest capital in the ratio C1: C2: C3 and earn a profit in
the ratio P1:P2: P3, the ratio of the time for which they have invested
capital is given by:
 Example 1 If an amount of Rs. 20000 and Rs. 25000 invested by two partners in a
business. But B left the business hand C joined the business with the capital of Rs. 15000
after the period of 4 year. An amount of Rs. 46000 earned as profit by the firm then what
should be the share in profit of C?
 Solution
A: B: C = (2000*12): (25000*12): (15000*8)= 12:5:6
Share of C = (46000* 6/23) = Rs. 12000
Example2 Partners of a firms are A, B and C. Conditions of investments are:
twice the A investment is equal to thrice the capital of B and the capital of B is
four times in the comparison of C capital. What should be the share in profit of
B if profit earned by Rs. 297000?

Solution
If capital of C be Rs. x . then Capital of B = 4x Rs.
2( A's capital) = 3(B's capital) = Rs. (3*4x) = Rs. 12x
∴ A's capital = Rs. 6x
⇒ A's capital + B's capital + C's capital = 11x = 297000 ⇒
x = 27000
∴ B's share: 4x = Rs 108000