INTERGRATION

Definition Application of integration in business

and economics
• Integration may be regarded as the reverse
process of differentiation, Or
 Area between curves
• It is simply defined as the ant-derivative
Note: the definite integral as the signed
area under the curve helps to:
Types of integrals
1.Definite: in which we are told a and b and
• compute profit, cost and revenue
so we can calculate an explicit value for an
from related marginal functions
area.
• Find the consumer and producer
2.Indefinite integrals: in which we aren't
surplus from the demand and
given the limits of integration, i.e. , so we
supply function
just calculate a generic, all-purpose solution
• (You shall learn more in economics)
Integrals Indefinite integral formula

• An integral of a given function • for any polynomial the integral is

is denoted as given by
Where • , except for n
• is called integral sign. Example
• indicates that the integration is • If the differential of is Then the
to be performed with respect to x integral of is
• C is called a constant of
integration =
Examples
Variations on Nomenclature
Note: Because constants don’t affect the integration, it is common to
bring them in front of the integration sign to make things clearer
For example:
1. Or
Roots follow the same rule

Inverse powers also follow the same rule

Note: when cannot be calculated by this formula because we get the

divide by zero error
Sums of terms

• a function can by integrated term-by-term, and we only need one

constant of integration

• Examples
Integration by substitution
Example
Integrate
Solution
• Let then
• but
Integration of exponential function
Rules

Example
Find
Solution
Integration by parts
Recall product rule of differentiation
Taking the integral on both sides

For and as a function of variable

The integration by parts formula is represented by equation
To choose and take in the sequence ILATE
Where I=Inverse function, L=Logarithmic function, A=Algebraic function,
T=Trigonometric function, and E=Exponential function.
Example
Find
Solution
Let u=x,
Integrating by parts
Alternatively
• Given
Differentiate Integrate

1 + (add)
0 - (Subtract)

Thus, =

Try this
Find
 Definite Integrals
If we specify the limits we call the integral a definite integral

Note: Evaluating any integral between two specified limits gives the area
under the curve.

Example
What is the area under the curve between and ?
Solution
Area =
Note: The k’s cancel, so we can ignore them when evaluating definite
integrals
Try this
What is the area under the curve between
and (answer, area = square units)
Example
What is the area under the curve from to
Solution

square units
Exercise

1. Find the area of the curve enclosed by and