Understanding

Culture, Society,
and Politics
 GOVERNMENT

Lesson 4
PROGRAMS AND
INITIATIVES IN
ADDRESSING SOCIAL
INEQUALITIES
 Lesson
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to achieve the
following objectives:
1. Explain the government programs and initiatives in
addressing social inequalities.

Specifically,
a. Define social inequality;

Objective:
b. List the forms of social inequalities;
c. Describe the government programs that battle social
inequalities;
TRUE or FALSE
1. Social assistance is one of the many
objectives of the

True or False
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
(4Ps).

True
2. Housing project is one of the packages
beneficiaries can avail
of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

True or FalseProgram (4Ps).

False
3. Gender and Development Program of
the government

True or False
started during the presidency of President
Duterte.

False
4. Republic Act No. 8371 is the law that
promotes peace and

True or False
solidarity for the armed conflict in
Mindanao.

False
5. The PAMANA Project aims to protect
the rights of the

True or False
indigenous peoples in the country.

False
Equality, Inequality, Equity, and Justice

Inequality Equity

Equality Justice
 GOVERNMENT ADDRESSES SOCIAL
INEQUALITY
SOCIAL INEQUALITY is the existence of unequal
opportunities and rewards for different social
positions or statuses within a group or society.

Income, Wealth, Power, Occupation,

Schooling, Ancestry, and Race and
Ethnicity
 POVERT
Y
Blaming
the Poor VS
Blaming the
Society
Activity:
POVERT

Debate
Y
Blaming
the Poor VS
Blaming the
Society
Debate Rubric: Poverty - Blaming the Poor vs. Blaming
Society
Criteria Excellent (5)
Presents clear and well-
Debate
structured arguments, supported
Content and
by relevant and compelling
Argumentation evidence. Demonstrates a deep
understanding of both
perspectives.
Analyzes and critiques both
perspectives thoroughly.
Critical Thinking Demonstrates the ability to
think critically and consider
alternative viewpoints.
Speaks clearly and confidently,
maintaining good eye contact
Presentation Skills and engaging with the
audience. Effective use of
language and tone.
Effectively counters opposing
Rebuttal and
arguments with strong rebuttals.
Counterarguments Anticipates and addresses
potential counterarguments.
Demonstrates excellent
collaboration within the team.
Team Collaboration Clearly supports teammates and
maintains a unified
presentation.
Needs
Good (4) Satisfactory (3) Improvement (2) Inadequate (1)
Presents arguments logically Presents arguments but lacks Presents arguments with
Fails to present coherent
with mostly relevant evidence. some clarity or coherence. significant gaps in logic or
arguments or evidence. Lacks
Demonstrates a good Evidence may be somewhat coherence. Lacks sufficient and
understanding of the topic.
understanding of the key issues. limited or less persuasive. relevant evidence.
Analyzes and critiques both
Analyzes perspectives to some Demonstrates limited critical
perspectives with good depth. Lacks critical thinking skills.
extent but lacks depth. May thinking. Fails to thoroughly
Shows an ability to think
struggle to consider alternative analyze perspectives or
Fails to analyze perspectives
critically but may overlook effectively.
viewpoints. consider alternative viewpoints.
some nuances.
Speaks clearly with some
Speaks with occasional Speech is hesitant and lacks
confidence. Maintains eye Speech is unclear, hesitant, or
hesitation. Limited eye contact clarity. Poor eye contact and
contact but may lack full difficult to follow. Lack of eye
engagement with the audience.
and engagement with the minimal engagement with the
contact and engagement. Poor
audience. Language and tone audience. Language and tone
Effective use of language and language and tone.
may need improvement. need significant improvement.
tone.
Provides some effective
Provides limited counters to Provides weak or inconsistent
counters to opposing Fails to provide effective
opposing arguments. May counters to opposing
arguments. Addresses counters to opposing
counterarguments to a
overlook some arguments. Fails to address key
arguments.
counterarguments. counterarguments.
reasonable extent.
Demonstrates satisfactory
Demonstrates good Collaboration is weak, with Lacks collaboration. Team
collaboration. Supports
collaboration. Supports limited support for teammates. members do not support each
teammates, but there may be
teammates to some extent, but
Lack of cohesion in the team's other, leading to a disjointed
there are noticeable gaps in
occasional lack of cohesion. presentation. presentation.
cohesion.
Blaming the poor
Blaming the poor - that they are responsible for their own poverty.
There is some evidence to support this view because the lack of
employment is the main reason people are poor. According to this
view, society has plenty of opportunities for people to realize their
dreams, and people are poor because they lack the motivation, skills,
or schooling to find work.
Blaming the society

Blaming the society - that society is responsible for

poverty. While it is true that unemployment is a main
contributor to poverty, the reasons people don't work
are more in line with this approach. Loss of jobs is a
major contributor to poverty. There simply isn't
enough work to support families.
Forms of Social Inequality, and Government Programs
to Address Social Inequality

Forms of Social Inequality Government Programs

1. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program (4Ps)
1. Income/Poverty Inequality 2. Gender and Development in
2. Gender Inequality Philippines
3. Racial and Ethnic Inequality 3. Republic Act No. 8371
4. Government Project for Peace
Process in the Philippines
 Forms of Social Inequality

1. Income/Poverty Inequality
- The upper class widens money intake while
the lower class maintains a low money intake.
- The distribution of wealth remains highly
unequal in many societies, especially in the
third-world countries.

Poverty can be defined accordingly.

➢ Absolute poverty
➢ Relative poverty
➢ Subjective poverty
 Government Programs

OBJECTIVES

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

(4Ps) is the Philippines' version of the • Social Assistance – to provide cash
Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program. The
assistance to the poor to alleviate
4Ps is a flagship poverty alleviation program
their immediate need (short-term
implemented by the Department of Social
poverty alleviation)
Welfare and Development (DSWD) in the
Philippines.

-This program is a human development program • Social Development – to break the

of the national government that invests in the
intergenerational poverty cycle
health and education of poor households,
through investments in human capital.
particularly of children aged 0-18 years old.
 Forms of Social Inequality

2. Gender Inequality
-Sex and gender-based prejudice and
discrimination, called sexism, are major
contributing factors to social inequality.
Almost all societies have some sexual division
of labor. The emphasis of gender inequality is
born out of the deepening division in the roles
assigned to men and women, particularly in
the economic, political, and educational
spheres. Women are under-represented in
political activities and decision-making
processes in almost every part of the world.
 Government Programs

OBJECTIVES
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT IN
PHILIPPINES

-Gender and Development (GAD) – refers to the

development perspective and process that is • It seeks to achieve gender equality
participatory and empowering, equitable, as a fundamental value that should
sustainable, free from violence, respectful of be reflected in development choices
human rights, supportive of self-determination and and contends that women are active
actualization of human potential. agents of development, not just
passive recipients of development.

Republic Act No. 9710, otherwise known as the Magna Carta of

Women was approved on August 14, 2009 which mandates non-
discriminatory and pro-gender equality and equity measures to enable
women’s participation in the formulation, implementation and
evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional and local
development.
 Forms of Social Inequality

3. Racial and ethnic inequality is the

consequence of hierarchical social
ETHNIC and
distinctions between racial and ethnic
categories within a society and is often RACIAL ISSUES
recognized based on characteristics such as
skin color and other physical
Racism
characteristics or an individual’s place or
origin or culture. Racial inequality can Discrimination
result in diminished opportunities for Prejudice
members of marginalized groups, which in
Stereotyping
turn leads to cycles of poverty and political
marginalization
 Government Programs
Law Protecting the Indigenous
Peoples in the Philippines
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 8371 (The
Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of
1997)
Government Project for Peace
Process in the Philippines
• Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan
(PAMANA)
Republic Act No. 8371, known as the
Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997,
protects the rights of indigenous
communities in the Philippines. It
recognizes their ancestral lands, establishes
the National Commission on Indigenous
Peoples (NCIP), and ensures their consent
is obtained before projects affecting their
territories are undertaken. This law aims to
shall recognize, respect and protect the
rights of ICCs/IPs to preserve and develop
their cultures, traditions and institutions.
 Government Programs
Law Protecting the Indigenous
Peoples in the Philippines
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 8371
(The Indigenous Peoples’
Rights Act of 1997)
Government Project for Peace
Process in the Philippines
• Payapa at Masaganang
Pamayanan (PAMANA)
The PAyapa at MAsaganang PamayaNAn (PAMANA)
Program was launched in 2011 as a priority program of
the Government that supports the Peace Negotiation
Track and contributes to the goal of attaining Just and
Lasting Peace.
PAMANA has seven (7) geographical zones that have
been selected and prioritized to complement peace
process lines.
1. Cordillera Administrative Region
2. Bicol-Quezon-Mindoro
3. Samar Island
4. Negros-Panay
5. Davao-Davao de Oro-Caraga
6. Central Mindanao
7. Zamboanga-Basilan-Sulu-Tawi-Tawi
 Government Programs
Law Protecting the Indigenous
Peoples in the Philippines
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 8371
(The Indigenous Peoples’
Rights Act of 1997)
Government Project for Peace
Process in the Philippines
• Payapa at Masaganang
Pamayanan (PAMANA)
The objectives of PAMANA?
PAMANA aims to contribute to
(a) addressing issues of injustices and improving
community access to socioeconomic interventions;
(b) improving governance by building the capacity of
national government agencies and local
government units for a conflict-sensitive, peace
promoting, culture-sensitive, and gender-sensitive
approach to human rights promotion and
development; and,
(c) empowering communities and strengthening their
capacities to address issues of conflict and peace.
 Government Programs
Law Protecting the Indigenous
Peoples in the Philippines
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 8371
(The Indigenous Peoples’
Rights Act of 1997)
Government Project for Peace
Process in the Philippines
• Payapa at Masaganang
Pamayanan (PAMANA)
Strategic Pillars of PAMANA
PAMANA framework is anchored on three (3)
complimentary strategic pillars that define core
interventions to achieve just and lasting peace:
Pillar 1 -Policy reform and governance interventions
addressing issues of injustices relative to land security,
natural resources, identity, and human rights
Pillar 2 -Capacity-building interventions relative to
strengthening government institutions and empowering
communities
Pillar 3 -Peace-promoting socio-economic
interventions
Activity: Compare government programs addressing social inequalities using the diagram

GAD

Differences

4P’s
PAMANA

Differences
Differences
 The question is,

1. Do you believe that Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) effectively

addresses the root causes of poverty in the Philippines? Why or why not?

2. How effective do you think the Republic Act No. 8371, also known as the Indigenous
Peoples' Rights Act of 1997, has been in protecting and recognizing the rights of
Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs) in the Philippines?

3. Do you think the objectives of the Philippine Plan for Gender and Development
(GAD) are being adequately achieved in promoting gender equality? What
evidence supports your viewpoint?