Chemical Bonding

Ionic and Covalent Bonding

 A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms
, ions or molecules that enables the formation of
chemical compounds. The bond may result from the
electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely
charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing
of electrons as in covalent bonds. To learn more on the
types of chemical bonding here’s a song entitled,
Chemical Bonds Song words by Dough Edmonds to the
tune of “Dancing Queen”. Come on let’s sing together!
Answers to Questions:
Q1. Where can you find metals, non-metals, and noble gases in the
periodic table of elements?
>Facing the periodic table, metals are located before the metalloids,
on the left side of the periodic table of elements (Groups I -13).
Facing the periodic table, non-metals are found after the metalloids,
on the right side of the periodic table (Groups 14-17).
Noble gases are at the rightmost column of the periodic table
(Group 18).
Q2. Which number tells you the number of valence electrons?
> The representative elements or main group elements are found in the
sblock and p-block of the periodic table. The group number of the s-block
(Groups
1 and 2) elements tells us the number of valence electrons.
For example, all elements belonging to Group 2 have two (2) valence
electrons. An exception is
helium in Group 18.
For the p-block elements (Groups 13 to 18), the number of
valence electrons is the group number minus 10. This pattern does not
include the transition elements
Q3. What do you notice in the number of valence
electrons of metals, non-metals, and noble gases?
> Metals have lesser valence electrons than non-
metals. All noble gases have
8 valence electrons except for helium, which has 2
valence electrons.
 Keeping Track of Electrons
• Atoms in the same column
• Have the same outer electron configuration.
• Have the same valence electrons.
• Group 1 has 1 valence electrons
• Group 2 has 2 valence electrons
• Group 13 has 3 valence electrons
• Group 14 has 4 valence electrons
• Group 15 has 5 valence electrons
• Group 16 has 6 valence electrons
• Group 17 has 7 valence electrons
• Group 18 has 8 valence electrons
 Lewis Dot Structure
•In 1902, Gilbert Newton Lewis, born October 23,
1875, invented the valence bond theory. Lewis was
a famous American physical chemist and he
developed his theory in coordination with Irving
Langmuir.
•Lewis came up with an easy way to represent
electrons in the outer shells of ions. His invention is
called “Lewis Dot Symbols”.

Gilbert Newton Lewis

Electron Dot diagrams
•A way of keeping track of
valence electrons.

X
•How to write them
•Write the symbol.
•Put one dot for each valence
electron
•Don’t pair up until they have to
 Forms of Chemical Bonds
• There are 2 extreme forms of connecting or
bonding atoms:
•Ionic—complete transfer of electrons from one
atom to another
•Covalent—electrons shared between atoms

Most bonds are somewhere in between.

18, 20 Oct 97 Bonding and Structure 17

• Metals have low electronegativity and ionization energy, thus they tend to transfer
or lose electrons. Non-metals have high electronegativity and ionization energy.
They have a greater tendency to attract electrons towards themselves. Thus non-
metals tend to gain electrons.
• Electronegativity is the most suitable reference for the kind of bond that will take
place between bonding of atoms.

• Molecule is a kind of particle that produced after covalent bonding

• Ionic bonding will take place between metal and non-metal with Bonding by
Transfer of Electrons electronegativity difference of greater than 1.9

• Not all metal-nonmetal combinations will result in an ionic bond. Only those with
electronegativity difference of more than 1.9 will result to an ionic bond
• There are two types of covalent bond: the polar covalent bond and
the nonpolar covalent bond. If the electronegativity difference is
equal to 0.4 or less, it results to a nonpolar covalent bond. If the
electronegativity difference is less than 1.9 and more than 0.4, polar
covalent bond is formed.