?

What is Valve

Valves are fluid flow and pressure

systems controlling element

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 1

Fluid Proprieties

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 2

What are Valve Functions ?

• Fluid Power Isolation

• Blow down
• Flow safety
• Pressure safety
• Flow Mixing
• Flow diverging
• Flow Control
• Pressure control

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 3

What are valve types ?
• Ball Valves
• Butterfly Valves
• Plug Valves
• Gate Valves
• Globe valves
• Check valves
• Safety relief Valves

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 4

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 5
By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 6
Valve Main components
• Valve Body
• Valve Bonnet
• Valve stem
• Valve closure member
• Valve seat ring
• Valve packing
• Valve actuator (if it is controlled valve)
• Valve Hand (if it is manual valve)

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 7

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 8
By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 9
By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 10
Glob Valves

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 11

Glob Valves

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 12

Packing Options
The purpose of Packing is to create a tight seal between the
backing bore and the valve stem to prevent fluid leakage to the
atmosphere. Selection Criteria for packing include:

1-Low friction so that the actuator can stroke the valve

2- Compatibility of packing component with the process fluid.
3- Compatibility of packing parts with the service temperature.

The most used packing material are :

1- PTFE
2- Graphite

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 13

Packing Options

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 14

Bonnet Options

1- Standard Bonnet

Normal temperature application

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 15

Bonnet Options

2- Extension Bonnet

High temperature application as

it increases the distance between
The process fluid and the packing

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 16

Flow Characteristics

The relationship between control valve capacity and valve stem

travel is known as :

*The Flow Characteristic of the Control Valve

Trim design of the valve affects how the control valve capacity
changes as the valve moves through its complete travel. Because of
the variation in trim design, many valves are not linear in nature.
Valve trims are instead designed, or characterized, in order to meet
the large variety of control application needs. Many control loops
have inherent non linearity's, which may be possible to compensate
selecting the control valve trim.

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 17

Flow Characteristics

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 18

Valve Sizing
The Most Important Variables to Consider When Sizing a Valve:

1. What medium will the valve control? Water? Air? Steam? What effects
will specific gravity and viscosity have on the valve size?

2. What will the inlet pressure be under maximum load demand? What is
the inlet temperature?

3. What pressure drop (differential) will exist across the valve under
maximum load demand?

4. What maximum capacity should the valve handle?

5. What is the maximum pressure differential the valve top must close
against?

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 19

Valve Sizing
Flow Coefficient Cv

The use of the flow coefficient, Cv, first introduced by Masoneilan

in 1944, quickly became accepted as the universal yardstick of
valve capacity. So useful has Cv become, that practically all
discussions of valve design and characteristics or flow behavior
now employ this coefficient.

By definition, the valve flow coefficient, Cv, is the number

of U. S. gallons per minute of water that will pass through a given
flow restriction with a pressure drop of one psi.

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 20

Valve Sizing
Flow Coefficient Cv

For example, a control valve that has a maximum

flow coefficient, Cv, of 12 has an effective port area
in the full open position such that it passes 12 gpm
of water with one psi pressure drop. Basically, it is
a capacity index upon which the engineer can
rapidly and accurately estimate the required size of
a restriction in any fluid system.

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 21

Valve Sizing

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 22

Valve Sizing

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 23

Valve Sizing

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 24

Valve Sizing

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 25

Actuators

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 26

Actuators
What is the actuator main functions?
• Position the valve closure member
• Hold the closure member in the desired position
• Provide adequate seat load for desired shutoff
classification
• Provide needed valve travel
• Provide the required fail mode
» Fail open
» Fail close
» Lock in last position

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 27

Actuators

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 28

Actuators
Sliding stem actuator types
1- Direct acting
• The diaphragm pressure (Loading pressure)
register on the top of the diaphragm
• AS the diaphragm pressure increases the
actuator stem extends towards valve body and
the spring is compressed
• As the diaphragm pressure reduces the force in
the compressed spring pushes the stem away
from the valve body

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 29

Actuators

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 30

Actuators
Sliding stem actuator types
2- Reverse acting
• The diaphragm pressure (Loading pressure)
register on the bottom of the diaphragm
• AS the diaphragm pressure increases the
actuator stem retracts away from the valve
body and the spring is compressed
• As the diaphragm pressure reduces the force in
the compressed spring extends the stem
towards the valve body

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 31

Actuators

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 32

Valve Accessories
Basic Instrument concept
8 Summing Junction:
A nozzle –Flapper or electronics to sum the input signal and
the output feedback signal
8 Feedback:
Mechanical, electro-mechanical, pneumatic or electro
pneumatic` feedback telling the summing junction what
output is doing
8 Means of setting Action:
• Direct acting instrument: an increase in the input cause an
increase in the output
• Reveres acting instrument : an increase in the input cause a
decrease in the output

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 33

Valve Accessories

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 34

Valve Accessories
Valve Positioner
• A valve Positioner is a device used to increase or decrease the air
pressure operating the actuator until the valve stem reaches the position
called for by the instrument controller.

• Positioner is generally mounted on the side or top of the actuator. They

are connected mechanically to the valve stem so that stem position can
be compared with the position dictated by the controller.

• Positioner is a type of air relay which is used between the controller

output and the valve diaphragm.

• Positioner acts to overcome hysteresis, packing box friction, and valve

plug unbalance due to pressure drop. It assures exact positioning of the
valve stem in accordance with the controller output.

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 35

Valve Accessories

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 36

Valve Accessories
Valve Positioner

Positioner Main component are

• Input element
• Feedback linkage
• Beam
• Nozzle-Flapper amplifier
• Relay
• Bellows

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 37

Valve Accessories

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 38

 Positioner Guidelines
• Overcome valve friction
• Split range application
• Increase seat load
• Proper control valve operation from the
available control signal
• Modification of control valve flow
characteristics
• Reduced stroking time
• Reverse of the control valve action

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 39

Valve Troubles
What are the most valve troubles ?
• Leak

• Trim Damage due to cavitations

• Trim damage due to flashing

• Noise

• Freezing at throttling valves

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 40

Valve Troubles
What is cavitations ?
• It is liquid phenomena take place when a
vapor cavity , resulting from liquid
vaporization, exposed to rapid collapse due
to vapor recondensation. Causing trim
damage

• Low recovery valve is better than high

recovery valve in throttling service due to
Cavitations phenomena

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 41

Valve Troubles

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 42

Valve Troubles
Cavitations Damage

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 43

What is Flashing ?

• It is a system problem occurs when

the required downstream pressure is
lower than the vapor pressure at the
certain process condition

• Damage by flashing is smother than

damage by cavitations

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 44

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 45
Valve Noise
• It is a natural side effect of turbulence and energy
absorption of control valves
• The US Occupational safety and health Act. (OSHA)
establish the maximum permissible noise according
to the duration of exposure
Duration (Hr) Max sound Level (dBA)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 46

Freezing

Freezing has been a problem since the birth of the gas industry. This
problem will likely continue, but there are ways to minimize the effects of
the phenomenon.

There are two areas of freezing. The first is the formation of ice from water
traveling within the gas stream. Ice will form when temperatures drop
below 32°F (0°C).

The second is hydrate formation. Hydrate is a frozen mixture of water and

hydrocarbons. This bonding of water around the hydrocarbon molecule
forms a compound which can freeze above 3°F (0°C).

Hydrates can be found in pipelines that are saturated with water vapor. It is
also common to have hydrate formation in natural gas of high BTU
content. Hydrate formation is dependent upon operating conditions and
gas composition.

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 47

Reducing Freezing Problems

To minimize problems, we have several options.

1. Keep the fluid temperature above the freezing point by

applying heat.

2. Feed an antifreeze solution into the flow stream.

3. Select equipment that is designed to be ice-free in the

regions where there are moving parts.

4. Design systems that minimize freezing effects.

5. Remove the water from the flow stream.

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 48

Installation & Maintenance
Valves efficiency directly affects the process plant
profit as without proper valve operation you cannot
achieve high quality , maximum profit and energy
conservation

The valve efficiency depends mainly on

• Proper selection for the valve application
• Proper storage and protection
• Proper installation Techniques
• Proper and Effective maintenance program

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 49

Installation & Maintenance
Proper storage and protection
• It must be considered early in the selection process before the
valve is shipped

• Manufactures must be informed about the intended length

before installation because Packaging standards depend upon
destination and intended length before installation.

• The valve must be stored in a clean , dry places and away from
any traffic or other activities that could damage the valve.

• Always follows the valve manufacture instructions in the valve

storage process

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 50

Installation & Maintenance
Proper installation
• Read the instruction manual carefully before the
installation procedure

• Be sure that the pipe is completely clean from any foreign

material as it could damage any part of the valve trim

• Inspect Pipe flange to ensure a smooth gasket surface

• Avoid pipe arrangements which produce nozzle effect in

the inlet of the control valve as this will affect the valve
characteristics

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 51

Thank you….

Questions ?

By Eng. Megahed Mostafa 52