Teknik Pengukuran Parameter

Mesin Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian

[Cutting Mechanism - Speed | Depth]
Oleh:
Dwi Rahayu, S.TP., M.Sc

Program Studi Teknologi Hasil Pertanian

Politeknik Enjiniring Pertanian Indonesia
2023
What is
Cutting ??
During cutting a cutting edge (knife) penetrates into a material,
overcoming its strength and thereby separating it. During cutting various
deformations occur in the material , depending on the form of the cutting
edge and the kinematics of the process. Thus it is not possible to speak
generally of the cutting resistance of a material except in relation to a
given shape of cutting edge and given kinematics of cutting.
The
objectives of
Cutting ??
Harvesting involves SLICING AND TEARING actions those results in
plant structure failure due to compression, tension or shear.
Rotary blade
 The operation of cutting plant is carried
out by FOUR DIFFERENT ACTIONS:

1. Slicing action with a sharp smooth edge.

2. Tearing action with a rough serrated edge.
3. High velocities single element impact with a sharp or dull edge.
4. A two-element scissors type action or shearing type cutting.
S i n g l e E l e m e n t a n d Tw o - E l e m e n t
 Single Element

• Moving or stationary type.

• An impact cutter has a single high
speed cutting element and cuts mainly
due to inertia
• A sharp edged blade requires a
velocity of about 10 m/s for impact
cutting.
• A dull edged single element blade
requires a velocity of about 45 m/s
 Same Force, F

Small Area Large Area

Sharp Knife Dull Knife

The SHARP KNIFE exerts a Large Pressure on The DULL KNIFE exerts a Small Pressure on the
the surface, due to the small area of contact surface, due to the large area of contact

Force Force
=𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 =Pressure
Area 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚
In the rotary cutter the knives rotate in a HORIZONTAL plane as in
the rotary mowers, whereas, in flail shredder the knives rotate in a
vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel. In shearing type
cutting, cutting takes place due to shear.
 Tw o - E l e m e n t
A common way of applying the cutting force is by means of two opposite
shearing elements, which meet and pass each other with little or no clearance
between them.

This type of cutting mechanism is most widely used for

harvesting agricultural crops. The inclined angle
between the cutting edge is about 30 degrees.

The cutting mechanism depending entirely on shearing

utilizes the principle of scissor action which causes
cutting by bringing two edges to bear on one plane
across the material to be cut.
 (c) shows the cutting of thin layers
(e.g., beet cutting), where the stress
distribution around the cutting edge is
significantly distorted by the free
surface found close to the cutting
plane.
The material may be fixed more or less
rigidly.

(d) Figure presents the recently

widespread method of free
cutting, where one end of a relatively
long stalk is fixed and counter support
is ensured by the moment of inertia of
the stalk. In this case the velocity of the
(a) shows a process involving countermoving blades, where both sets of blades cutting edge must be high (20-40 m
participate in cutting. s"1).

(b) Illustrates cutting by means of a resting and a moving blade, where the
material is supported by the resting blade.
Factor affecting Cutting Speed
1.Feed Rate, (for the grasses and fodder crops, the feed rate is
usually higher than the grain crops)

2.Shearing Resistance

3.Moisture Content

4.Stage of Maturity
Products may be cut INDIVIDUALLY or in BUNDLES
depending on the type of material and the technological
process.
Material is first compressed and deformed
under a cutting edge, depending on the latter' s
shape and velocity; cutting begins only
subsequently.
The cutting edge may move normally to the
material or at a certain angle.
 Deformations caused by
cutting
Cutting knives are generally sharpened on
one side, with a sharpening angle β and an
edge thickness δ.
The penetration of a knife into a material
causes deformation of the latter and various
forces are acting on the surface of the knife.

The edge thickness of the knife is generally Ꟙ =

50-150 μm
The deformation of root products during
cutting into thin layers.
Penetration of the knife into the material
first causes compaction, until a given
pressure is reached at which rupture
occurs.
In advancing, the knife compacts
successive regions of material until
rupture occurs again.
The rupture surface typically shows
conchoidal form. The distance between
individual ruptures is a function of the
cutting thickness and the angle of the
edge
 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF
CUTTING
The first stage involves preliminary compaction of the material until a pressure is
reached at which the material under the edge yields, while the second stage concerns
the motion of the edge in the material (cutting).
The material is compressed up to a height h until the
cutting resistance is overcome, and the energy required is
given by the area Ac under the curve.

The energy requirement s of effective cutting are given

by Av. The total work is thus:

A = Ac + Av
The proportion of useful cutting work is
 In practice, cutting is not a static but a dynamic process.
With INCREASING CUTTING VELOCITY, PRELIMINARY
COMPACTION DECREASES as a result of the material's inertia and plastic
behavior, whereby the ENERGY REQUIREMENT S OF CUTTING ARE
LOWERED.
Owing to the low velocity of deformation of plastic materials, impact loading by a
rapidly moving knife edge propagates only slowly in the material , i.e., is
concentrated in the material found around the edge. Consequently, cutting may be
EFFECTED WITH LOWER ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
Factors influence the
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS of cutting
1. The mechanical properties of the material,
2. The geometry
3. Adjustment of the cutting edge
4. The kinematic conditions

The mechanical properties depend on the type of material, its

stage of growth and moisture content, the location of the cutting
(close to the root or higher), etc
Cutting Resistance
1. Younger plans have a lower cutting resistance than the older
plants (by as much as one-half)

2. Texture (plant with fibrous and ligneous material)

3. Location of the cut (Highest location have lower resistance

than plant close to the soil)

4. Thickness of cutting edge (The cutting force is practically

constant for thicknesses up to 70-80 μm but for greater
thicknesses it increases significantly
NO ADVISABLE to use knife edges that are TOO THIN, since they represent no improvement in
terms of energy consumption while they wear rapidly and deform easily.
THICKENED EDGE consumes much surplus energy. With increasing knife thickness the
additional deformation increases, whereby the energy spent in cutting increases.
 THE ANGLE OF SHARPENING (bevel angle) is one of the most
important parameters ,
Not only in terms of energy consumption but also as concerns the life of the
knife.
According to measurements , the energy requirement s increase rapidly for
angles above 30° (recommended between 20 – 30o)
The use of angles less than 20° is not advised, since the edge will then be
deformed easily and thereby the life of the knife reduced.
Praktikum:

1. Amati Cutting Mechanism pada Mesin Pengolahan Hasil

Pertanian yang ada pada Workshop PEPI.
2. Tulis hasil pengamatan pada selembar kertas
3. Presentasikan hasil pengamatan tersebut di depan kelas.
4. Kerjakan secara individu.