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Chapter 2 - 1
Chapter 2 - 1
Chapter 2
P1 >> P2
a) Without shutter b) With shutter
Weir
pond pond
level level Shutter
Shutter
P =P2 P2
P Crest
Level
P1
P1=0
P1 << P2
a) Without crest b) With crest
Barrage
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Types of weir
Classification:
Based on foundation type
Weir on Impervious foundation
Weir on Pervious foundation
Types of weir
Types of weir
b) Rock fill weirs with sloping aprons
Such a weir is also called ‘dry stone slope weirs’.
Consists of a masonry weir wall and dry packed boulders
laid in between intervening core walls.
D/s slope is generally made very flat.
It is the simplest type for construction.
Its stability is not amenable to exact theoretical
treatment (only on the basis of model tests).
It requires a very large quantity of stone and is
economical only where stone is available in abundance
Types of weir
Types of weir
Components of a weir
1 a. Weir wall
Weir wall are permanent structures constructed across the
river to rise water level.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Components of a weir
1b. Barrage
The crest is kept at a low level and the raising up of water
level is accomplished mainly by means of shutters/gates.
During floods the gates can be raised to clear off the high
flood level and this enables to pass the high flood with
minimum afflux (heading up in u/s side)
A barrage provides better control on the water level but it is
more costly.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Components of a weir
2. Divide wall
Long masonry or concrete wall (an embankment protected
on all sides by stone or concrete blocks).
It is constructed at right angles to the axis of the weir.
Separates the under sluices from the rest of the weir.
If two canals take off on different sides, two divide walls
are required.
On u/s side the wall extends a little beyond the beginning
of the canal head regulator.
On d/s side up to the end of the loose protection of the
undersluices.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Components of a weir
Components of a weir
3. Under sluice or scouring sluices
This structure separated from the main weir body by divide
wall.
As the crest level of the under sluice is at low level, deep
channel developed towards this pocket which helps easy
diversion of water into the canal through canal head
regulator.
It has a gated controlled opening which will allow excess
supply to the downstream of the river.
The openings also helps in scouring and removing the
deposited silt from the under sluice pocket.
The crest level of the head regulator is also kept higher
than the crest level of under sluice, so only silt free water
is admitted into the canal through the head regulator.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Components of a weir
Components of a weir
5. Fish ladder
To avoid high destruction of migratory fishes (if any in the
river) due to obstruction of movements because of
construction of weir or barrage.
Naturally, fish can travel u/s only if the velocity of flow does
not exceed 3 to 3.5m/s.
So, the design of fish ladder should be such that it constantly
releases water at velocity not exceeding this value.
Fish ladder baffles or other staggering devices are provided
to check the velocity (providing energy dissipating
mechanism).
Fish ladder is provided adjacent to divide wall near the under
sluices (b/c there is always some water in this section).
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Components of a weir
6. The canal head regulator:
provided at the head of the off-taking canal, and serves the
following function:
It regulates the supply of water entering the canal
It controls the entry of silt into the canal
It prevents the river floods from entering the canal
Manually operated steel gates are provided for regulation
of flow into the canal
(H/L)2d1
H
(H/L)2d2 (H/L)2d3
d1 d2 d3
L1 L2
b
L=CH
For equilibrium :
γw h’ = (γw G)t
Subtracting t on both sides, we get :
h’- t = t(G - 1)
t = (h’-t )/(G-1) = h/(G-1)
Where,
(h’-t) = h is the ordinate of the H.G. line above the
top of the floor.
(G-1) is the submerged specific gravity of floor
material.
Note :
Thickness of the floor designed by the above formula only
for the downstream floor and for the worst condition
when maximum ordinates of H.G line occur.
The above formula are applicable for designing the proper weir
portion; whereas for designing the under sluice portion of the
weir, the following modified formula are used.
B = (H + d)/G
Where, B = base width of weir wall
H = height of weir body wall
d = h +Afflux
h = Depth attained over the crest during maximum
flow
G = Specific gravity of floor material.
The crest width :
1m
2.5m
0.30m
0.80m
5m 6m
d 2 d 2
2
2
0
dx dy
Stream lines:
The streamlines represent the path along which the water
flow through the subsoil.
The first stream line follows the bottom contour of the work
and is the same as Bligh’s path of creep.
Table: Values of Khosla’s safe exit gradient for different types of soil
Key points: Junction points of the floor & pile lines, and
depressed floor bottom corners.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Where,
b’ ~ distance b/n the two piles
b ~ Total length of the floor
D ~ depth of pile whose effect is to be considered
d ~ depth of pile on which the effect is
considered
Take –ve for front water flow direction oriented keypoints &
+ve for backside oriented key points.
Don’t apply for outer pile if intermediate pile depth is less
or equal to that of the outer & is at a distance less than
twice the depth of the outer pile.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 2
E cos 1 0.287 29%
1 1
D cos 1 0.199 20%
C 100 E 71%
1
and D 100 D 80%
1
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 1 1 2
2 2
1 1 1 2
2 2
4.875 1 1.968
2 2
1 1
E 2 E cos 1 1 0.708 70.8%
1
D D cos 1 1 0.632 63.2%
2
1 1
C C cos 1 1 0.564 56.4%
2
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
= 60.22%
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 1 2
3.31
2
1 2
E 3 E cos 1
0.37 37%
1 1
D 3 D cos 1 0.254 25.4%
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Summary:
H 1
GE
d
Where,
H – Maximum seepage head =158.0-152.0 = 6m
d – d/s cutoff depth = 152.0-141.7= 10.3 m
b – total floor length = 57 m
α=b/d=57/10.3= 5.53
1 1 5.532
3.31
2
H 1 6 1
GE 0.105 1 / 9.53
d 10.3 3.31
Thank you!
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING