REVIEW ON BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

CARBOHYD LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC

RATES ACIDS
Element CHO CHO C H O N and CHONP
composition sometimes S

Monomers Monosaccharide Fatty acid and Amino acid Nucleotide

(glucose) glycerol

Bonds of Glycosidic bond Ester bond Peptide bond Phosphodiester

Polymers bond

Enzymes that amylase, sucrase, lipases pepsin and ribonuclease and

break the bond lactase, or maltase peptidase, and by deoxyribonuclease
hydrochloric acid
 ENZYMES
The learners describe the components of an enzyme
(STEM_Bio11/12-Ii-j17)
The learners determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate concentration affect enzyme
activity
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-19)
 ENZYME ACTIVATION REACTANTS
IMPORTANT TERMS: SUBSTRATES
CATALYST
substance that
speeds up chemical
biological catalyst;
organic molecule that
catalyzes (speeds up)
ENERGY
amount of energy
also called
,
reaction without a chemical reaction required to start a molecules in which
being changed without being enzymes act upon
reaction
consumed.
ENZYME-
ACTIVE SITE SUBSTRATE
OPTIMAL
small part of enzyme that COMPLEX region in PRODUCT best or most
attaches to a substrate to enzyme that forms after the result of a chemical
catalyze a reaction; where enzyme changes shape effective for
reaction
enzyme activity takes place slightly, fitting tightly maximum activity
with the substrate

DENATURATION NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

modification of a protein’s also called feedback inhibition,
(in this case, enzyme) in which a reaction’s products
shape so that its function inhibit the enzyme that
is destroyed catalyzes the reaction
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
-BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS (speed up chemical reaction)
-They lower activation energy needed to start a
reaction thus speed up chemical reactions
-They bring reactants into contact with one another,
so that less energy is required for the reaction to
proceed.
-They may also speed up a reaction by creating
conditions within the active site that are more
conducive for the reaction to proceed than the
surrounding cellular environment.
 The energy used to break the
ACTIVATION bonds in the reactants so they
ENERGY
can be reformed in the products

The energy used to

break the bonds in the
reactants so they can
be reformed in the
products
HOW ENZYMES WORK?
ENZYMES biological catalysts that increase
the reaction rate of biochemical
reactions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES
A. Mostly built of proteins (although some are made of RNA)
B. Many of the cell’s organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplast,
lysosomes, and peroxisomes are specialized sacs of enzymes.
C. They are very specific and only work with a certain set of reactants or
substrates that fit on their active site.
D. They are not consumed after a reaction.
ENZYMES
FUNCTIONS
1. to copy DNA
2. build proteins
3. digest food
4. recycle cell’s worn-out parts, and
5. catalyze redox reactions
 LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL (EMIL
FISHER in 1984) states that an enzyme’s
active site is a specific shape, and only the
substrate will fit into it. Because of this, most
enzymes can fit only one substrate
Specificity- meaning that they can only bind
to certain substrates. This is mainly
determined by the shape and chemical
characteristics of their active site—the region
of the enzyme that binds to the substrate.

INDUCED FIT MODEL (DANIEL

KOSCHLAND) - In this model, the active
site changes shape as it interacts with the
substrate. Once the substrate is fully locked in
and in the exact position, the catalysis can
begin. When the reaction is complete, the
product is released, and the enzyme returns
to its uninduced state.
 Predict how the following factors affect the action of an enzyme by completing the table below. Write your
answers on a separate sheet.

Factors Effect on reaction Effect on reaction BRIEF EXPLANATION as

rate if factor is rate if factor is to why these factors
REDUCED/DECREASED RAISED/INCREASED affect ENZYME function
and REACTION RATES in
that way
A. Enzyme
concentration
B.Substrate
concentration
C.Inhibitor
concentration
D.Temperature
E.Size of container

F. pH
PERFORMANCE TASK (GROUP WORK) 5 MEMBERS IN A GROUP
Experiment on enzyme activity
Design and perform a simple experiment that explores the effect of at least one
factor on enzyme activity.
Make sure to include the following in your write-up:
• a testable hypothesis
• complete list of dependent and independent variables
• complete list of controlled variables
• logical procedure in a flowchart format
• short and accurate explanation of what you expect to happen and why
CONSIDER THE CONSTRAINTS OF DOING THE ACTIVITY IN CLASSROOM.
SUBMIT THE WRITE-UP ON THURSDAY.
LAB ACTIVITY WILL BE ON MONDAY. BRING YOUR OWN MATERIALS.

Exemplary (10 points)
Purpose Research question and
hypothesis are stated clearly,
and the relationship between
the two is clear. The variables
are selected.
Procedure The procedure is well
designed and allows control
of all variables selected. All
stages of the procedure are
well-written.
Materials The materials are appropriate Materials needed are not well-
for the procedure. The
student is not wasteful of the
materials.
Write-ups Correct and complete writing
format and grammar.
Rubrics on Designing a Simple Experiment
Competent (8 points) Needs Work (5 points)
Research question and Research question and
hypothesis are stated, but one hypothesis are not stated
or both are not as clear as they clearly, and the relationship
might be, or the relationship between the two is unclear or
between the two is unclear. The absent. The variables are not
variables are selected. selected.
The procedure could be more The procedure is incomplete
efficiently designed, but it allows and does not allow control of all
control of all variables selected. variables selected.
The materials are not all
presented. appropriate for the procedure or
there are some major
omissions.
Lack some parts. Some Did not present parts correctly.
incorrect grammar and writing Incomplete and many lacking
format. write-ups