Week 6 Muscular System

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 6
The Muscular System
Slides 6.1 – 6.17
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Muscular System
 Muscles are responsible for all types of

body movement
 Three basic muscle types are found in
the body
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.1
Function of Muscles
 Produce movement
 Maintain posture
 Stabilize joints
 Generate heat
Characteristics of Muscles
 Muscle cells are elongated
(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
 Contraction of muscles is due to the
movement of microfilaments
 All muscles share some terminology
 Prefix myo refers to muscle
 Prefix mys refers to muscle
 Prefix sarco refers to flesh
Smooth Muscle
 Has no striations
 Spindle-shaped
cells
 Single nucleus
 Involuntary – no
conscious control
 Found mainly in
the walls of hollow
organs
Figure 6.2a
Cardiac Muscle
 Has striations
 Usually has a
single nucleus Branching fiber
 Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
 Involuntary
 Found only in the
heart Figure 6.2b
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
 Most are attached by tendons to bones

 Cells are multinucleate
 Striated – have visible banding
 Voluntary – subject to conscious control
 Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue
A= SKELETAL MUSCLE
B= CARDIAC MUSCLE
C= SMOOTH MUSCLE
1= NUCLEUS
2= MYOFIBRIL
3= INTERCALATED DISC
4= MUSCLE CELL
Skeletal/cardiac/smooth m
uscle minimovie
http://www2.merriam-webster.com/mw/art/med/muscle1.gif
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
 Endomysium –
around single
muscle fiber
 Perimysium –
around a
fascicle
(bundle) of
fibers Figure 6.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.4a
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
 Epimysium –
covers the
entire skeletal
muscle
 Fascia – on the
outside of the
epimysium
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
 Epimysium blends into a connective
tissue attachment
 Tendon – cord-like structure
 Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure
 Sites of muscle attachment
 Bones
 Cartilages
 Connective tissue coverings
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
 Cells are multinucleate
 Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Nucleus Striation
Figure 6.3a
Muscle
 Sarcolemma – specialized plasma
membrane
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 6.3a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.9b
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Study Analogy
Pretend you are going to play a joke on

someone and give them 100 pencils. The pencils
will represent muscle fibers. First you wrap each
individual pencil in tissue paper (dense tissue
paper of course!). This would be endomysium.
Then you take about 10 pencils in a bundle (a
fascicle) and wrap them in paper (perimysium).
After that you take all the bundles and wrap
them in gift wrap
(epimysium). But you are going to mail this joke,
so you also have to wrap it in brown paper
representing the fascia.
8 - 14
Muscle
 Myofibril
 Bundles of myofilaments
 Myofibrils are aligned to give distrinct bands
 I band =
light band
 A band =
dark band
Figure 6.3b
Muscle
 Organization of the sarcomere
 Thick filaments = myosin filaments
 Composed of the protein myosin
 Has ATPase enzymes
Figure 6.3c
Muscle
 Sarcomere
 Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Figure 6.3b
Muscle
 Organization of the sarcomere
 Thin filaments = actin filaments
 Composed of the protein actin
Figure 6.3c
Muscle
 Myosin filaments have heads
(extensions, or cross bridges)
 Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat
Figure 6.3d
Muscle
 At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks
actin filaments
 Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(SR) – for
storage of
calcium
Figure 6.3d
Properties of Skeletal Muscle
Activity
 Irritability – ability to receive and

respond to a stimulus
 Contractility – ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received
Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
 Skeletal
muscles must
be stimulated
by a nerve to
contract
 Motor unit
 One neuron
 Muscle cells
stimulated by
that neuron Figure 6.4a
Nerve Stimulus to
Muscles
 Neuromuscular
junctions –
association site
of nerve and
muscle
Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
 Synaptic cleft –
gap between
nerve and
muscle
 Nerve and
muscle do not
make contact
 Area between
nerve and muscle
is filled with
interstitial fluid
Axon Terminal button Muscle fiber
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to
Muscle
 Neurotransmitter – chemical released
by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse
 The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine
 Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors
on the sarcolemma
 Sarcolemma becomes permeable to
sodium (Na+)
Neuromuscular Junction
Nucleus
Myofibrils Cisterna
(ends) of SR
T tubule
Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum
Openings to T-
tubules Mitochondria
Myofilaments
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Structure of skeletal muscle fiber
A sarcomere
Neuromuscular Junction
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to
Muscle
 Sodium rushing
into the cell
generates an
action potential.
This is called
depolarization.
 Once started,
muscle contraction
cannot be stopped
Muscle Contraction- Resting State
 When the muscle fiber
is in resting state, we
say that is it polarized.
This means that there
are more potassium
ions (K+) inside the
muscle cell, but an
overall negative charge
due to anions in the cell.
 There are more sodium
ions (Na+) outside of
the cell, giving it an
overall positive charge
outside.
The action potential
starts when
acetlycholine binds to
a receptor on the
sarcolemma on the
muscle fiber, opening
sodium ion channels.
The sodium ions rush
into the muscle fiber,
reversing the charge
and starting an action
potential.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
-The action potential sends a response across the

transverse tubules throughout the muscle fiber.
-This causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to
become permeable to calcium ions and release
them.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/phyb/phyb516/sr1.jpg
http://imcip.gsm.com/integrated/hponline/hp/program/
section2/2ch3/2ch3img/tubfig.jpg
The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
 The calcium causes the
conformation of the actin
filament to change, exposing
binding sites. It moves the
troponin out of the way,
exposing a binding site on
tropomyosin.
 Myosin heads bond to these,
forming crossbridges
 The myosin heads “grab and
swivel” then release and bind
to the next site of the thin
filament Slide 6.17a
The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
 ATPase breaks down ATP to
power the release and
“recocking” of the myosin
heads.
 This continued action causes
a sliding of the myosin along
the actin, shortening the
sarcomere.
 The result is that the muscle
is shortened (contracted)
Figure 6.7
Slide 6.17b
-The process continues until the muscle reaches full
contraction.
-Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase
to stop the nervous stimulation.
-Calcium is actively reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
-The sites of attachment on the actin filaments close
up.
-The muscle cell relaxes and lengthens.
Sarcomere summary
Muscle Contraction
Sliding Filament theory
• Boat = Myosin (thick filament)
• Oar = Myosin side arm
• Water = Actin (thin filament)
• Life ring = Calcium
Resting
1. ATP is bound to myosin side arm.
2. ATP cleaves into ADP + P (high energy)
Step 1 Action potential
1. A nerve action potential releases acetylcholine into
the synaptic cleft opening the Na+ channels.
2. Action potential spreads across sarcolemma
releasing Ca into sarcoplasma
Step 2 Myosin-actin binding
1. Ca binds to troponin
2. A shape change in troponin moves tropomyocin
out of the way of actin binding site
3. Actin and myosin bind using energy from cleaved
ATP.
Step 3 Power Stroke
1. Side arm pivots so myosin and actin slide by each
other shortening the sarcomere.
2. ADP and P released (low energy)
Step 4 ATP binding and actin-myosin
release
1. A different ATP molecule binds to active site.
2. Actin released
Step 5 ATP cleavage
1. Return to high energy state
2. Cycle will repeat if Ca still available.
A few thoughts
• The boat (myosin) does not move far in one
cycle, a muscle contraction requires many
cycles
• What happens if ATP is not available?
• Muscle stays contracted- cramps
• Why does rigor mortis occur?
• ATP is not available to control Ca release so
contractions are continuous 6-8 hours after
death. Body relaxes 16-24 hours as enzymes
break down contractile structures
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
 Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
 Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers
may be stimulated during the same
interval
 Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing
responses
 Graded responses – different degrees
of skeletal muscle shortening
Types of Graded Responses
 Twitch
 Single, brief contraction
 Not a normal muscle function
Figure 6.9a, b
 Tetanus (summing of contractions)

 One contraction is immediately followed by
another
 The muscle does
not completely
return to a
resting state
 The effects
are added
Figure 6.9a, b
 Unfused (incomplete) tetanus
 Some relaxation occurs between
contractions
 The results are summed
Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
 Fused (complete) tetanus
 No evidence of relaxation before the
following contractions
 The result is a sustained muscle contraction
Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
 Muscle force depends upon the number

of fibers stimulated
 More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
 Muscles can continue to contract unless
they run out of energy
Energy for Muscle Contraction
 Initially, muscles used stored ATP for

energy
 Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
 Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by
muscles
 After this initial time, other pathways
must be utilized to produce ATP
 Direct phosphorylation
 Muscle cells contain creatine
phosphate (CP)
 CP is a high-energy
molecule
 After ATP is depleted, ADP is
left
 CP transfers energy to ADP,
to regenerate ATP
 CP supplies are exhausted in
about 20 seconds
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10a Slide 6.24
 Aerobic Respiration
 Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in
the mitochondria
 Glucose is broken down
to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy
 This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen
Figure 6.10c Slide 6.25
 Anaerobic glycolysis
 Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
 Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid to
produce some ATP
 Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10b Slide 6.26a
 Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
 This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
 Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
 Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10b Slide 6.26b
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
 When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
 The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
 Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
 Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
 Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Types of Muscle Contractions
 Isotonic contractions
 Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
 The muscle shortens and movement
results
 Ex.- Lifting a light weight, turning your head
 Isometric contractions
 Tension in the muscles increases
 The muscle is unable to shorten
 Ex.- Trying to lift something too heavy, legs
pressing on the floor while standing
Muscle Tone
 Some fibers are contracted even in a

relaxed muscle
 Different fibers contract at different
times to provide muscle tone
 The process of stimulating various fibers
is under involuntary control
Muscles and Body Movements
 Movement is
attained due to
a muscle
moving an
attached bone
Figure 6.12
Muscles and Body Movements
 Muscles are
attached to at
least two points
 Origin –
attachment to a
immoveable bone
 Insertion –
attachment to an
movable bone
Figure 6.12
Slide 6.30b
Muscles and bones movie
Effects of Exercise on Muscle
 Results of increased muscle use

 Increase in muscle size (more protein fibers
added to existing muscle fibers)
 Increase in muscle strength
 Increase in muscle efficiency
 Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
(increase in number of mitochondria)
Muscle movie
Types of Ordinary Body
Movements
 Flexion- decreasing the angle of the joint
Ex.- Bending your arm or fingers,
bringing your chin towards your chest
 Extension- increasing the angle of the joint
Ex.- Straightening a bent arm or fingers
 Rotation- turning on an axis
Ex.- Turning your head side to side,
“Parade wave”
Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Abduction- move away from the midline
Ex.- Moving clasped hands away from
one another
 Adduction- move toward the midline
Ex.- Bringing your hands together to
clap
 Circumduction- cone-like movement in
space
 Ex.- Moving your arm, phalanges! or leg
around in a circle
Body Movements
Figure 6.13
Special Movements
 Dorsiflexion- pointing toe upward
 Plantar flexion- pointing toe downward
 Inversion- turning sole of foot medially
 Eversion- turning sole of foot laterally
 Supination- downward to upward motion
of the hand
 Pronation- upward to downward motion
of the hand
Types of Muscles
 Prime mover – muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
 Antagonist – muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
 Synergist – muscle that aids a prime
mover in a movement and helps prevent
rotation
 Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime
mover
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
 Direction of
muscle fibers
 Example: rectus
(straight)
 Relative size of
the muscle
 Example:
maximus
(largest)
 Location of the
muscle
Example: many
muscles are named
for bones (e.g.,
temporalis)
 Number of origins
Example: triceps
(three heads)
 Location of
the muscles
origin and
insertion
 Example:
sterno (on the
sternum)
 Shape of the
muscle
 Example: deltoid
(triangular)
 Action of the
muscle
 Example: flexor
and extensor
(flexes or extends
a bone)
Naming Muscles movie Slide 6.37
Developmental Aspects
A pregnant mother can feel the muscular
contractions of her baby often by the 16th week
of development. (quickening)
A newborn’s movements are very gross at first,
and then develop in a cephalo-caudal and
proximal-distal fashion.
Muscle disuse causes atrophy (decrease in
mass) of the tissue.
Over time, the connective tissue and muscle
mass decreases, lowering the strength.
Muscular Disorders
Myositis
• Myositis is inflammation of your skeletal muscles,
which are also called the voluntary muscles. These
are the muscles you consciously control that help
you move your body. An injury, infection or
autoimmune disease can cause myositis.
• The diseases dermatomyositis and polymyositis
both involve myositis. Polymyositis causes muscle
weakness, usually in the muscles closest to the
trunk of your body. Dermatomyositis causes
muscle weakness, plus a skin rash. Both diseases
are usually treated with prednisone, a steroid
medicine, and sometimes other medicines.
Fibromyagia
• Fibromyalgia is a common
condition characterized by
long-term, body-wide pain and
tender points in joints,
muscles, tendons, and other
soft tissues. Fibromyalgia has
also been linked to fatigue,
morning stiffness, sleep
problems, headaches,
numbness in hands and feet,
depression, and anxiety.
• Fibromyalgia can develop on its
own or along with other
musculoskeletal conditions
such as rheumatoid arthritis or
lupus.
Fibromyalgia Causes?
The cause of this disorder is unknown.
• Physical or emotional trauma
• Abnormal pain transmission responses.
• Sleep disturbances
• May be associated with changes in skeletal muscle
metabolism, possibly caused by decreased blood flow,
which could cause chronic fatigue and weakness.
• An infectious microbe, such as a virus, triggers the illness.
• A possible inherited tendency toward the disease
• Men and women of all ages get fibromyalgia, but the
disorder is most common among women aged 20 to 50.
Fibromyalgia Symptoms
• Body aches
• Chronic facial muscle pain or aching
• Fatigue
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Memory difficulties and cognitive difficulties
• Multiple tender areas (muscle and joint pain)
on the back of the neck, shoulders, sternum,
lower back, hips, shins, elbows, knees
• Numbness and tingling
• Palpitations
• Reduced exercise tolerance
• Sleep disturbances
• Tension or migraine headaches
Fibromyalgia Treatments
• In mild cases, symptoms may go away when stress is decreased or
lifestyle changes are implemented.
• Physical therapy and counseling are usually recommended.
• Pregabalin (Lyrica) ,Cymbalta
• Anti-inflammatory pain medications and medications that work on
pain transmission pathways.
• Eating a well-balanced diet and avoiding caffeine may help with
problems sleeping, and may help reduce the severity of the
symptoms. Lifestyle measures to improve the quality of sleep can
be effective for fibromyalgia.
• Some reports indicate that fish oil, magnesium/malic acid
combinations, or vitamins may be effective.
• Reducing stress and improving coping skills may also help reduce
painful symptoms.
Muscular Dystrophy
• Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders that involve
muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue that get
worse over time.
There are many kinds of Muscular Dystrophy
• Becker's muscular dystrophy
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
• Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
• Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
• Myotonia congenita
• Myotonic dystrophy
Muscular Dystrophy Cause
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rapidly-worsening
form of muscular dystrophy. Other muscular
dystrophies (including Becker's muscular dystrophy) get
worse much more slowly.
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a defective
gene for dystrophin (a protein in the muscles).
However, it often occurs in people without a known
family history of the condition.
• Because of the way the disease is inherited, males are
more likely to develop symptoms than are women. The
sons of females who are carriers of the disease (women
with a defective gene but no symptoms themselves)
each have a 50% chance of having the disease. The
daughters each have a 50% chance of being carriers.
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs in approximately
1 out of every 3,600 male infants. Because this is an
inherited disorder, risks include a family history of
Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms
• Symptoms vary with the different types of muscular dystrophy.
• All of the muscles may be affected. Or, only specific groups of
muscles may be affected, such as those around the pelvis, shoulder,
or face. Muscular dystrophy can affect adults, but the more severe
forms tend to occur in early childhood.
• Symptoms include:
• Mental retardation(only present in some types of the condition)
• Muscle weakness that slowly gets worse
– Delayed development of muscle motor skills
– Difficulty using one or more muscle groups
– Drooling
– Eyelid drooping (ptosis)
– Frequent falls
– Problems walking (delayed walking)
Muscular Dystrophy Treatment
• There are no known cures for the various muscular
dystrophies. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms.
• Physical therapy may help patients maintain muscle
strength and function. Orthopedic appliances such as
braces and wheelchairs can improve mobility and self-care
abilities. In some cases, surgery on the spine or legs may
help improve function.
• Corticosteroids taken by mouth are sometimes prescribed
to children to keep them walking for as along as possible
(Reduce inflammation).
• The person should be as active as possible. Complete
inactivity (such as bedrest) can make the disease worse.
Myasthenia Gravis
• Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder
characterized by variable weakness of
voluntary muscles, which often improves with
rest and worsens with activity. The condition
is caused by an abnormal immune response.
Myasthenia Gravis Causes
• In myasthenia gravis, weakness occurs when the nerve impulse to
initiate or sustain movement does not adequately reach the muscle
cells. This is caused when immune cells target and attack the body's
own cells (an autoimmune response). This immune response
produces antibodies that attach to affected areas, preventing
muscle cells from receiving chemical messages (neurotransmitters)
from the nerve cell.
• The cause of autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis is
unknown. In some cases, myasthenia gravis may be associated with
tumors of the thymus (an organ of the immune system). Patients
with myasthenia gravis have a higher risk of having other
autoimmune disorders like thyrotoxicosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms
• Muscle weakness, including:
– Swallowing difficulty, frequent gagging, or choking
– Paralysis
– Muscles that function best after rest
– Drooping head
– Difficulty climbing stairs
– Difficulty lifting objects
– Need to use hands to rise from sitting positions
– Difficulty talking
– Difficulty chewing
• Vision problems:
– Double vision
– Difficulty maintaining steady gaze
– Eyelid drooping
• Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:
• Hoarseness or changing voice
• Fatigue
• Facial paralysis
• Drooling
• Breathing difficulty
Myasthenia Gravis Treatment
• There is no known cure for myasthenia gravis. However, treatment may
result in prolonged periods of remission.
• Lifestyle adjustments may enable continuation of many activities. Activity
should be planned to allow scheduled rest periods. An eye patch may be
recommended if double vision is bothersome. Stress and excessive heat
exposure should be avoided because they can worsen symptoms.
• Some medications, such as neostigmine or pyridostigmine, improve the
communication between the nerve and the muscle. Prednisone and other
medications that suppress the immune response (such as azathioprine,
cyclosporine, or mycophenolate mofetil) may be used if symptoms are
severe and there is inadequate response to other medications.
• Plasmapheresis, a technique in which blood plasma containing antibodies
against the body is removed from the body and replaced with fluids
(donated antibody-free plasma or other intravenous fluids), may reduce
symptoms for up to 4 - 6 weeks and is often used to optimize conditions
before surgery.
Sprains and Strains
• Sprains and strains are common injuries that share
similar signs and symptoms, but involve different
parts of your body.
• A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments — the
tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect one bone
to another in your joints. The most common location
for a sprain is in your ankle.
• A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon.
A tendon is a fibrous cord of tissue that connects
muscles to bones. Strains often occur in the lower
back and in the hamstring muscle in the back of your
thigh.
• These cause pain and swelling around the affected
site.
Sprains and Strains Treatments
Medications. For mild sprains and strains, your doctor likely will
recommend basic self-care measures and an over-the-counter
pain reliever such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) or
acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).
Therapy. In cases of a mild or moderate sprain or strain, apply
ice to the area as soon as possible to minimize swelling. In cases
of severe sprain or strain, your doctor may immobilize the area
with a brace or splint.
Surgery. If you have a torn ligament or ruptured muscle, surgery
may be an option.
http://www.tddaily.com/news/south
-carolina-rb-marcus-lattimore-injures
-knee-video/

Week 6 Muscular System

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Slides 6.1 – 6.17

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

 Muscles are responsible for all types of

 Most are attached by tendons to bones

Pretend you are going to play a joke on

 Irritability – ability to receive and

-The action potential sends a response across the

 Tetanus (summing of contractions)

 Muscle force depends upon the number

 Initially, muscles used stored ATP for

 Some fibers are contracted even in a

 Results of increased muscle use

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