ATOMIC PHYSICS

ATOMIC MODEL
BY HALA ALNAGAR
 ATOM
An atom is composed of two regions: the nucleus,
which is in the center of the atom and contains
protons and neutrons, and the outer region of the
atom, which holds its electrons in orbit around the
.nucleus

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains

all of the chemical properties of an element. Atoms
combine to form molecules, which then interact to
.form solids, gases, or liquids
 ATOMIC PARTICLES
Electrons
.Charge: It is a negatively charged particle .1
.Magnitude of charge: Charge of electron is 1.6022 x 10-19 C .2
.Mass of electron: Mass of electron is 0.000548597 a.m.u .3
.or 9.11 x 10-31 kg
."Symbol of electron: Electron is represented by "e .4
Location in the atom: Electrons revolve around the nucleus .5
.of atom in different circular orbits
PROTON
.Charge: Proton is a positively charged particle
.Magnitude of charge: Charge of proton is 1.6022 x 10-19 coulomb
Mass of proton: Mass of proton is 1.0072766 a.m.u. Or
.x 10-27 kg 1.6726
.Comparative mass: Proton is 1837 times heavier than an electron
.Position in atom: Protons are present in the nucleus of atom
 NEUTRON
.Charge: It is a neutral particle because it has no charge -1
Mass of neutron: Mass of neutron is 1.0086654 a.m.u. Or .2
.x 10-27 kg 1.6749
.Comparative mass: Neutron is 1842 times heavier than an electron .3
.Location in the atom: Neutrons are present in the nucleus of an atom .4
 ATOMIC NUMBER
Neutral atoms of an element contain an equal number of protons
and electrons. The number of protons determines an element’s
.atomic number (Z) and distinguishes one element from another

For example, carbon’s atomic number (Z) is 6 because it has 6

.protons

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = number of electrons = number of protons

 MASS NUMBER
An element’s mass number (A) is the sum of the number of protons and the
.number of neutrons

To calculate how many neutrons an element has by simply subtracting the

.number of protons from the mass number

Mass number (A) = number of electrons + number of neutrons

number of neutrons = Mass number - number of electrons

A=Z+n
SYMBOL OF NUCLEUS
A nucleus is represented by the symbol :

zXA

Where X= symbol of element (Cl, O, H , Na etc.)

A= mass number.

Z= atomic number.
 QUESTIONS Cl 35
17
Calculate the atomic number, mass number, and Z = 17
neutron number for each nuclei A = 35

1H1 n = A-Z
n = 35 – 17 = 18
Z=1
A=1 7 N 14

n = A-Z Z=7
n=0 A = 14
n = A-Z
11Na
23
n = 14 – 7 = 7
Z = 11
A = 23 13 Al27
n = A-Z Z = 13

n = 23 – 11 = 12 A = 27
n = A-Z
 ISOTOPES
isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same
number of protons and electrons. The difference in the number of neutrons between the
.various isotopes of an element means that the various isotopes have different masses
Carbon atoms exist naturally with 6, 7 or 8 neutrons. Since each atom of carbon has 6
protons, the isotopes must have atomic mass numbers of 12, 13 and 14. (Since atomic mass
number = protons + neutrons)

These isotopes are called carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14. Alternatively, they may be
.written 12C, 13C and 14C

Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable. Carbon-14 is unstable, decaying with a half-life of about
.5,700 years. It is produced in Earth's atmosphere by cosmic ray bombardment of nitrogen-14