DEEP FOUNDATION-PILE FOUNDATION

By:
Dr. Manendra Singh
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur
10/17/2023 1
 Under-reamed
Pile

• 150-200 mm shaft diameter

• 3 to 4 m long
• Underreamed portion is 2 to 3 times the shaft
dia.
• Used for expansive soil
• The under reamed pile is constructed by making a hole in
the ground by means a hand-operated auger.
• An underreamer is then lowered in the cleaned hole. The a) Boring by auger
undereamer is pressed down and rotated. b) Under-reaming by under-reamer
• Under pressure, the blades open up and due to rotary c) Placing reinforcement cage in
action, the soil is cut and falls in the bucket. When the position
bucket is full, the underreamer is Pulled out and cleaned. d) Concreting of pile
• The under reamer is lowered again and the process
e) Concreting of pile caps
repeated.
• After the enlarged end is formed, the reinforcement cage is
lowered and concreting is done.
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 Under-Reamed
Piles
• Under-reamed piles are bored cast in-situ
bored compaction concrete piles with enlarged
and
base.
• The enlarged base is termed as bulb or under-ream.
• An under-ream may one or more bulbs
accordingly
and they are called single, double or multi
under reamed piles. The bulb provides adequate
bearing or anchorage.
• These piles are used in expansive soil to prevent
uplift pressure caused by swelling such as in black
cotton soil.
• Depth at which bulb should be placed should be in
stable zone i.e. no fluctuation of water content.
• Due to increase in bulb area base resistance
increases. The compacted soil below the bulb acts
as part of pile.

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 Under-Reamed Piles-Geometric
detail
Minimum depth of piles = 3 to 5 m below GL
Pile shaft= 15 to 20 cm.
Bulb Dia = 2 to 3 times dia of shaft
Spacing between bulbs = = 1.25 to 1.5 times dia of
bulb (should not be more than 1.5 times dia of
bulb, For greater dia piles, the spacing is reduced
to 1.25 times the stem diameter
Minimum depth of top bulb = 2 times bulb diameter
For expansive soils, it is 1.75 m from GL
Minimum clearance below the under side of pile cap
and the bulb should be 1.5 times the bulb
diameter.
Other details are shown in Figs.
IS:2911-Part-3, 1980 recommends two bulbs.

10/17/2023 4
 Bearing Capacity of Single Under-Reamed
Qu  Q Pile
Q
f p

Qu  fAs  qb( Ab  Ash )  qsh.Ash

where
As  Surafcearea of embedded shaft
of the pile above and below the
bulb
Ab  Cross - sectional area of the
bulb (du /4) 2

Ash  Cross - sectional area of shaft

(d 2 /4) f  Unit skin friction on the shaft
above and
below the bulb
qb  Bearing pressureof the soil at the under - ream
section qsh  Bearing pressureof the soil at the pile
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base
 Bearing Capacity of multi Under-Reamed
Pile
In order to increase the pile capacity, more than one under-ream may be provided. For double
under-ream piles, the soil between the bulbs tends to act as part of the pile. Thus surface AA’ ,
full soil resistance mobilizes.

The bearing capacity of double under - ream pile is given

as  

Qu  fAs  f As  qb( Ab  Ash )  qsh.Ash

where
-

f -  Unit skin friction between soil to soil (along AA' )

As  Surafcearea of the cylinder bounded by the

diameter of the bulb and the distance between the
centres of the extreme bulbs
As=surface area above the centre of top bulb to ground surface + centre of bottom to tip of pile
(assuming unit friction is same for both portion) 6
 Load carrying capacity of under-reamed pile in
Clay
D
If bulb is quite low : For single bulb
When the bulb is slightly above the tip, Ab is equal to the area of the diameter of
the bulb and the projected stem below the bulb is ignored.

 D2 c' A D1
Qu  cubNc Ab  c'u As  (9c ) 1 u s
ub 4
Nc = 9
α = adhesion factor
Ab = area of the enlarge base
D1 = diameter of the bulb

10/17/2023 7
Load carrying capacity of under-reamed pile in D
Clay

If bulb is quite high : For single bulb

 
Qu(9cub D  9c'ub D12 D2 c'A
4
2
u s   D1
)
4
c = unit cohesion at the tip
ub

c’ub = unit cohesion at the bulb level

c'u = average cohesion on As
As = surface area above and below
the(The
bulblength of the shaft equal to 2D above the bulb is usually neglected as the pile settles, there
is
possibility of formation of a small gap between the top of bulb)

10/17/2023 8
 Load carrying capacity of under-reamed pile in
Clay Two or more bulbs D

 2
Qu (9cub) D  9c'ub D 2 2
D
4 4 1 u s u

c' A' c"A

sb
D1

cub = unit cohesion at the tip

c’ub = unit cohesion at the bulb level
As = surface area above the centre of top bult to ground surface + centre of bottom D1

to tip of pile (assuming unit friction is same for both portion)(ignoring 2D length)
Asb = surface area of the cylinder circumscribing the bulbs between top and
bottom bulbs
' = adhesion between soil and soil =1.0,
 = adhesion between soil and pile
c'u = average cohesion on As
9
c”u = average cohesion on
Load carrying capacity of under-reamed pile in Cohesionless
Soil

NOTE I- first two terms in the formula are for bearing component and the last one for friction component.
2.- For uplift bearing on tip, Ap will not occur.

10/17/2023 10
Load carrying capacity of under-reamed pile in Cohesionless
Soil

10/17/202 11
3
 Problem:1

• Determine the length and capacity of triple underreamed pile of

stem diameter 400mm. The stratum is a deep deposit of average
cohesion of 70 kN/m2. FOS=3.0

10/17/2023 12
 Problem:2

• Determine the length and capacity of double underreamed pile of

stem diameter 500mm. The stratum is a deep cohesionless soil with
19 kN/m3 and friction angle of 35 degree, δ=25 deg. FOS=3

10/17/2023 13
 Thank
You

10/17/2023 14