Analytic Geometry

Analytic Geometry
• Combination of Algebra and Geometry.
• Is the study of geometric properties by means of algebraic operations
upon symbols defined in terms of a coordinate system.
• Rene Descartes is the recognized father of Analytic Geometry.
Cartesian Coordinate System
• Is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by
a set of numerical coordinates which are the signed distances to the
point from two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the
same unit of length.
• Discovered by Rene Descartes
Distance Between Two Points
Division of Line Segment
• Alternate formulas:
Slope of a Line
Equation of a Straight Line
• General Form: • Point Slope Form:

• Intercepts Form: • Two Point Form:

• Slope Intercept Form: • Where:

• a = x – intercept
• b = y – intercept
• m = slope
Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines

Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines

• Parallel Lines have the same • Perpendicular Lines have
slopes negative reciprocal slopes
Distance:
Between Two Parallel Lines
• Use positive or negative such
that the distance is always
positive
From a Line to a Point
• Use positive or negative
depending on the sign of B.
• For d is positive, the point is
above or right of the line.
• For d is negative, the point is
below or left of the line.
Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines
 Area of Triangle by Coordinate
• By calculator:
B (x2, y2)
• Mode, 6 (MATRIX),
C (x3, y3)
A (x1, y1)
1(MatA), 1 (3x3), Input
Data:
x1 y1 1
X2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
• AC, ½, SHIFT, 4 (MATRIX),
7 (det), 3 (MatA), =
For Three Dimensional

Distance Between Two Planes Angle Between Two Intersecting Plane

√ 2 2
𝐷= (𝑥2−𝑥1) +(𝑦2−𝑦1) +(𝑧2−𝑧1)
2
Conics (Conic Section)
• A conic section (conic) is defined as the locus of a point which moves
so that there exist a constant ratio of its distance from a fixed point
(focus) to the distance from a fixed line (directrix). The constant ratio
that exists in all conics is called eccentricity, thus all conics have
eccentricities.
Four Ways of Determining Conics (Conic
Sections)
• By Cutting Plane
• By Eccentricity
• By Discriminant
• By Equation
1. By Cutting Plane
A circle is made by cutting a cone parallel to its base.
An ellipse is made by cutting a cone at an angle to its base.
A parabola is made by cutting a cone parallel to the element.
A hyperbola is made by cutting a cone parallel to the axis.
Four Ways of Determining Conics

2. By Eccentricity 3. By Discriminant
Eccentricity Conics D = B2 - 4AC Conics
e=1 Parabola D=0 Parabola
e>1 Hyperbola D>0 Hyperbola
e<1 Ellipse D<0 Ellipse (A ≠ C)
e -> 0 Circle D<0 Circle (A = C)

General Equation of Conics:

Circle, e0
• Circle is the locus of a point that moves such that its distance from a
fixed point called the center is constant. The constant distance is
called the radius, r of the circle.
• Standard Equation of a Circle:
Circle
• Calcu Tech for Center: Mode 5 (EQN), 3 (aX2+bX+c=0), Input Data, “=“
• For x: a b/2 h = ___
• For y: a b/2 k = ___
• Therefore center, C (h, k).
• Calcu Tech for Radius

• CALC @ (h, k)
• CALC, x?, h, “=“, y?, k, “=“
Ellipse, e<1
• Ellipse is the locus of a
point that moves such
that the sum of its
distances from two fixed
points called the foci is
constant. The constant
sum is the length of the
major axis, 2a.
• d1+d2=d3+d4=2a
• LR = 2b2/a
Ellipse
• Standard Equation of Horizontal • Standard Equation of Vertical
Ellipse Ellipse

a>b
Hyperbola, e > 1
• Hyperbola is the locus of a point that moves such that the difference
of its distances from two fixed points called the foci is constant. The
constant difference is the length of the transverse axis, 2a.
• d2-d1=d4-d3=2a
• c2 = a2 + b2
• LR = 2b2/a
• Directrix, d = a/e
Hyperbola
• Standard Equation of Horizontal • Standard Equation of Vertical
Hyperbola Hyperbola

• LR = 2b2/a
• Directrix, d = a/e a (+)
• Equation of Assymptotes
• y - k = m (x - h)
Parabola, e = 1
• Parabola is the locus of a point
that moves such that it is always
equidistant from a fixed point
and a fixed line. The fixed point
is called focus and the fixed line
is called directrix.
• d1 = d2, d3 = d4
• LR = 4a
Parabola
• Standard Equations of Parabola

• +a for opening upward

• -a for opening downward

• +a for opening to the right

• -a for opening to the left
Polar Coordinate