BASIC FIRST AID

TRAINING

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 First Aid involves the first emergency
assistance, at the scene of an accident,
injury or sudden illness given to a
casualty.

 Help given to a sick or injured person

until full medical treatment is
available

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1. Preserve Life
2. Prevent patient from worsening
3. Promote recovery

Remember: If you do not call the

emergency services, they will not come!

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CONSENT:
Before performing any treatment to a casualty, the first aider should ask
for consent before doing anything.

THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

FIRST AIDER:
Make sure that the first aid kit is fit for purpose
Ensure safety of the place
Contact emergency services
Prioritize treatment of casualties
Clean up after an incident
Report incident and record

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First AID box normally includes

STERILE ADHESIVE BANDAGES in assorted sizes

- for simple cuts or abrasions.
BUTTERFLY BANDAGES and NARROW

ADHESIVE STRIPS - to hold the edges of a cut

together to allow it to heal.
Individually wrapped, STERILE GAUZE PADS (2"

and 4") - to control bleeding or secretions and prevent

contamination.

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ELASTIC BANDAGES (2" and 3"), at least 3 rolls -
to lend support to sprained or sore muscles.
THERMOMETER
EYE WASH AND EYE PADS
WIPES
SAFETY SHEARS
TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
ROLL OF COTTON

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 FACE MASK - to protect against smoke, dust or
allergens
 LATEX GLOVES - for protection when providing

emergency help to an injured individual

 CLEAN TOWEL - for a pillow or as a wrap for ice
 FACE SHIELD
 EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS - doctor,

pharmacy, poison control, etc.

 FIRST AID HANDBOOK

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 SCENE SURVEY

CControl the situation

LLook for potential hazards

AAssess the situation

PProtect and Prioritize
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 STOP, take a deep breath and take charge
of people and vehicular traffic.

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 Lookfor anything that could cause further
harm to the casualty, bystanders or more
importantly, yourself within the area.

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 Gather as much information about what has
occurred from the casualty and from
bystanders And try to make a diagnosis.
(history, signs and symptoms)

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 Ensure protection is worn (gloves), and that
casualties are prioritized (breathing, bleeding,
bones/burns and other conditions). Try to gain
assistance from a bystander and contact
emergency services.

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DANGER
RESPONSE
SHOUT
AIRWAY
BREATHING
CIRCULATION
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1. Think 3 dimensionally
2. What are we looking for?

 Live electrical cables

 Fire
 Smoke
 Dangerous people/animals
 Etc… etc

Remember your own safety is your

priority

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Say “Hello” to the patient
(TAP SHOULDERS )
A = Alert
V = Verbal response
P = Painful response
U = Unresponsive
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 Call for someone to get help
 Explain what they must say
 L Location
 I Incident
 N Number of casualties
 E Extent of injury
***CALL EMERGENCY SERVICES
• What is the correct number?
• 999 - Police

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Head tilt chin lift

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NOSE PINCHED CLOSED KEEP HEAD TILTED BACK

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 Start chest compressions
---- If circulation is not functioning

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 Follow rib margin up to base of
sternum
 Place hand two fingers up from this
point

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Cardio – heart
Pulmonary – lungs
Resuscitation – revive
(attempt to bring back to life)

Rate: 30 compressions : 2 Breathing

*3-4 Cycles in 1 Minute
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 CARDI Position of the Heart
O PULMONARY RESUccSCIcprTATION

position OF HEART HOWHOW C.P.R WORKS

C.P.R WORKS
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When help arrives
Whentold to stop by a health professional
Example. Doctor, Paramedic
When you cannot continue; you are

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Remember….
D=?
R=?
S=?
A =?
B=?
C=?
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 Detailed top-to-toe examination

 Look for
Bleeding
Bruising(Mark)
Deformity
Wounds
Pain
Burns
Swelling
Bites/stings
Impaled objects
Obvious fractures

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METHOD OF SECONDARY SURVEY
HEAD AND FACE - Look for bleeding, head trauma,
fractures or swelling

NECK - Loosen ties or collars or

accessories, feel for any deformity in
the cervical spine

CHEST AND - Feel for any deformity and

bleeding, rise and fall of
SHOULDER chest

- Check for deformity and

ARMS AND HANDS bleeding, fractures,
accessories.

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 SPINE - Feel for tenderness and deformity as
well as bleeding

ABDOMEN - Check the hips and pelvis for

deformity, unnatural position

- Check for bleeding, tenderness,

PELVIS swelling and position

- Check for bleeding, deformity,

LEGS AND FEET fractures, check for pockets, things
that may cause discomfort, check the
ankle if there is blood clot

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 Grasping the throat area
 Difficulty in breathing
 Redness of the face
 Eyes are enlarged and watery
 Showing distress
 If complete obstruction, skin may be bluish or grey
 if casualty becomes unconscious, get ready to

commence CPR

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 Ask casualty to cough
 Back blows (x 5)
 Abdominal thrusts (x5)
 If not dislodged,

repeat 2 x
 Call emergency

services
 Be ready to commence

CPR

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Incases of pregnancy DO NOT
PRESS ON STOMACH
PRESS ON CHEST

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Abrasions - topmost layer of skin is damaged.
- scrapes or grazes

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Incisions - smooth clean cuts
- caused by blade or knife
or sharp piece of glass, etc.

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 Lacerations – jagged cuts
 Puncture – piercing (needle, nail,etc)

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 Ensure the you are using gloves
 Examine wound
 Apply Direct pressure to reduce bleeding
 Apply dressing – cover with something clean
 Elevation – raise above heart level
 Do not allow casualty to drink, smoke, or eat
 Contact emergency services

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Golden rule – NEVER REMOVE!
Stabilize with bandage
Transport to hospital
Or call emergency services

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RADIATION BURN
Ex: sun burn,
ultraviolet lamps, over
Exposure to X-rays

ELECTRICAL BURN
Ex: lightning, high
Voltage, cables,
Appliances, etc

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DRY HEAT
Ex: Hot surfaces,

Fire, friction

CHEMICAL BURN
Ex: Acids, domestic
Cleaning products,
Industrial chemicals

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 Call Paramedics if:
1. Patient has difficulty in breathing
2. If the burn covers one body part.
3. Burns appear on the head, neck, hands, feet or
genitals.
4. Burns appear around the mouth or nose.
5. Resulting from chemicals, explosion or
electricity.

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 Stop bleeding
 (apply dressing, use indirect pressure)
 Assess function
 Immobilise using splint
 Do not realign bones
 Reassess function and pulse
 Call help and transport to hospital

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Sprain
– injury to joint

Strain
– injury to muscle

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Pain
Swelling
Bruising
Decreased range
of motion

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Use RICE
R = Rest
I = Ice application (20 minute periods)
C = Compression
E = Elevation

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HIGH SLING

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LOW SLING

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 Treat
with care
 Embedded foreign body – stabilise, cover

both eyes
 Chemicals/burns – RINSE RINSE

RINSE!
 Start from the innermost part of the affected
eye

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 Signs and Symptoms
Tightness or pain in the chest
Casualty is clutching the chest
Spreading pain to arms, neck and back
Dizziness or light headedness
Shortness of breath
Nausea
Cold sweats

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 Call emergency services immediately
 Sit casualty with dress drawn up or “W position”
 Loosen clothing
 Keep casualty comfortable
 Monitor airway and

breathing
 If becomes unresponsive,

be ready to commence CPR

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 Interruption
in the flow of blood to the brain
 Signs and Symptoms

Facial Weakness
F
Arm Weakness
A
Speech Problems
S
Time to call 999

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 Call emergency services immediately
 Lay casualty down with head and shoulder

elevated
 If unconscious, place in recovery position
 Loosen clothing
 Monitor airway and breathing
 Be prepared to carry out CPR

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 Signs and Symptoms
◦ Unusual position of head or body
◦ Pain at the site of injury
◦ Lack of mobility
◦ Weakness and tingling sensation
◦ Loss of bowel and bladder control
◦ Signs of shock

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 Call emergency services
 Immobilize by holding the head and neck
 Ask casualty to remain as still as possible
 Avoid asking questions that require a nod or

head shake
 Keep casualty warm

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 Signs and Symptoms
High temperature (above 40 degrees)
Hot dry skin
Nausea and vomiting
Dizziness
Sever headache
Low response level
Rapid pulse and breathing
Muscle cramps
May be unconscious

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 Move casualty to a cool place
 Contact emergency services
 Give casualty water to drink
 Try to cool skin by applying cool towel
 Be prepared to commence CPR

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