Lectures in Steel Structure Design 1

LECTURES IN STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN -1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE :

1- According to functions
- Industrial buildings where need long spans.
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- Multi story buildings where high strength materials, ductile and simple erection.
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- Bridges & special buildings ( electric towers – tanks – arches…..)
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- Suspended structures. ( bridges and buildings )
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2 According to structure
type 2-1 Halls
- Columns and Truss
( W,N,K,X – shape )
- Truss frame
- Rigid frame
- Space structure
2-2 buildings
- Columns, Beams Slabs
and Bracing systems
(vertical & horizontal)
- Rigid frames ( in one
direction or two
directions)
- Columns, floors, and
Shear core system
- Suspended system
- Interspatial system
- Staggered trusses system
- Tubular system
- Tube in tube system
- Bundled system
- Space structure system
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
First zone : elastic
2nd zone : plastic
3rd zone : hardening
4th zone : failure
 ( density ) = 7.85 ton / m3

E ( elastic modulus ) = 2100 t/cm2
G ( shear modulus ) = 810 t/cm2
 ( poison’s ratio ) = 0.3
 ( thermal coefficient ) = 2.3 x10-5
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL MATERIAL
- High strength : Fu = 3.6 t/cm2, fy=2.4 t/cm2 (st 37)

Fu = 4.4 t/cm2, fy = 2.8 t/cm2 (st 44)
Fu = 5.2 t/cm2, fy =3.6 t/cm2 (st 52)
- Equal strength f (tension) = f (compression )

- High ductility : give excessive deformation before failure .
- Light weight elements
- Miscellaneous :
- Easy to construct - low time of erection
- Fast erection - no formwork
- Re-using - simple connections
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL MATERIAL

- Corrosion : needs maintenance periodically.
- Fire resisting : needs fire protection .
- Tendency to buckle :
COMPONENTS OF STEEL HALLS :

1 Cover
2 Roof Purlins
3 Side Purlins (girts )
4 Main frame ( Rigid frame –
column& truss–truss frame )
5 Horizontal bracings
6 Vertical bracings
7 End gable
8 Eave struts
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Layout of steel hall
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MAIN FRAME TYPES

- Rigid frame
- Truss and columns
- Frame truss
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STEEL CROSS-SECTION TYPES :
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Built up sections
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SHEET 1 :
It is requested an industrial type steel building to be constructed to cover an area of (20 x 54) m.
The building will be provided with a crane system at elevation 4m and the clear height of building
is 6m. It is recommended that the roof system be taken as a truss roof. The slope of the roof is 10:1.
1- Draw general layout for the structure system and indicate the main components of the system
2Draw side view, elevation and end gables. 3-
Draw typical details :
- The crane beam to column
connection.
- Corners sheet details
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DESIGN PROCESS
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METHOD OF DESIGN
1 Allowable strength design (ASD)

Allowable strength > required strength
fall < fact

Load = DL + LL
Where
fall : allowable strength = . fy
 = yield reduction
factor fact = Force /
Actual area DL = dead
load
LL = live load
2 Load and resistance

factor ( LRFD )
Design strength >
required strength
fu <  fn
Load = Kd . DL + KL.
LL
Where
fu : required strength = Ultimate force / actual area
fn = nominal strength .
  strength resistance factor .
 . fn = design strength
Kd = dead load factor
KL = live load factor
DESIGN LOAD :
1 Dead load
( sustained load -
self weight )
2 Live load ( change in position and magnitude ) .
3- Wind load
4 Seismic load
5 Earth pressure load
6 Snow load ( not in ZIM)
Dead loads:
Generally can be estimated for halls as follow :
Case (1) :
- The cover is corrugated steel sheet 0.5 – 0.7 mm – electrostatic painted or galvanized, Own
weight = 5 – 10 kg/m2 .
- Own weight of purlins @ 125 – 175 cm = 5 – 10 kg/m2 ENG L. GAZANA
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- Own weight of main frame = 20 – 40 kg/m2
- In case of crane, the own weight of main frame = 60-90 kg/m2
Case (2)
- The cover is reinforced slab 10-12 cm thickness, own weight = 200 – 300 kg/m2
- Own weight of main frame = 10 % of the total carried loads.
Live loads:
As shown in the figure
- 20-60 kg/m2 flexible inaccessible surface ( steel sheet )
- 60-100 kg/m2 rigid inaccessible surface (concrete slab)
- 100-200 kg/m2 rigid accessible surface ( concrete slab )
200
180
160 Rigid accessible surface

140
120 Rigid inaccessible surface

Live load ( kg/m2)
100
80
60
Flexible inaccessible surface
40
20
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
tan
Wind load :
Fw = C . K . q
Where :
K: Exposure height
=1 from 0-10 m
= 1.1 from 10-20m
= 1.3 from 20-30m
C = pressure factor on surface

= Wind word factor =
0.8
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= Lee word factor = 0.5

= Side factor = - 0.7
= Roof in direction = 0.6
= Roof in other direction = 0.5
q = zone wind pressure from table
Table -1 wind pressure value ( q ) .

Site q (kg/m2 )
- Marsa matrouh, sder 90
- Alexandria, Hurgada
and other coast zones 80
- Cairo, Assiutt , 70
Belbees 60
- Sewa, loxur 50
- Fayum, Meneia , 50
- Tanta, Damanhour
STEEL MEMBER TYPES
- Tension members
- Compression members
- Flexure members ( Girders, beams)
- Beam –Column members
- Frame buckling
- Post buckling
- Local buckling
- Lateral buckling
STEEL CONNECTIONS TYPES

- According to methods:
• Bolted connections
• Welded connections
- According to function :
• Rigid connections
• Flexible connections
• Semi rigid connections
• Base column connection
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DESIGN OF STEEL TRUSS

Dimensions:
h ≈ L/10 ( L/8 – L/15)
a ≈ 2.0 m (1.5 – 2.5) m
a > 30 o
slop 1 : 10 ( 1:20 – 1:5 )
Main components of truss :

- Upper chord members
- Lower chord members
- Diagonals members
- Vertical members
- Upper wind bracing
- Lower wind bracing
- Vertical wind bracing
Load :
Dead load :
PDL = wDL (a x S ) + wc ( S x a
/ cos a )
wDLWs : 20-40
= O.w of steel kg/m2
+ Cover
S : spacing
Wc : roof cover = 5 – 10 kg/m2 for single sheet
= 250 – 300 kg/m2 for concrete slab (10-12 cm)
 : slop of
roof
Live load :
= wLL x S x a
PLL
wLL = 20 - 60 kg/m2 for inaccessible flexible roofs
= 60 – 100 kg/m2 for inaccessible rigid roofs
= 100 – 200 kg/m2 for accessible rigid roofs
Wind load :
Pw = ww x a x S
Example 1:
Given : a = 2 m, S = 5m , tan
=1/10 Case (1) the cover is slab 10 cm, live load = 200
kg/m2
Case (2) the cover is steel sheet 5 mm, live load
( inaccessible roof)
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Solution :
Case (1) :
- PDL = wDL x S X a
Ow of slab 10 cm = 0.1 * 2500 = 250 kg/m2

Ow of steel = (250+200)/10 = 45 kg/m2
Total = 295 kg/m2
PDL = 2 x 5 x 295 = 2950 kg = 2.95 ton
- PLL = wLL x S x a
wLL = 200 kg/m2
(Given )
= 200 x 2 x 5 = 2000 kg = 2.0 ton
- Pw = ww x S x a
Wind-word = 0.8 x 70 = 56 kg/m2

Lee-word = 0.5x 70 = 35 kg/m2
Upper cord = 0.5 x 70 = 35 kg/m2
Upper chord = 0.6 x 70 = 42
Pw1= 56x2x5/2 = 280 kg
kg/m2 P4 P4 P4/2 P3/2 P3 P3
P4 P3
Pw2 = 35x2x5/2 = 70 P4/2 P3/2
kg Pw3 =35x2x5 = 350 P1/2 P2/2
kg Pw4 = 42x2x5 =420

kg P1/2 P2/2
Case (2)
- PDL = wDL x S
Xa
Ow of sheet 5 mm =5
Ow of steel (20-40)
Total kg/m2
kg/m2
= 30 kg/m2
PDL = 2 x 5 x 35 = 350 kg
= 35 = 0.35 ton
- PLL = wLL x S x a
Where tan =0.1
Then, = 60 - (20-60) x 0.1 / 0.4 = 50 kg/2
wLL
PLL = 50 x 2 x 5 = 500 kg = 0.5

ton
- Wind load same as case 1
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SHEET-2
1 Calculate the external load on the joints of the shown truss due to dead load, live load and wind
load assuming:
 Spacing between trusses = 6m
 Panel length = 2m
 Roof cover 10cm thick R.C units (γ = 2500 kg/m3)
 Live load on the roof can be taken = 100 kg/m2
 The Own weight to be 10% from the total vertical loads.
2 Calculate the external load on the joints of the shown truss due to dead load, live load and wind
load assuming:
 Spacing between trusses = 7m
 Panel length = 1.5 m
 Roof cover is corrugated steel sheet 5mm thick
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TENSION MEMEBER
GENERAL
This part presents summarized design considerations to design axial tension members. The
tensile resistance is calculated on bases of yielding on the gross area and fracture on the
effective net area.
Design considerations:
- Allowable strength ft = 0.58 fy (ASD)
= 1.4 t/cm2 (st37)
= 2.1 t/cm2 (st52)
fact = Force (P) / Anet
where
An =b.t–n.(d+
0.2 ) tmin n : no. of holes
d : diameter of
bolt
b : depth of plate
tmin : minimum thickness of
plates
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An : net area of the section = Agross – holes area
2
An = tmin ( b - n (d + 0.2 ) + ∑ 4𝑠 )
For one angle:

31
An = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
31+2
Where A1 = a – (d + 0.2) . t
A2 = ( a - t ) t
- Rupture
Tension
strength : : Ft = 0.725 At Fy (ASD)
Shear : Fv = 0.4 Ash Fy (ASD)
- L / d < 60
Where L : is the length of member and
d = depth of member.
- max < 300
Where : max is the max. slenderness ratio of x and y
x= Kx . Lx / ix and y = Ky .
Ly / iy r = radius of gyration = √ ( I / A )
I is the inertia and A is the area of cross section of the member.
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DESIGN PROCEDURE OF TENSION MEMEBR

1- Select member section
• i req. = L / 300
Then a = K . / 60 on angle i=0.2 a
L / 90 back to back ix=0.30 a
=K. /135 iy=0.45 a
Lx / 115 star shape i=0.385 a
=K.
Ly
=K.
• Areq. = FL/ 0.85 / fall
a > 3

• d > L / 60
2- Check of stress
• Anet = Agross – hole area(s)

= Agross – ( d + 0.2 ) . t (angle) (two angles back to back)
31
Anet = 𝐴1 31+2 ( one angle )
+ 𝐴2
< 0.58 Fy
• fact = F/Anet
< 0.725 Fy
• frt = F/At
< 0.4 Fy
• frsh = F/Ash
•  max < 300
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Example 1:
Given : use bolt =17 mm and st37 to design tension member has the following :
- FDL= +8 ton FLL = +10 ton FwL= +2 ton
- L = 300 cm
Solution :
Case (I) FDL + FLL = 8 + 10 = 18 ton
Case (II) FDL + FWL = 8+2 = 10 ton
FDL+FLL+FWL = 8 + 10 + 2 = 20 ton
Stage (1) Select section :

- F max = 18 ton & check F = 20 ton
- ix req. = kx.Lx/0.3a = 300 → a = 3.33 cm
iy req. = ky.Ly/0.45a = 300 → a = 2.222 cm
a>3 = 3 x 1.7 → a = 5.1 cm
- Area req. = F /0.85/ftall = 18/.85/1.4 = 15.126 cm2
One angle = 15.12 /2 = 7.56 cm2
- Choose 2 angles 55x55x5 , a = 5.5 cm , A = 8.23 cm2

ix= 1.64 cm , iy = 0.45 x 5.5 = 2.475 cm
Stage (2) Check of stresses :

- x = Kx.Lx / ix = 300 / 1.64 = 183 < 300
y ky.Ly / iy = 300 /2.475 = 121 < 300
=
- Anet = 2 x 8.23 – 2 (1.7+0.2) x 0.8 = 13.42 cm2

- Fact ( Case I ) = 18 / 13.42 = 1.34 t/cm2 < 1.4 OK
- Fact ( Case II ) = 20 / 13.42 = 1.49 t/cm2 < 1.4x1.2 OK
Example 2:
If use one angle in example 1 :
Solution :
- iv. req. = kv. Lv/0.2a = 300 → a = 5.0 cm

- a>3 = 3 x 1.7 → a = 5.1 cm
- Area req. = F /0.85/ftall = 18/.85/1.4 = 15.126 cm2
- Choose one angle 80x80x12 , cm , A= 17.9 cm2
Stage (2) : Check of stresses a = 8.0

iv= 1.55 cm
- v = Kx.Lx / ix = 300 / = 193.5 < 300
1.55
ENG L. GAZANA
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For one angle:

31
An = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
31+2
A1 = a – (d + 0.2) . t
= 8.0 x 1.2 – ( 1.7 + 0.2 ) x 1.2 = 7.32 cm2
A2 = ( a - t ) t = ( 8.0 - 1.2 ) x 1.2 = 8.16 cm2
3 𝑥 7.32
An = 7.32 + 8 .16 = 13.27 cm2
3 𝑥 7.32 +8.16
- Fact ( Case I ) = 18 / 13.27 = 1.356 t/cm2 < 1.4 OK

SHEET : 3
Design the shown members in the given truss:

a) Design of member A
b) Design of member
c) B Design of
member C
- The design force and length of members are indicated in the figure.
- Assume steel grade: St 37.
- All connections are Bolted connection  of bolt = 20 mm.
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COMPRESSION MEMBERS
GENERAL
This part presents summarized design considerations to design axial compression members. For
the design of members subjected to eccentric compression or combined axial compression and
flexure , see part ().
ENG L. GAZANA
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According to Egyptian code :
fc (all ) = 0.58 fy –
0.58𝑦−0.75
104 2 for  < 100
= 1.4 – 0.000065 (ST37)
2 (ST 52)
= 2.1 – 0.000135
2 for  > 100
Where , =k.L/i
= 7500 /
max
K can explorated from
2
monogram and calculated Ga and Gb :
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Ga = 10 for hinged support

= 1.0 for fixed support
Sidesway Prevented Sidesway Permitted

Figure ( ) Alignment Charts for Buckling Length Factor (K) of Columns in Rigid Frames
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Design of compression member

1- Select member section
- i req. = K.L / 100
Then a = K. on angle i=0.2 a
L/20 back to back ix=0.3 a
= K. Lx/30 iy = 0.45 a
= K.Ly/45 star shape i=0.385 a
- a>3 = 3 x= 1.7
K. L/115 → a = 5.1 cm
- Where d > L / 40
- Agross = Force / 0.75
2- Check of section
- Calculate max = K . < 180
-L / Calculate
i fall
- Calculate fact. = force / Agross < fall
Example 3 :
- FDL= -10 ton FLL = -18 ton FwL= +15 ton
- L = 300 cm
Solution :
Case (I) FDL + FLL = -8 - 10 = -28 ton
Case (II) FDL + FWL = -10 + 15 = +5 ton
FDL+FLL+FWL = -10 - 18 +12 = -16 ton
Stage (1) select section :

If select section as a compression member .
- F max = -28 ton
FC > 0.6 Ft & check F = +5 ton
- ix req. = kx.Lx/0.3a → a = 5.56 cm
=180
- iy req. = ky.Ly/0.45a = → a = 3.70 cm
180 → a = 5.1 cm
a>3 = 3 x 1.7
- Area req. = F /0.75 = 28/0.75 = 37.33 cm2
One angle = = 18.66 cm2
37.33 /2
- Choose 2 angles 100x100x10 , a = 10.0 cm , A = 19.20 cm2
ix= 3.04 cm , = 0.45 x 10 = 4.50 cm
iy
Stage (2) check of section :
- x = Kx.Lx / ix = / 3.04 = 98.7 <
300 180
/4.5 ENG
= L. GAZANA
66.7 <
11/1/2023 y =
= 300
ky.Ly / iy
180
max = 98.7
Fall = 1.4 - 0.000065 2

=
= 1.4 - 0.000065x 0.766 t/cm2
98.72
- Fact ( Case I ) = 28 / 2/19.2 = 0.729 t/cm2 < 0.766 OK
- Anet = 2 x 19.2 – 2 x 1.9 x 1 = 34.6 cm2
Example 4 :
- FDL= -5 ton FLL = -10 ton FwL= +35 ton
- Lx = 353 cm - Ly = 706 cm
Solution :
Case (I) FDL + FLL = -5 - 10 = -15 ton
Case (II) FDL + FWL = -10 + 35 = +30 ton
FDL+FLL+FWL = -5 - 10 + 35 = + 20 ton

If FC > 0.6 Ft select section as a
compression member .
Fc / Ft = 0.5 < 0.6 compression member.

- F (control) = -15 ton check F = 30 ton
& +
- ix req. = kx.Lx/0.3a =180 = 353 / 0.3a = 180 → a = 6.54 cm
- iy req. = ky.Ly/0.45a = 706 / 0.45 a = 180 → a = 8.716 cm
a–t >3 = 3 x 2.0 → a –t = 6.0 cm
- Area req. = F = 15 /0.75 = 20.0 cm2
/0.75
- One Choose 2 angles 20.0 /2 ,
angle = a = 10.0 cm , A == 19.20
10.0 cm2
cm2
100x100x10
ix= 3.04 cm , iy = 0.45 x 10 = 4.50 cm
Stage (2) Check of section :

- x = Kx.Lx / ix = 353 / 3.04 = 116 < 180
y = = 706 /4.5 = 156.9 < 180
ky.Ly
Fall / =
iy 7500 /
max = 2
7500 /= 157 =
0.30 t/cm2
2
157
- Fact ( Case I ) = 15 / 2/19.2 = 0.39 t/cm2 > 0.30 Unsafe
- Try 2 angles 110x110x10 A = 21.2 cm2

- x = Kx.Lx / ix = 353 / 3.36 = 105 < 180
y = ky.Ly / iy = 706 /.45/11 = 142 < 180
ENG L. GAZANA
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max = 142
Fall = 7500 2 =
2
0.368 t/cm2
/ 142
- = I ) 7500
Fact ( Case = 15 / 2/21.2 = 0.353t/cm2 < 0.368 OK
- Anet = 2 x 21.2/ – 2 x 1.9 x 1 = 38.6 cm2

SHEET : 4
Design the shown members in the given truss:

d) Design of member A
e) Design of member
f) B Design of
g) member C Design
of member D
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CONNECTION OF TRUSS MEMBERS
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
- BOLTED CONNECTIONS
SHEAR CONNECTIONS
Case 1 : Shear failure of bolts

Rsh = n . 0.20 fu . As for bolts 10.9
= n . 0.25 fu . As
for bolts 4.6, 8.8
where, n = no. of shear plans ,

As = stress area of bolts
= 0.78 A(bolt)
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Where :
Qsh = 0.25 fu = 0.25 x 4 = 1.0 t/cm2 bolt (4.6)
= 0.25 x 8 = 2.0 t/cm2 bolt (8.8)
= 0.2 x10 = 2.0 t/cm2 bolt (10.9)
Abolt =  . d /4
2
As = 0.78
Abolt
n = no. of shear
surfacecapacity load of bolts (8.8)
Shear
Bolt Diam. Area of bolt Stress area Single shear force
(mm) (cm2) (cm2) (ton)
M 12 1.13 0.84 1.68
M 14 1.54 1.20 2.40
M 16 2.01 1.57 3.14
M 20 3.14 2.45 4.90
M 22 3.80 3.03 6.06
M 24 4.52 3.53 7.06
M 27 5.73 4.59 9.18
M 30 7.06 5.61 11.22
Case 2 : Shear failure in the plates
• Check bearing force Rb =  . fu . d . tmin
Where , d = bolt diam.+ 0.2 , tmin = smallest plate thick.
 = 0.6 edge distance > 1.5 d

= 0.8 edge distance > 2 d
= 1.0 edge distance > 2.5 d
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e = 1.5 – 3 .0 D < 12 tmin

= 3.0 – 6.0 D < 14 tmin or 200 mm
S < 28 tmin or 400 mm ( staggered, tension and
inner rows )
g = 3.0 – 6.0 D < 14 tim or 200 mm (Several compression)
= 2.0 – 4.0 D < 14 tmin or 200 mm (Staggered compression)
D : Diameter of bolt
Diameter of Hole = D + 2.0 mm
DESIGN PROCEDURE OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS :
- Det F , t of gusset and diameter of bolt

- Det. The allowable shear force of bolt:
Rsh = As. Qsh . n
- Det. The allowable bearing force of plate.
Rb =  . fu . d . tmin
- No. of bolts = force / Rmin
Rmin is the lesser of Rsh and Rb
Example 5 :
Given :  = 16 mm (4.6) Or (8.8)

Case 1 : members 5 & 6 separate
Case 2 : members 5 & 6 continuous
Memb.1 : F=10.2t , 2 Ls 45x5
Memb.2 : F= 5.9t , 2 Ls 55x6
Memb.3 : F=16.3t , 2 Ls 60x6
Memb.4 : F=22.8t , 2 Ls 70x7
Solution :
- Use bolt 16 mm
A(bolt) = 2.01 cm2
Ast = 0.78x2.01 = 1.56
cm2
- qsh = 0.25 x 4 = 1.0 t/cm2 (case 1)
= 0.25 x 8 = 2.0 t/cm2 (case 2)
Rsh = 1.0 x 2 x 1.56 = 3.12 ton (case 1)
= 2.0 x 2 x 1.56 = 6.24 ton (case 2)
ENG L. GAZANA
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- 1.5  = 1.5x1.6 = 2.4 cm & 3  = 3x1.6 = 4.8 cm

qb = 0.6 x 3.6 = 2.16
t/cm2 tmin = 1.0 cm for gusset
t = 2 x 0.5 = 1.0 cm for angles
Rb = 2.16 x 1.0 x 1.6 = 3.456 ton
R min = 3.12 ton ( case 1)

= 3.456 ton ( case 2)
- Memeb.1
- N = 10.2 / 3.12 = 3.26 taken 4 (4.6)
= = 2.95 taken 3 (8.8)
10.2 / 3.456
- Memeb.2 :
- N = 5.9 /3.12 = 1.89 taken 2 (4.6)
= = 1.71 taken 2 (8.8)
5.9 / 3.45 members
- Case (1) Member 3,4
Separet
- Memeb.3 :
- N = 16.3 / 3.12 = 5.33 taken 6 (4.6)
= = 4.72 taken 5 (8.8)
16.3 / 3.45
-- Case
Memb.4 :
(2) Member 3,4 continuous
- N = 22.8/3.12 = 7.3 taken 8 (4.6)
F = 22.8 – 16.3 = 6.5 ton
= = 6.6 taken 7 (8.8)
N = 6.5 / 3.12 = 2.08 taken 3 (4.6)
22.8/3.45
= 6.5 / 3.45 = 1.88 taken 2 (8.8)
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SHEET : 5
- Design the shown members in the given truss:

- Design connections of truss
- If :
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WELDED CONNECTION
Type of welded connections :

- Butt weld
- Fillet weld
s = weld size
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11/1/2023
- Min. length of fillet weld > 4 s or 60 mm

- Max. length of fillet weld < 70 s
- Max. weld size:
- tmin of plate ≤ 6 mm , weld size s = tmin
- tmin of plate > 6 mm , weld size s = tmin – 2.0 mm
- Min. weld size s = 4.0 mm for building
- Allowable stress of weld qw = 0.2 Fu
Design of weld connection :
- Choose s , qw
- Det. F1 = force . e / a
- Det. F2 = force – F1
- L1 of wled = F1 / ( qw . s ) + 2 s
- L2 of weld = F2 / ( qw . s ) + 2 s
Example 6 :
For example No. 5 design the connections as welded
connections, assume st (37).
Case 1 : members 5 & 6 separate
Case 2 : members 5 & 6 continuous
Given :
Memb.1 : F=10.2t , 2 Ls 45x5
Memb.2 : F= 5.9t , 2 Ls 55x6
Memb.3 : F=16.3t , 2 Ls 60x6
Memb.4 : F=22.8t , 2 Ls 70x7
Solution :
- Use st.37 : fall = 0.2fu = 9.72 t/cm2
- max L = 40 s = 40x0.6 = 24 cm & min L =
5 cm
Memeb.1 2 Ls 45x5 : e = 1.28 cm , s = 0.5 cm

- F1 = 10.2 x 1.28 / 4.5 = 2.9 ton
L1= 2.9 /0.5 /0.72/2 +2x0.5 = 5.03 cm taken 6 cm
- F2 = 10.2 -2.9 = 7.3 ton
L2 = 7.3 /0.5/0.72/2 +2x0.5 = 6.07 cm taken 7 cm
Memeb.2 : 2 Ls 55x6 e = 1.56 cm , s = 0.6 cm
- F1 = 5.9 x 1.56 /5.5 = 1.67 ton

L1= 1.67 /0.6 /0.72/2 +2x0.6 = 3.13 cm taken 5 cm (min)
ENG L. GAZANA
11/1/2023
- F2 = 5.9 -1.67 = 4.23 ton

L2 = 4.23 /0.6/0.72/2 +2x0.6 = 6.09 cm taken 7 cm
Case (1) Member 3,4 Separet members

Memeb.3 : 2 Ls 60x6 e = 1.69 cm , s = 0.6 cm
- F1 = 16.3 x1.69 / 6 = 4.59 ton

L1= 4.59 /0.6 /0.72/2 +2x0.6 = 6.51 cm taken 7 cm
- F2 = 16.3 – 4.69 = 11.71 ton
L2 = 11.71 /0.6/0.72/2 +2x0.6 = 14.75 cm taken 15 cm
Memb.4 : 2 Ls 70x7 e = 1.97 cm, s = 0.7 cm
- F1 = 22.8 x 1.97 /7 = 6.4

ton L1= 6.4 /0.7 /0.72/2 +2x0.7 = 7.74 cm taken 8 cm
- F2 = 22.8 -6.4 = 16.4 ton
L2 = 16.4 /0.7/0.72/2 +2x0.7 = 17.66 cm taken 18 cm
Case (2) Member 3,4 continuous
- F = 22.8 – 16.3 = 6.5 ton

- F1 = 6.5 x 1.69 / 6 = 1.83 ton
L1= 1.83 /0.6 /0.72/2 +2x0.6 = 3.11 cm taken 5 cm
- F2 = 6.5 – 1.83 = 4.67 ton
L2 = 4.67 /0.6/0.72/2 +2x0.6 = 6.605 cm taken 7 cm
ENG L. GAZANA
11/1/2023
SHEET 6 :
- Design the shown members in the given truss:

- Design connections of truss
- If :
- All connections are welded connections s=6 mm .
ENG L. GAZANA
11/1/2023

Lectures in Steel Structure Design 1

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Lectures in Steel Structure Design 1

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LECTURES IN STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN -1

TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE :

- Bridges & special buildings ( electric towers – tanks – arches…..)

- Suspended structures. ( bridges and buildings )

 ( density ) = 7.85 ton / m3

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL MATERIAL

- High strength : Fu = 3.6 t/cm2, fy=2.4 t/cm2 (st 37)

- Equal strength f (tension) = f (compression )

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL MATERIAL

COMPONENTS OF STEEL HALLS :

Layout of steel hall

MAIN FRAME TYPES

STEEL CROSS-SECTION TYPES :

1 Allowable strength design (ASD)

fall < fact

2 Load and resistance

160 Rigid accessible surface

120 Rigid inaccessible surface

C = pressure factor on surface

= Lee word factor = 0.5

q = zone wind pressure from table

Table -1 wind pressure value ( q ) .

STEEL MEMBER TYPES

STEEL CONNECTIONS TYPES

DESIGN OF STEEL TRUSS

Main components of truss :

Ow of slab 10 cm = 0.1 * 2500 = 250 kg/m2

PDL = 2 x 5 x 295 = 2950 kg = 2.95 ton

Wind-word = 0.8 x 70 = 56 kg/m2

kg Pw3 =35x2x5 = 350 P1/2 P2/2

kg Pw4 = 42x2x5 =420

PLL = 50 x 2 x 5 = 500 kg = 0.5

- Wind load same as case 1

fact = Force (P) / Anet

An : net area of the section = Agross – holes area

For one angle:

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF TENSION MEMEBR

• Anet = Agross – hole area(s)

Stage (1) Select section :

- Choose 2 angles 55x55x5 , a = 5.5 cm , A = 8.23 cm2

Stage (2) Check of stresses :

- Anet = 2 x 8.23 – 2 (1.7+0.2) x 0.8 = 13.42 cm2

If use one angle in example 1 :

Stage (1) Select section :

- iv. req. = kv. Lv/0.2a = 300 → a = 5.0 cm

Stage (2) : Check of stresses a = 8.0

For one angle:

A2 = ( a - t ) t = ( 8.0 - 1.2 ) x 1.2 = 8.16 cm2

- Fact ( Case I ) = 18 / 13.27 = 1.356 t/cm2 < 1.4 OK

Design the shown members in the given truss:

According to Egyptian code :

Ga = 10 for hinged support

Sidesway Prevented Sidesway Permitted

Design of compression member

Stage (1) select section :

Fall = 1.4 - 0.000065 2

Stage (1) Select section :

Fc / Ft = 0.5 < 0.6 compression member.

Stage (2) Check of section :

- Try 2 angles 110x110x10 A = 21.2 cm2

- Anet = 2 x 21.2/ – 2 x 1.9 x 1 = 38.6 cm2

Design the shown members in the given truss: