ARC 216

GROUP 2
TOPICS
1. BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS.
2. HOUSE TYPES.
3. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
4. CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT.
5. SOURCES OF INFORMATION IN THE CONSTrUCTION INDUSTRY.
GROUP MEMBERS
1. ABIODUN DIDUNLOLUWA
2. OGUNNAIKE ALEXANDER
3. ANYA CHIDINMA
4. OMOWUMI PRECIOUS-ISAAC
5. OGBUDO WONDERFUL
BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS
BY DIDUN
 BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS
building classification is to define the risks in a building according to its use and not its construction.
 Buildings are classified from class 1 to class 10.
 There are some sub-classifications, identified with numbers and letters such as “class 1a”
 A building might have parts with different uses and thus, each part is classified separately.
 Building classifications are referenced in section a of governing requirement, part a6 of the ncc
(national construction code)
AND THE CLASSIFICATIONS CONSIST OF ;
 CLASS 1 BUILDINGS- HOUSES
STANDALONE SINGLE DWELLINGS OF A RESIDENTIAL NATURE, CAN BE HORIZONTALLY
ATTACHED TO OTHER CLASS 1 BUILDING.
 WHEN ATTACHED THEY ARE COMPLETELY REFERRED TO AS DUPLEX, TERRACE HOUSES, ROW
HOUSES AND TOWN HOUSES.
 WHEN THEY ARE ATTACHED THEY MUST BE SEPARATE FIRE/SOUND RESISTANT WALLS.

 CLASS 1 BUILDINGS ARE FURTHER SUB-DIVIDED TO CLASS 1A AND CLASS 1B

 CLASS 1A BUILDINGS ARE SINGLE DWELLING BUILDINGS, A DETACHED HOUSE
 WHILE CLASS 1B BUILDINGS ARE ESSENTIALLY BOARDING HOUSES, GUEST HOUSES OR
HOSTELS.
 CLASS 2 BUILDINGS
They are apartment buildings, milti-unit residential buildings where people live above and below each other.
 Ncc describes the space considered as an apartment as a sole-occupancy unit (sou).
 Class 2 buildings may also be single storey attached dwellings with a common space below. (basement or carpark)
 CLASS 3 BUILDINGS
They are a common place of long term or transient living for a number of unrelated people. E.g boarding house.
 Class 3 buildings Could include dormitory style accommodation or worker’s quarters.
 Class 3 buildings may also be care-type buildings (facilities) such as accommodation for children, the elderly or
people with disabilities.
 CLASS 4 PART OF A BUILDING
it’s a sole dwelling or residence within a building of non-residential nature.
 A caretaker’s residence in a storage facility is an example of a class 4 part of a building.
 A class 4 part can only be located in a class 5 to 9 building.
 There can only one class 4 part in a building.
 CLASS 5 BUILDINGS
they are office buildings used for professional or commercial purposes.
 Examples of class 5 buildings are office building for lawyers, accountants, architects, government agencies.
 A general medical practitioner’s office can be a class 5 building. However, once there is any medical treatment
being administered it becomes a health-care building.
 CLASS 6 BUILDINGS
class 6 buildings are typically shops, restaurants and café’s. places of sale of retail goods or supply services
direct to the public.
 Service stations such as filling stations are also class 6 buildings, but the service station in this context does not
include places for tyre replacement, panel beating e.t.c
 Examples of class 6 buildings include public launderies, showrooms (retail), a shopping mall, a hair stylist’s shop
e.t.c
 CLASS 7 BUILDINGS
class 7 buildings are storage-type buildings.

 Class 7 buildings are further sub-divided into class 7a and class 7b.
 Class 7a buildings are carparks.
 Class 7b buildings are typically warehouses, storage buildings, showrooms for wholesale goods.
 CLASS 8 BUILDINGS
class 8 buildings are buildings in which a process is carried out for trade, sale or gain.
 They are buildings for production.
 They are most commonly described as factories.
 CLASS 9 BUILDINGS
class 9 buildings are generally public buildings in nature.

 Class 9 buildings are further sub-divided into class 9a, class 9b and class 9c.
 Class 9a buildings are generally hospitals / healthcare buildings.
 Class 9b buildings are assembly buildings e.g religious assemblies.
 Class 9c buildings are residential care buildings that contain residents who have various care needs.
 CLASS 10 BUILDINGS
class 10 buildings are the non-habitable buildings.

 Class 10 buildings are sub-divided into class 10a, class 10b and class 10c.
 Class 10a buildings include sheds, carports and private garages.
 Class 10b buildings are structures like a fence, mast, antenna, swimming pool e.t.c
 A Class 10c building is a private bushfire shelter
HOUSE TYPES
BY ALEX
 HOUSE TYPES
house types are the means of classifying houses, it is important to note that there can be different
types of building based on the criteria which is used to classify them.
 There are two main parameter used in house classification.
 The first one is classification by structure type
 The second one is classification by style type
 TYPES OF HOUSES BY BUILDING
1. Single-family homes
Single-family homes are what you think of as your regular old house. These are homes that are detached, or aren’t
wall-to-wall with the neighbouring building. There’s usually a front yard, back yard, and a garage somewhere on the
property, all of which you would own. A single-family home is named as such because it’s meant for one family or
group of people who want to reside in the dwelling together. Single-family homes may be part of a residential
community.
2. Multifamily homes
Multifamily homes, on the other hand, are meant to house more than one family or a group of people. Apartment
buildings are one example of a multifamily building, but a house that’s divided into two or more separate dwellings
would also qualify. For example, if the basement level of a house was properly outfitted into its own dwelling with a
separate entrance, the building would be a multifamily house.
3. Apartments
An apartment is a housing unit that shares a common wall with a neighbouring unit within a large building. The
owner of the apartment building rents each unit out to separate tenants.
4. Townhouses
Townhouses are like single-family homes in training. You own the home and the land it sits on, though the
amount of land is usually limited — townhouses are built very close together and are often connected to each other.
They are narrow and have multiple floors, and may be part of a townhouse community
5. Condos
A condo is typically a unit in a large building, but it may be a smaller multilevel level home attached to others.
Although condos may resemble apartments or houses, this type of housing is defined by ownership. The defining
characteristic of a condo is that when you buy one, you only own the airspace within the walls of your dwelling, but
everything else is jointly owned with other condo owners. Condos typically come with many shared amenities and
common spaces.
6. Co-ops

While co-ops resemble apartments or condos, the people who live in co-ops don’t technically own their homes —
they own a share of the corporation or cooperative that owns the building and all the homes in it. Run by a board, co-
op buildings are well-maintained but have strict rules set by the coop board, which might not always square with
residents
 TYPES OF HOUSES BY STYLE

1. Cape Cod
The Cape Cod style originated in the 1700s in its namesake city in Massachusetts. These houses are charming but
hardy – built to withstand the rough New England winters. Original Cape Cod homes were simple with wood siding,
roof shingles and a central door with a window on either side. Today, these same elements are incorporated, but the
homes are built with more space and, therefore, more windows. • Key features:
Shingles, wood siding, central door with flanking windows.
2. Colonial
Colonial homes share a lot of similarities with the Cape Cod style. They have a simple, rectangular, symmetrical
structure that dates back to the 1600s. The colonial style has a variety of different influences, identified by the
country that occupied the region at the time that they were built. These different types include English, French,
Dutch, Georgian, Spanish and American (which closely resembles English) colonials. Colonial homes are almost
always at least two stories tall and feature a central staircase and grand entryway.
• Key features: Two-plus stories tall, symmetrical, central stairway,
formal look
1. Contemporary
The contemporary style is often confused with modern, but the two should not be used interchangeably. The term
“contemporary” refers to the present, and “modern” refers to a time period that has already passed (e.g., mid-century
modern). Contemporary homes today often incorporate elements from modernist styles. Many boast ecofriendly
materials and design with a focus on clean lines and natural textures. The colour palettes are usually more neutral
with pops of colour added in the interior.
• Key features: Clean and simple lines, neutral colours, natural textures
4. Craftsman
The Craftsman style focuses on the value of handmade, well-constructed architecture. Craftsman houses go
against the mass-produced or cookie-cutter home developments – they’re typically a horizontal, sturdy build. They
feature beautiful hand-worked materials, exposed beams, low-pitched gable roofs and tapered columns on their
porches. Inside you may find custom elements like built-in bookshelves and a handlaid fireplace.
• Key features: Hand-crafted wood features, exposed beams, large columns
5. Greek Revival
Greek revival-style homes are some of the easiest to point out due to their impressive columns that emulate those
found on the Parthenon and other famous Greek buildings. Inspired by Greek democracy, philosophy and culture,
this style emerged in the U.S. in the 1830s. These houses have large columns with Greek-style embellishments, white
or subdued colours, and a grand front door and entrance.
• Key features: Large white columns, Greek-style embellishments, grand entrance
6. Farmhouse
Put simply, farmhouse-style homes pull inspiration from their namesake buildings for the interior and exterior of
the home. They often feature tall ceilings, exposed beams, a large front porch, a rectangular layout and a central
fireplace. Some farmhouse-style homes have barn-shaped roofs while others aren’t as on the nose. The details are
typically rustic, often featuring exposed brick and stone. Modern farmhouse style takes this rustic look and combines
it with more clean lines and other updated features.
• Key features: Rustic, rectangular floor plan, large porch, barn-inspired roofs and features
7. Mediterranean
Mediterranean-style homes feature elements from Spanish and Italian villas. A big focus is on indoor-outdoor
living, so they’re most popular in areas with temperate weather like California and Florida. These homes feature tiled
roofs, white stucco walls, warm stone and wood as well as metal work on balconies and windows. Even though most
Mediterranean-style houses have an understated look, you’ll often see splashes of colour through gorgeous tile work.
• Key features: White stucco, warm wood and stone, tiled roofs
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
BY CHIDINMA
 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
• The construction industry is the branch of manufacture and trade based on the building, maintaining, and repairing
structures. This includes drilling and solid mineral exploration.
• construction refers to any project that involves coming up with a design for a structure at a certain location, and
then putting together all the different elements to build that structure.

• The construction process is also highly organized; it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems,
the craftsmen who assemble them on the building site, the contractors who employ and coordinate the work of the
craftsmen, and consultants who specialize in such aspects as construction management, quality control, and
insurance.
• Construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to
moderate the effects of climate.
• Construction, Techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of structures. Early humans built
primarily for shelter, using simple methods. Building materials came from the land, and fabrication was dictated by
the limits of the materials and the builder’s hands. The erection sequence involved, as now, first placing a
foundation (or using the ground). The builder erected the structural system; the structural material (masonry, mud,
or logs) served as both skeleton and enclosure. Traditional bearing-wall and post-and-beam systems eventually
gave way to framed structures, and builders became adept at sealing and fireproofing with a variety of claddings
(exterior coverings) and finishes. Steel-framed buildings are usually enclosed by curtain walls. In modern-day
construction, sheathing the skeleton of the building is only the beginning; specialists then begin the bulk of the
work inside, installing plumbing, electrical wiring, HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning), windows,
floor coverings, plasterwork, moldings etc.
 Construction projects fall into three broad categories: Buildings and houses. Public works. Industrial projects.

1. Residential, like single and multi-family homes

2. Commercial, such as offices or warehouses

3. Industrial facilities, like factories or large-scale production facilities

4. Infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, airports, etc.

The construction industry can also be classified into;

• Building Construction Industry: All general contractors and operative builders primarily engaged in the
construction of residential, farm, industrial, commercial, or other buildings.

• Heavy Construction Industry: All general contractors primarily engaged in heavy construction other than
building, such as highways and streets, bridges, sewers, railroads, irrigation projects, and flood control projects
and marine construction. This includes special trade contractors primarily engaged in activities not normally
performed on buildings, such as highway grading or underwater rock removal. This does not include special trade
contractors primarily engaged activities performed on buildings

• Special Trade Construction Industry: All special trade contractors who undertake activities of a type that are
specialized either to building construction, including work on mobile homes, or to both building and nonbuilding
projects. This includes projects such as painting, electrical work, plumbing, etc. This does not include activities
specialized for heavy construction
Construction is also classified thus

1. Project owner: Perhaps the most important way to categorize construction is based on who owns the project or
property. Why is that? Because state and federal laws care about who owns the project when it comes to contracts,
payments, and the amount of risk that contractors and suppliers will carry on the project. Either public or private.
2. Fire resistance: Buildings are often classified by their fire resistance rating, which is a safety measure used to
calculate the structure’s ability to withstand a fire.
3. Building occupancy: Construction projects are often categorized by their occupancy, which refers both to their
use and the number of people allowed to occupy the facility.
EXAMPLES OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
• Building Construction. The construction of residential and commercial buildings
• Heavy Engineering. The building of heavy infrastructure such as bridges, canals, dams, airports, water
systems and railways
• Landscaping
• Trades
• Architecture
• Interior Design
• Materials
• HVAC
SOME OF RECENT CONSTRUCTION TRENDS
• Building Information Modeling (BIM)
• Construction Project Management
• Advanced Building Materials
• Offsite Construction
• Construction Monitoring
• Construction Worker Safety
• Green BuildingS
• 3D Printing
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT
BY ISAAC
 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

 It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of construction machines on every construction sites, which make
construction jobs easy, safe and quick.
 Depending on the application, construction machines are classified into various categories which we are
discussing here.
A. Earthmoving equipment
B. Construction vehicles
C. Material handling equipment
D. Construction equipment
GROUP A : EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENTS
*Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to :
- shift large amounts of earth,
- dig foundations and landscape areas.
*Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic excavators, bulldozers, compressors and loaders.
 A1 : EXCAVATORS
 Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform
(known as the "house").
 The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
 Excavators are also called diggers
 Excavators are used in many ways:
 Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
 Material handling
 Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
 Forestry work
 Demolition
 General grading/landscaping
 Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
 A2 : LOADERS
 A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction, primarily used to Load material
(such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock,
sand, and woodchips) into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt,
feedhopper, or railcar).
 A3 : SKID STEER LOADERS
 A skid loader or skid-steer loader is a small rigid frame, engine-powered machine with lift arms used to
attach a wide variety of labor-saving tools or attachments.
 Though sometimes they are equipped with tracks, skidsteer loaders are typically fourwheel vehicles
with the wheels mechanically locked in synchronization on each side, and the left-side drive wheels can be
driven independently of the right-side drive wheels.
 A4 : GRADERS
 A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a motor grader, is a
construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface.  Typical models have three axles,
with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front
end of the vehicle, with the blade in between.
 In civil engineering, the grader's purpose is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough grading"
performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as scrapers and bulldozers.
 Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads.
 In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface
for the asphalt to be placed on. Graders are also used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior
to the construction of large buildings.
 A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS
 The crawler loader combines the stability of the crawler tractor with the abilities of a wheel loader.
 However, to construct a reliable crawler loader it requires more than simply attaching a loader bucket
onto a crawler tractor. It must be designed with its specific purpose in mind to ensure it has the strength to
withstand heavy excavating.
 The introduction of hydraulic excavators diminished the market for the crawler loader because it was
unable to match the excavator's lifting power and flexibility.
 However, crawler loaders are capable of maneuvering across the entire construction site under its own
power, whereas most hydraulic excavators require towing or transport. While crawler tractors are still
being manufactured today for niche markets, they reached their peak of popularity in the 1960s.
 A6 : BACKHOE
 A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or digger consisting
of a digging bucket on the end of a twopart articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a
tractor or front loader.
 The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the
bucket is known as the dipper or dipper stick (the terms "boom" and "dipper" having been used previously
on steam shovels). The boom is attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the kingpost, which
allows the arm to slew left and right, usually through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern backhoes are
powered by hydraulics.
 A7 : BULLDOZERS
 A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a
blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or
conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen
densely-compacted materials.
 A8 : TRENCHERS
 Trenchers, or ditchers as they are sometimes called, are similar to excavators in the sense that they
penetrate the earth, breaking soil and rock, and remove it from the ground. They differ from excavators in
that the soil is removed in one continuous movement. Trenchers are specifically used for digging trenches
for pipes, but other machines have been improvised in the past to serve this purpose.
 Trenchers can come in two types: ladder trenchers and wheel trenchers, and can dig trenches at speeds
that other machines cannot compare to.
 A9 : SCRAPERS
 In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used for earthmoving.
 The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front
edge. The hopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. When the hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts
into the soil or clay like a plane and fills the hopper.
 When the hopper is full it is raised, and closed with a vertical blade (known as the apron). The scraper
can transport its load to the fill area where the blade is raised, the back panel of the hopper, or the ejector,
is hydraulically pushed forward and the load tumbles out. Then the empty scraper returns to the cut site
and repeats the cycle.
 A10 : WHEELED LOADING
SHOVELS
 A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel) is a bucketequipped
machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for
mineral extraction.  Power shovels are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in
open-cut mining operations, though it may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern
equivalent of steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion.
 A shovel's work cycle, or digging cycle, consists of four phases:
 digging
 swinging
 dumping
 returning
GROUP B : CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES
* Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing
construction (Civil engineering) tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving.
 B1 : DUMPERS
 A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites. Dumpers are
distinguished from dump trucks by configuration: a dumper is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the
load skip in front of the driver, while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load.
 The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name "dumper" comes from. They are normally
diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site tractor. Modern dumpers have payloads
of up to 10 tones and usually steer by articulating at the middle of the chassis.
 B2 : TIPPERS
 A truck or lorry the rear platform of which can be raised at the front end to enable the load to be
discharged by gravity also called tip truck.
 Tippers are suited for the rough and tumble of mining & quarrying operations, as well as for carrying
bulk loads in construction and infrastructure industries. Complete maneuverability, high performance and
longterm endurance are common to all trucks, resulting in lower operating costs.
 B3 : TRAILERS
 A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle.
 Commonly, the term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of goods and materials.
GROUP C : MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
 C1 : CRANES
 A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that
can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting
heavy things and transporting them to other places.
 It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the
normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and
unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing
industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.
 C2 : CONVEYORS
 A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one
location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy
or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of
materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries.
 C3 : FORKLIFTS
 A forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck, a forklift, or a tow-motor) is a powered industrial
truck used to lift and transport materials.
 Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities. In a typical warehouse setting most
forklifts used have load capacities between one to five tons. Larger machines, up to 50 tons lift capacity are
used for lifting heavier loads,
 C4 : HOISTS
 A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or liftwheel around which rope
or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber
or wire rope as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook.
 Also known as a Man-Lift, Buckhoist, temporary elevator, builder hoist, passenger hoist or construction
elevator, this type of hoist is commonly used on large scale construction projects, such as high-rise
buildings or major hospitals. There are many other uses for the construction elevator.
 Many other industries use the buckhoist for full time operations. The purpose is being to carry
personnel, materials, and equipment quickly between the ground and higher floors, or between floors in the
middle of a structure.
GROUP D : CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
 TUNNEL BORING MACHINE (TBM)
 A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a "mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a
circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through anything from hard
rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from a meter (done with micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to date.
Tunnels of less than a meter or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or
horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs.
 D2 : CONCRETE MIXERS
 A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines
cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a
revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used
so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete
before it hardens.
 Special concrete transport trucks (in–transit mixers) are made to transport and mix concrete up to the
construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during
transport. With this process, the material has already been mixing. The concrete mixing transport truck
maintains the material's liquid state through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery.
 D3 : COMPACTORS
 A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste material or soil through
compaction.
 In construction, there are three main types of compactor: the plate compactor, the "Jumping Jack" and
the road roller. The roller type compactors are used for compacting crushed rock as the base layer
underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs.
 The plate compactor has a large vibrating base plate and is suited for creating a level grade, while the
jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The jumping jack type is mainly used to compact the backfill
in narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.
 D4 : PAVERS
 A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is an engineering vehicle used to lay asphalt
on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck. A separate machine, a roller, is then used to press the hot
asphalt mix, resulting a smooth, even surface. The sub-base being prepared by use of a grader to trim
crushed stone to profile after rolling.
 D5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING
MACHINES
 Plaster spraying allows a plasterer to skim a drywall more than five times faster than using a hand float
to apply it. Although classic gypsum-based plaster can be sprayed if it is "spray grade," most plaster
sprayers prefer the organic-based pre-mixed plaster packaged in a plastic bag because the plaster spraying
machine does not need to be cleaned out after the job is finished, providing that plaster is kept moist.
 Worm-drive pump Most commonly, sprayers have a worm-drive pump that pumps the plaster up to a
spray gun that has a large nozzle, usually 4 to 8 mm, that extrudes the plaster into a chamber on the end of
the gun
 Piston pump Newer types of plaster sprayer have a piston pump, which has sufficient pressure to spray
smooth (untextured) plaster without compressed air.
 D6 : ROAD ROLLER
 A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type engineering
vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations,
similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.
 D7 : STONE CRUSHERS
 A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust. Crushers
may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed
of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of
different composition can be differentiated.
 D8 : SLURRY&HEAVY DUTY PUMPS
 A Slurry pump is a type of centrifugal pump in physics principle that increases the pressure of liquid and
solid particle mixture (aka slurry), through centrifugal force (a rotating impeller) and converts electrical
energy into slurry potential and kinetic energy.  A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids,
gases or slurries. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION IN THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
BY WONDERFUL
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. Working drawing: intended for use bu a contractor / sub-contractor
Shows what is to be built
Elevation to all construction sides
Section of the building
Detailed drawings for some aspects
Sizes of rooms and height
Show the materials to be used

2. Building regulations 2010

Mainly if there is a need for alteration projects
E.g. replacing fuse boxes, install a bathroom involving plumbing.
3. schedules: used to record repetitive design information about a range of similar components
Mainly used for doors, windows, ironmongery, radiators, wall tiling, floor tiling e.t.c.
It is essential when preparing estimates and tenders
It is also useful when measuring quantities, locating work and checking deliveries.
4. Specifications
 it is used to supplement the working drawings.
It is a precised description of all essential information and job requirements affecting price of the work
but can’t be shown on the drawings.
5. Bills of quantities: produced by the quantity surveyor, working for the architect.
It gives a complete description and measure of the quantities of labour, material and other items needed
to carry out the works based on working drawings, specification and schedules.
Risk assessment: systematic process of identifying the potential risks involved in building activity.
Method statement: helps manage the work and ensures necessary precautions have been communicated
to those involved.
Programme of work: it illustrates the sequence of work activities.
It details when the item of work is to be carried out and how long it takes, how many employees are
required to carry out the work, what materials are required and what equipment
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