Heredity:

Inheritance
and Variation
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Veronica S. Garcia
Protein
Synthesis

• What body parts are pointed at?

• What are these body part made of?
• What are proteins?
• What are the roles and functions of
protein? 20XX 2
 Proteins
- composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS:

• Channels in membranes – controls the movement of molecules in and
out of the cell.
• Structural molecules – for examples; making up hair or nails in animals
• Hormones – to regulate the activities of the cells.
• Antibodies – in the immune system
• Enzymes – acts as catalysts in biological systems.
Presentation title 20XX 3
 DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid

stores genetic information

-

- double stranded ( the DNA strands are called

polynucleotides
- contains four basic building blocks or bases:
Adenine ( A ), Cytosine ( C ), guanine ( G ) and
Thymine ( T )
- contains deoxyribose ( sugar )
- remains in the nucleus
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 DNA REPLICATION
- a process by which DNA is copied

- referred to as “ semi-conservative” .
-requires the action of three main enzymes each with
their own specific role:
 Helicase unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule.
Single-stranded binding proteins (SSB) attach to the
loose strands of DNA to keep them from re-forming
the hydrogen bonds that helicase just broke apart.

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 DNA REPLICATION
- a process by which DNA is copied

 DNA polymerase creates new

complimentary strand of DNA on each
of the original halves that were
separated by helicase. New nucleotides
are added through complimentary base
pairing : A pairs with T, and C with G.
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 DNA REPLICATION
- a process by which DNA is copied

 Once DNA polymerase has replicated the DNA,

ligase completes the final stage of DNA
replication. It repairs gaps in the sugar-
phosphate backbone between Okazaki
fragments. Once this is complete, the DNA coils
back into its classic double helix structure. New
set of DNA contains one old and one new
strand, these DNAs are described as being “
semi-conservative”
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 RNA
- Ribonucleic Acid

FUNCTIONS OF RNA
The main function of RNA is to help make proteins. There are three
main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis:
1. messenger RNA or mRNA
2. ribosomal RNA or rRNA
3. transfer RNA or tRNA
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 messenger RNA or mRNA

-copies or transcribes the genetic

instructions from DNA in the
nucleus and carries them to the
cytoplasm.

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 ribosomal RNA or rRNA

- Helps form ribosomes, where

proteins are assembled.
Ribosomes also contain
proteins.

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 transfer RNA or tRNA

-brings amino acids to

ribosomes, where rRNA
catalyzes the formation of
chemical bonds between them
to form a protein
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https://youtu.be/TNKWgcFPHqw

https://youtu.be/gG7uCskUOrA
Protein Synthesis
- the process of creating protein molecules.

- it involves amino acid synthesis, transcription,

translation and post-translational events.

- initially occurs in the nucleus to create a

transcript (mRNA) of the coding region of the
DNA. The transcript leaves the nucleus and

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and reaches the ribosomes for
translation into protein molecule with a
specific sequence of amino acids.

THREE MAJOR TYPES OF RNA

INVOLVED IN PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS:

1. mRNA or messenger RNA

2. rRNA or ribosomal RNA
3. tRNA or transfer RNA

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Comparison between DNA and RNA

1. DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is

single-stranded

2. SUGAR in DNA is DEOXYRIBOSE,

while in RNA is RIBOSE

3. the NITROGEN BASES in DNA are:

Adenine ( A ) Guanine ( G )
Thymine ( T ) and Cytosine ( C)

while in RNA:
Adenine ( A ) Guanine ( G )
Cytosine ( C ) and Uracil ( U )

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Components of DNA and RNA :

1. sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogenous base.
Steps in
protein
synthesis

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1. TRANSCRIPTION

- is the transfer of genetic

instructions in DNA to mRNA in the
nucleus. It includes three steps :
a. Initiation
b. elongation
c. termination

- after the mRNA is processed, it

carries the instructions to a ribosome
in the cytoplasm.
1. THREE STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION:

a. INITIATION

- beginning of transcription.
- occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a
region of a gene called the promoter. This signals the DNA
to unwind so the enzyme can “read” the bases in one of the
DNA strands. The enzymes is now ready to make a strand
of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases
b. ELONGATION

- the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand.

RNA polymerase reads the unwind DNA strand and
builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary
base pairs. There is a brief time during this process
when the newly formed RNA is bound to the unwind
DNA. During this process, an Adenine (A) in the DNA
binds to an Uracil (U) in the RNA.
c. TERMINATION

- is the ending of transcription and

occurs when RNA polymerase crosses
a stop ( termination) sequence in the
gene. The mRNA strand is complete,
and it detaches from DNA.
2. TRANSLATION

- process of translating the sequence of a

mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids
during protein synthesis. The genetic code
describes the relationship between the
sequence of the base pairs in a gene and the
corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encode.
GENETIC CODE
- the sequence of nucleotides in DNA
and RNA that determines the amino
acid sequence of proteins. Though the
linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA
contains the information for protein
sequences, proteins are not made
directly from DNA. Instead, a mRNA
molecule is synthesized from the DNA
and directs the information of the
protein.