MATH 2 – STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
MATH 2
Content:

▸ 1 Random Variables and Probability Distributions

▸ 2 Normal Distribution
▸ 3 Sampling and Sampling Distributions
▸ 4 Estimation of Parameters
▸ 5 Test of Hypothesis
▸ 6 Correlation and Regression Analyses
DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE
CONCEPTS IN STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
1
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
▸ It is the process of collecting and analyzing data in
making inferences about a sample or a population.

2
▸ Population refers to the group being studied.
▸ Parametric data or parameter refers to the data
gathered from a population.
SAMPLE VS. ▸ A sample refers to a subgroup that is selected from the
POPULATION population.
▸ Statistical data is the data gathered from a sample.
3
SAMPLING
▸ Sampling is selecting a group that best represents the
entire population.

4
▸ Probability refers to the likelihood that a certain event
will happen.

PROBABILITY
5
RANDOM
EXPERIMENTS
▸ Random experiments are the processes where the
conditions may be replicated but the outcomes cannot be
determined with certainty.

6
▸ Sample space is the set of all possible outcomes in a
random experiment.

SAMPLE SPACE
7
EVENT
▸ An event refers to a subset of outcomes in a sample space.

8
▸ If an event consists of one outcome alone, it is considered
a simple event. On the other hand, if an event consists of
two or more outcomes, it is called a compound event.
SIMPLE VS.
COMPOUND
EVENT
 INTERPRETATIONS OF

9 PROBABILITY
• CLASSICAL PROBABILITY is applied when each of the outcomes
is assumed to have an equal likelihood of happening. In this situation,
the probability of an event is solved by dividing the number of
outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes.

• EMPIRICAL PROBABILITY – the probability of an event is

determined by carrying out an experiment. An empirical probability
becomes more reliable if an experiment is carried out with numerous
trials.

• SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY is based on an educated guess or

estimate.
CLASSICA ▸ What is the probability of rolling a die and getting an even number?
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EXAMPLE: When a die is rolled, it is safe to assume that each of the
outcomes has an equal chance of occurring. Given that there are three
even numbers on a die, that means that the event consists of three
outcomes: 2, 4 and 6. On the other hand, there are six outcomes in the
sample space: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. the probability, therefore, is solved
using the formula of classical probability.

=
CLASSICA ▸ What is the probability of getting a face card from a
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EXAMPLE: standard deck of cards?
EMPIRICA ▸ A teacher recorded the scores of her students in a five-item quiz.
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EXAMPLE: The scores and their frequencies are recorded below.

Score Frequency
5 23
4 16
3 12
2 6
1 2
Total 59
What is the probability that a randomly selected student got a
score of 3?
SUBJECTIVE
EXAMPLE: ▸ Weather forecast
RULE IN
PROBABILITY
“In rounding off probabilities, the rule is to round
off up to 3 decimal places. For probabilities
expressed in percent form, round off to one
decimal place. If it is too small, round off to the
first significant figure. For probabilities expressed
in fractions, express in lowest terms.”
 RANDOM VARIABLES
10 • Random Variables – characteristics or measurement that take on
values as determined by chance.
Random variables are classified into two:
discrete and continuous
• A random variable is described as discrete if it assumes distinct,
separate or countable values.
• A random variable is continuous if it can assume an infinite number
of values at a given interval. These are variables that are
determined through measurement instead of counting.
More Examples:
Identify if the following random variables are discrete or continuous.
Write the answer in the blank before the number.
__________1. the exact amount of time a swimmer needs to finish a
50-meter swim
__________2. the number of babies born in a hospital per day
__________3. the score of a volleyball set
__________4. the exact mass of an apple pie made by a baker
__________5. the number of packs of candies a grocery store sells in
a day