Presenting and Interpreting

data in Tabular or Graphical

forms
01. PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA

PRESENTING AND
INTERPRETING
DATA

TECHNIQUES IN PRESENTATION AND

DATA INTERPRETATION OF
PROCESSING DATA
. PROCESSING OF DATA

EDITING
QUESTIONNAIRE CODING
CHECKING

DATA TECHNIQUES IN DATA CLASSIFICATION

ADJUSTING PROCESSING

TABULATION
DATA CLEANING

GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHECKING
When the data is collected through questionnaires, the first steps of
data preparation process is to check the questionnaires if they are
accepted or not.

NOT ACCEPTED IF:

 Incomplete partially or fully
 Answers by a person has inadequate knowledge
 gives the impression that the respondent could not
understand the questions.
EDITING Editing of data is a process of examining the
collected raw data (in surveys) to detect errors
and omissions and to correct these when
possible

FIELD CENTRAL
EDITING EDITING

TRANSLATING
ERROR
OR
REPLACEMENT
REWRITING
. Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals
CODING
or other symbols to answers so that responses can
be put into limited number of categories or classes.

Tired

Sleepy
Bored

Student’s
Lack of
Motivation
.
CLASSIFICATION
Classification of data which happens to be the
process of arranging data in group or classes on
the basis of common characteristics.

ATTRIBUTES
 only their presence and absence in an
CLASSIFICATION individual items can be noticed

CLASS INTERVALS
 size of each class into which a range of
ATTRIBUTES CLASS INTERVALS
a variable is divided
.
TABULATION
• Tabulation is the process of summarizing raw data
and displaying the same in compact form( i.e., in the
form of statistical tables ) for further analysis.
• Tabulation is an orderly arrangement of data in
columns and rows.
. • Graphical representation refers to the use of
GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION charts and graphs to visually display, analyze,
clarify, and interpret numerical data, functions,
and other qualitative structures.
• Graphs help to understand the data easily.
• Most common graphs are bar charts and pie
charts.
Sales

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

.
DATA CLEANING Checking the data for consistency
and treatment for missing value.

Data adjusting is not always

DATA ADJUSTING necessary but it may improve the
quality of analysis sometimes.
 PART 02

The next step after editing, coding, and tabulating the

data is to present them into graphical or visual
presentation called non-prose materials. The purpose
of presenting the data in this way is to make the
outlined of the results more presentable. Non-prose
materials are composed of graphs, bars, tables, charts,
diagrams, illustrations, drawings, and maps.
01. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

PRESENTATION AND
INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
RELEVANCE

SUMMARIZING INTERPRETING
DATA DATA
REASONS

TABULAR GRAPHICAL
CONDUCTING CONSIDER
RESEARCH DATA(other)
.
TABULAR TABLES
 Simplest way to summarize data
 Data are presented as absolute numbers or percentages

TABLES: Frequency Distribution

Set of categories with numerical counts
Year Number of births
1900 61
1901 58
1902 75
.
TABULAR

TABLES: Relative Frequency

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

x 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Year # births (n) Relative frequency (%)

1900–1909 35 27
1910–1919 46 34
1920–1929 51 39
Total 132 100.0
.
TABULAR

Percentage of births by decade between 1900 and 1929

Year Number of births (n) Relative frequency (%)

1900–1909 35 27
1910–1919 46 34
1920–1929 51 39
Total 132 100.0
.
GRAPHICAL
 Charts and graphs are used to portray:
Trends, relationships, and comparisons
 The most informative are simple and
self-explanatory

USE THE RIGHT TYPE OF GRAPHIC

• Charts and graphs

• Bar chart: comparisons, categories of data
• Line graph: display trends over time
• Pie chart: show percentages or proportional share
.
GRAPHICAL
Bar chart
Comparing categories
6

4
Site 1
3
Site 2
2 Site 3

0
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
.
GRAPHICAL Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by quarter

% o f new enrollees tested for 6

5
4
HIV

3
2
Site 1
1
Site 2
0 Site 3
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Months
.
GRAPHICAL
Has the program met its goal?
Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by
quarter

60%
% of new enrollees tested

50%
40%
for HIV

30% Site 1
20% Site 2
Site 3
10%
0%
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
.
GRAPHICAL Stacked bar chart
Represent components of whole & compare wholes
Number of Months Female and Male Patients Have Been
Enrolled in HIV Care, by Age Group

Females 4 10

0-14 years
15+ years
Males 3 6

0 5 10 15
.
GRAPHICAL
Line graph
Displays trends over time
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4*

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3
1

0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
.
Pie chart
GRAPHICAL
Contribution to the total = 100%
Percentage of All Patients Enrolled by Quarter
8%

10%

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
23% 59% 4th Qtr
. INTERPRETING • Adding meaning to information by making connections
DATA and comparisons and exploring causes and
consequences

Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
. INTERPRETING
DATA Interpretation – relevance of
finding
• Does the indicator meet the target?
• How far from the target is it?
• How does it compare (to other time periods, other
facilities)?
• Are there any extreme highs and lows in the data?

Interpretation – possible causes?

• Supplement with expert opinion
• Others with knowledge of the program or target
population
. INTERPRETING
DATA Interpretation – consider other data
Use routine service data to clarify questions
• Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review
commodities data against client load, etc.
Use other data sources
Interpretation – other data sources
• Situation analyses
• Demographic and health surveys
• Performance improvement data
. INTERPRETING
DATA
Interpretation – conduct further
research
• Data gap conduct further research
• Methodology depends on questions being asked and
resources available
Key messages
• Use the right graph for the right data
• Tables – can display a large amount of data
• Graphs/charts – visual, easier to detect patterns
• Label the components of your graphic
• Interpreting data adds meaning by making connections
and comparisons to program
• Service data are good at tracking progress & identifying
concerns – do not show causality
Thank YOU