“States of Matter”

Chemistry I
Kinetic energy: Energy due to
an object’s motion!

65,000 lbs Truck traveling 50

mph
 Kinetic Theory
 States that the tiny particles in all forms of
matter are in constant motion!

PARTICLE PARTICLES OF A PARTICLES

S OF A GAS LIQUID OF A SOLID
 Kinetic Theory
 The arrangement of particles of matter differ
also!
 The Nature of Gases
 Three basic assumptions of the kinetic
theory as it applies to gases:
 #1. Gas is composed of particles-
usually molecules or atoms
 Small, hard spheres
 Insignificant volume; relatively far
apart from each other
 No attraction or repulsion between
particles
 The Nature of Gases
 #2. Particles in a gas move rapidly
in constant random motion
 Move in straight paths, changing
direction only when colliding with one
another or other objects
 Random walk (aimless, uninterrupted
path) is a very short distance.
 The Nature of Gases
 #3. Collisions are perfectly
elastic- meaning kinetic energy
is transferred without loss from
one particle to another. The total
kinetic energy remains constant
 Gas Pressure
 Gas Pressure –the force exerted by
a gas per unit surface area of an
object
 Due to: a) force of collisions, and b)
number of collisions
 The Nature of Gases
 Atmospheric pressure results from
the collisions of air molecules with
objects
 Decreases as you climb a mountain
because the air layer thins out as
elevation increases
 Atmospheric
Pressure
The first device for
measuring atmospheric
pressure was
developed by
Evangelista Torricelli
during the 17th century.

The device was called

a “barometer”
Baro = weight
Meter = measure
 An Early
Barometer
a straight glass tube
filled with Hg, and
closed at one end;
placed in a dish of Hg,
with the open end
below the surface
 The Nature of Gases
 TheSI unit of pressure is the
pascal (Pa)
 At
sea level, atmospheric pressure is
about 101.3 kilopascals (kPa)
 The Nature of Gases

Common Unit Equalities for Pressure

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa

***Memorize these values!

 What happens when a
substance is heated?
Particles absorb energy!
 Some of the energy is stored within
the particles- this is potential energy,
and does not raise the temperature
 Remaining energy speeds up the
particles (increases average kinetic
energy)- thus increases temperature
 Temperature is a measure of the Average
Kinetic Energy

“HOT” “COLD”
Fast Slow

*Vector = gives direction and magnitude

 Temperature
 An increase in the average kinetic
energy of particles causes the
temperature to rise
 as it cools, the particles tend to
move more slowly, and the
average K.E. declines
 Temperature
 The Kelvin temperature scale
reflects a direct relationship
between temperature and average
kinetic energy
 Particlesof He gas at 200 K have
twice the average kinetic energy as
particles of He gas at 100 K
 Absolute Zero
 Theoretical point at which all particle motion
ceases.
 0 Kelvin (K) or – 273 o C

Condensate of Rubidium Atoms

formed at temperatures of only
a few hundred billionths of
degree above absolute zero.
( 0.0000000005 K)
Is there a point at which all particle
motion ceases?
 STP

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure

0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Water Molecules in Hot and Cold Water

Hot water Cold Water

90 oC 10 oC
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
 Water Molecules in the same
temperature water

Water Water
(50 oC)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
(50 oC)
 The Nature of Liquids
 Liquid particles are also in motion.
 Liquid particles are free to slide
past one another
 However, liquid particles are
attracted to each other, whereas
gases are not
 The Nature of Liquids
 The intermolecular attractions also
reduce the amount of space between
particles of a liquid
 Thus, liquids are more dense than
gases
 Increasing pressure on liquid has
hardly any effect on it’s volume
 The Nature of Liquids
 Increasing the pressure also has
little effect on the volume of a solid
 For
that reason, liquids and solids are
known as the condensed states of
matter
 The Nature of Liquids
 The conversion of a liquid to a gas
or vapor is called vaporization
 When this occurs at the surface of a
liquid that is not boiling, the process is
called evaporation
 Some of the particles break away and
enter the gas or vapor state; but only
those with the minimum kinetic energy
Microscopic view of a liquid near
its surface

The high energy

molecules escape
the surface.
 The Nature of Liquids
 Evaporation is a cooling process
 Coolingoccurs because those with
the highest energy escape first
 The Nature of Liquids
 Evaporation of a liquid in a closed
container is somewhat different
 Dynamic equilibrium is established

 Rate of condensation = Rate of

evaporation.
Behavior of a liquid in a closed
container
Evaporation

H2O(g)
molecules
(water vapor)

H2O(l)
molecules
 Pressure
 Manometer
 measures contained gas pressure
 Manometer Atmospheric Pressure

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 401

 760 mm Hg

Manometer B

h = 120 mm

more

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 401

 The Nature of Liquids
 The boiling point (bp) is the
temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid is just equal to
the external pressure on the liquid
 Bubbles form throughout the
liquid, rise to the surface, and
escape into the air
 The Nature of Liquids
The bp changes if the external
pressure changes
 Normal boiling point- defined as
the bp of a liquid at a pressure of
101.3 kPa (or standard pressure)
 The Nature of Liquids
 Normal bp of water = 100 oC
 However, in Denver = 95 oC, since
Denver is 1600 m above sea level and
average atmospheric pressure is about
85.3 kPa (Recipe adjustments?)
 In pressure cookers, which reduce
cooking time, water boils above 100 oC
due to the increased pressure
 - Page 394

Not Boiling Normal Boiling Point Boiling, but @

@ 101.3 kPa = 100 oC 34 kPa = 70 oC
 - Page 394

Questions:
 Vapor Pressure
61.3oC 78.4oC 100oC
101.3
93.3

80.0
Pressure (KPa)

l
ho
66.6

or

o
of

alc
lor
53.3

yl
ch

et h
40.0 r
e
at
w
26.7

13.3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (oC)
 The Nature of Solids
 The properties of solids reflect the
orderly arrangement of their
particles and the fixed locations of
their particles.

 Melting occurs when the

organization of particles breaks down.
 The Nature of Solids
 Most solid substances are crystalline.

 In a crystal the particles are arranged

in an orderly, repeating 3-D pattern
called a crystal lattice.
 The sides of a crystal are called faces.
 The Nature of Solids
 Amorphous solids lack an ordered internal
structure.
 Examples are rubber, plastic, asphalt and glass.

 Allotropes are two or more different molecular

forms of the same element in the same
physical state.
 Examples include graphite, diamond, and fullerenes.
 Changes of State
 Sublimation- the change of a
substance from a solid directly to
a vapor, without passing through
the liquid state
Examples: iodine (Fig. 13.14, p.
401); dry ice (-78 C); mothballs;
o

solid air fresheners

 Changes of State
 Sublimation is useful in situations such
as freeze-drying foods- such as by
freezing the freshly brewed coffee, and
then removing the water vapor by a
vacuum pump
 Also useful in separating substances -
organic chemists use it separate
mixtures and purify materials
 Changes of State
 Phase diagram- gives the temperature
and pressure at which a substance
exists as solid, liquid, or gas (vapor)
 Changes of State
 Each region represents a pure phase
 Line between regions is where the
two phases exist in equilibrium
Triple point is where all 3 curves
meet, the conditions where all 3
phases exist in equilibrium!
 Phase changes by Name
Pressure (kPa)

Temperature (oC)