Faculty of Engineering & Survey

COURSE UNIT: Electrical machines 1

COURSE CODE: ELE2104

LECTURER: Mr. Kibirige David

NAMES REGISTRATION
NKABI DOREEN 22/2/329/WJ/252
ONYAKOL JOSEPH 23/2/329/WJ/200
KIZITO MOSES 22/2/329/WJ/011
 Assignment
Discus about the following in single phase synchronous
motors.
a) Construction
b) Mode of operation
c) Advantages
d) Disadvantages.
e) Applications
SINGLE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

• Synchronous motors are constant speed motors

. The speed depends upon supply frequency
and the number of poles for which the machine
is designed.
• = where f=supply frequency ;Ns =
synchronous speed.
• P = number of motor poles.
SINGLE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

• They are built for wider range of output and speed.

• They were usually built in miniature ratings as low
as 0.001KW and used in clocks, CD players, etc.
• Now days with the rising emphasis on efficiency,
these motors are taking more prominent roles in
appliances, industrial uses and commercial
vehicular applications.
• We have two types, namely, reluctance and
hysteresis motors.
 RELUCTANCE MOTORS
• A reluctance motor is a switched reluctance machine with
6 stator and four rotor poles.
type of electric motor
that induces non
permanent magnetic
poles on the
ferromagnetic rotor.
• The rotor does not have
any windings. It
generates torque through
magnetic reluctance
 HYSTERESIS MOTOR
• Is a synchronous motor with a cylindrical
rotor.
• It does not require any DC excitation to the
rotor.
• It uses non projected poles.
• It is a single phase motor with rotor made up
of ferromagnetic material.
 Construction of single phase Synchronous motors.
Reluctance Motors
• Stator Winding: The stator winding in a reluctance motor resembles that of
a split-phase or capacitor-start motor. It consists of squirrel cage windings.
• Rotor Configuration: The rotor, however, is assembled from laminations
with salient poles. These poles are cut out from the rotor lamination, creating
distinct teeth. The rotor slots still contain parts of a squirrel cage winding.
• Starting Mechanism: Initially, the motor behaves like an induction motor.
The starting winding is open-circuited by a centrifugal switch at
approximately 75% of synchronous speed.
• Locking into Synchronism: Due to the light load applied to this motor,
there is minimal slip. The salient rotor poles tend to become magnetized by
the stator poles and lock together.
• Operating Speed: If the number of salient rotor poles is a multiple of the
stator poles, the motor operates at a constant speed, which is a sub-multiple
of the synchronous speed. This is known as a sub-synchronous reluctance
motor.
 Hysteresis Motors

• Rotor Material: In hysteresis motors,

the rotor is constructed from specially
hardened steel cylinders (instead of thin
laminations). These rotors have
substantial hysteresis losses.

• Locking Mechanism: Hysteresis

opposes any change in magnetic
polarities of the rotor once they are
established. The rotor poles lock into
the stator poles of opposite polarities.

• Self-Starting: Unlike most

synchronous motors, hysteresis motors
have starting torque and are self-
starting without additional means.
RELUCTANCE MOTOR OPERATION

• When a stator pole is equidistant from two

adjacent rotor poles, the stator pole is said to
be in the fully “unaligned position”. This is the
position of maximum magnetic reluctance for
the rotor pole.
• In the aligned position, two or more rotor
poles are fully aligned with two or more stator
poles. This is a position of minimum
reluctance.
RELUCTANCE MOTOR OPERATION

• When a stator pole is energized, the rotor pole

is in the direction that reduces reluctance. Thus
the nearest rotor pole is pulled from the
unaligned position into alignment with the
stator field (a position of less reluctance).
• This is the same effect used by a solenoid or
when picking up a ferromagnetic metal with a
magnet.
RELUCTANCE MOTOR OPERATION CONT’N

• To sustain rotation the stator field must rotate

in advance of the rotor poles, thus constantly
pulling the rotor along.
• Most modern designs are of switched
reluctance because electronic commutation
gives significant control advantages for motor
starting, speed control and smooth
operation( low torque ripple).
HYSTERESIS MOTOR OPERATION

• Initially when the motor is started it behaves as

single phase motor and while running it
behaves as a synchronous motor.
• The rotating magnetic field induces poles in
the rotor.
HYSTERISIS MOTOR OPERATION

• The rotor material is chosen because of its

hysteresis properties so that the rotor pole axis
lags behind the axis of the rotating magnetic
field.
• Due to this the rotor poles get attracted
towards the moving stator field poles.
• Thus the rotor gets subjected to torque called
hysteresis torque.
• This torque is constant at all speeds.
TORQUE EQUATION IN HYSTERESIS MOTOR

• Eddy current loss, ; where eddy current

constant. frequency of eddy currents. Bflux
density.
• Rotor frequencyf2 and supply frequency =f1.
where s = slip; . Torque = .
• When the rotor rotates at synchronous speed,
the slip becomes 0 and the torque due to eddy
current component vanishes.
HYSTERESIS MOTOR OPERATION

• Initially the rotor starts rotating due to the

combined effect of hysteresis torque as well as
torque due to eddy currents induced in the rotor.
• Once the speed is near synchronous, the stator
pulls the rotor into synchronism.
• As relative motion due to stator field and rotor
vanishes, the torque due to eddy currents also
vanishes.
• Only hysteresis torque is present which keeps
rotor running at synchronous speed.
Advantages of Single Phase synchronous motors

Advantages of Single Phase Hysteresis motors:

• Smooth Synchronization: These motors offer smooth
synchronization, making them ideal for applications
where precision is crucial.
• Quiet Operation: They operate quietly and noiselessly
due to the absence of rotor teeth and winding.
• Constant Accelerating Torque: The accelerating torque
of these motor is always constant.
• Multi-Speed Operation: By employing a gear train,
these motors can achieve multi-speed operation.
• Reliability: The operation of single-phase hysteresis
motors is reliable.
Advantages of single phase reluctance motors
• Simplified Construction: they have a simple design,
which translates to lower manufacturing and
maintenance costs.
• High Efficiency: it’s operate with a high power factor
and efficiency, resulting in reduced energy
consumption.
• Robust Construction: The absence of components like
brushes, slip rings, permanent magnets, or rotor
windings contributes to the ruggedness of the motor
design
• High Starting Torque: The starting torque can be very
high without the problem of excessive in-rush current
due to its higher self-inductance.
Disadvantages of Single Phase Hysteresis motors
• Low Efficiency: These motors tend to have lower
efficiency compared to other types of motors.
• Low Torque: These motors produce lower torque,
which may limit their use in applications requiring
high torque.
• Low Power Factor: The power factor of single-phase
hysteresis motors is low, which can lead to inefficient
energy usage.
• Limited Size Availability: Single-phase hysteresis
motors are typically available in very small sizes.
• Higher Cost: They tend to be more costly than other
motor types due to their specialized rotor materials
and constructio
Disadvantages of Single Phase Reluctance motors
• Poor Efficiency: Single-phase reluctance motors tend
to have lower efficiency compared to other types of
motors.
• Low Power Factor: The power factor of single-phase
reluctance motors is low, which can lead to inefficient
energy usage.
• Limited Load Capacity: Single-phase reluctance
motors have less capacity to drive the loads.
• Difficulty Accelerating High Inertia Loads: These
motors cannot accelerate high inertia loads to the
synchronous speed.
• Need for Very Low Inertia Rotor: The rotor of these
motors needs to have very low inertia
Applications of Single Phase synchronous motors
• Wireless and Radio Communication Installations:
They are used in wireless and radio communication
installations due to their constant speed.
• Recording Devices: Their constant speed and low
noise make them suitable for recording devices.
• Electric Clocks: The constant speed of these motors is
ideal for electric clocks.
• Synchronous Servo-Systems: These motors are used
in synchronous servo-systems due to their precise
speed control.
• Aircraft Industry: In the aircraft industry, where AC
frequencies are normally around 400 Hz, these
motors are used.