Dishelle Anne T.

Hufana, LPT, MSTM

 Data Collection
• Data may be gathered from primary (government
offices, private organizations, establishments, and
recognized individuals who have first-hand
information about an event) and secondary sources
(newspapers, journals, and magazines).
 Data Collection Methods
• Interview Method- the researcher makes direct and personal
contact with the interviewee. The researcher gathers data by asking
the interviewee a series of questions.
• Questionnaire Method- The researcher gathers data through
questionnaire distribution either personally or through electronic
mail. The researcher can save a lot of time and energy since the
questionnaires can be distributed and answered simultaneously.
The researcher, however, cannot expect all the mailed
questionnaires to be retrieved, since some respondents might
ignore answering the questionnaires.
 Data Collection Methods
• Registration Method- governed by existing laws. The
researcher gathers data from the offices concerned, e.g. the
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the Commission of
Elections (COMELEC), Municipal City Halls, or Barangay
Offices.
• Experimental Method- This method of collecting data is used
to find out the cause-and-effect relationship of certain
phenomena under controlled conditions. An example is when a
chemist is interested in finding out the effect of pesticides when
sprayed on vegetables which are then eaten by people.
 Data Collection Methods
• Registration Method- governed by existing laws. The
researcher gathers data from the offices concerned, e.g. the
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the Commission of
Elections (COMELEC), Municipal City Halls, or Barangay
Offices.
• Experimental Method- This method of collecting data is used
to find out the cause-and-effect relationship of certain
phenomena under controlled conditions. An example is when a
chemist is interested in finding out the effect of pesticides when
sprayed on vegetables which are then eaten by people.
 Data Collection Methods
• Observation Method- the researcher may observe subjects
individually or in groups of individuals to obtain data and
information related to the objectives of the investigation.
• Texting Method- the researcher may ask or invite
individuals to send text opinions on certain issues or send in
their choices on their brand preferences on a particular
product using their cellphones.
 Determining the Sample Size

https://youtu.be/e0EmeBANzHc?si=Jw0uwlkFqcmmn43P

http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
 Sampling Techniques
• Lottery Sampling- this is also known as raffle. Each
member of the population is numbered on a piece of paper.
The pieces of paper shall be identical (equal in size and
weight) and rolled evenly. They are placed in a lottery box
and shaken very well. The desired number of samples are
drawn, one after the other, with eyes away from it.
• Table of Random Numbers- A table of random numbers,
invented by a statistician, is used to draw the numbers for
the sample.
 Sampling Techniques
• Systematic Sampling- this is done by numbering each element
of the population. If there are 1000 elements (N) and 50 samples
(n) are needed, we divide 1000 by 50 and obtain n = 20. We then
select one number from the numbers 1 to 20 by lottery sampling.
If number 3 happens to come out, then the first sample is 3. The
second sample is 3+n = 23. The process is continued until 50
samples are obtained.
• Stratified Sampling- we obtain sample by dividing the
population into strata (groups). If the desired sample is 50 and
there are 10 strata, the more number of sample are taken.
 Sampling Techniques
• Cluster Sampling- sometimes called area sampling because it is
used for a large population. We select members of the sample by
area; then we select each area by lottery sampling.
• Multi-Stage Sampling- we use combinations of several random
sampling techniques to get the sample from a very large
population. This is done by dividing the whole population by
area, and then each area into strata. Thereafter, from each
stratum, we get a sample by using a simple random sampling
technique.
 Non-Probability Sampling
• Convenience Sampling- this is used because it is
convenient for the researcher.
• Quota Sampling- the researcher uses the proportions of
different strata; and from the strata, selections are done
using quota.
• Purposive Sampling- the researcher gets his sample from
the respondents purposely related or close to him.
 Presentation of Data
• Array Form Method
 Presentation of Data
• Textual Form Method
 Presentation of Data
• Stem and Leaf Presentation
 Presentation of Data
• Tabular Form Method
 Presentation of Data
• Frequency Distribution Table
 Presentation of Data
• Histogram- a graph that
displays the data by using
continuous vertical bars
(unless the frequency of a
class is 0) of various heights
to represent the frequencies of
the classes.
 Presentation of Data
• Frequency Polygons- a graph
that uses lines to connect
points plotted at the
frequencies at the midpoints
of the classes; frequencies are
presented by the heights of
the points.
 Presentation of Data
• Ogives- represent the
cumulative frequencies for the
classes in a frequency
distribution.
 Presentation of Data
• Pareto Charts
 Presentation of Data
• Time Series Graphs
 Presentation of Data
• Pie Charts
 Presentation of Data
• Box Plot
 Presentation of Data
• Scatter Plot