ESL Week 7

2nd Semester
 Compound Sentences
A compound sentence is two or more
independent clauses joined together.
There are three ways to join the clauses:
1. With a coordinator

Ahmed arrived late, so he was not allowed to attend the lecture.

2. With a conjunctive adverb

Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore,

food cooks faster in salt water.

3. With a semicolon

Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; food cooks

faster in salt water.
1. Compound Sentences with Coordinators
Independent clause, + coordinator + independent clause

● Ahmed arrived late, so he was not allowed to attend the lecture.

There are 7 coordinators, which are called coordinating conjunctions.

(For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)

(Important Note: There is a comma (,) after the first independent clause.)
The uses of coordinating conjunctions
➢ To add a reason: for

Fans love to listen to Amr Diab, for he sings beautifully.

➢ To add a similar, equal idea: and

They eat a lot of healthy foods, and they eat moderately.

➢ To add a negative equal idea: nor

They do not eat a lot of red meat, nor do they eat many dairy products.

⛔Note: Nor means "and not." It joins two negative independent clauses.

Notice that question word order is used after nor.

The uses of coordinating conjunctions

● To add an opposite idea: but

Diet is one factor in how long people live, but it is not the only factor.

● To add an alternative possibility: or

He can visit his relatives with his mother, or he can stay at home.

● To add an unexpected or surprising continuation: yet

She has a good job, yet she is always broke.

● To add an expected result: so

He is a hard worker, so he will reach his goal sooner or later.

2. Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs

Independent clause; + conjunctive adverb, + independent clause

Ahmed arrived late; therefore, he was not allowed to attend the lecture.

⛔ Note: Put a semicolon (;) before and a comma (,) after the conjunctive
adverb.

The weather was sunny; nevertheless, we did not go outside.

● Several transition signals, such as on the other hand, as a result, and

for example, act like conjunctive adverbs; they can also connect
independent clauses with a semicolon and a comma.
3. Compound Sentences with Semicolons
Independent clause + ; + independent clause

My brother just graduated from high school; he will attend St.

Petersburg College.

⛔ Note: This kind of compound sentence is possible only when

the two independent clauses are closely related in meaning, if
not, they should be written as two simple sentences.
Complete the following sentences, using the correct
punctuation
1. Anna is very intelligent ……..she fails in her exams.

(Complete with a suitable coordinating conjunction)

2. Sarah does not like to go to school.......her friends bully her.

(Complete with a suitable coordinating conjunction)

3. Peter is tall………..he chooses to play basketball in his club.

(Complete with a suitable conjunctive adverb)

4. It was raining heavily………… my sister insisted on going to school.

(Complete with a suitable conjunctive adverb)

Complex Sentences
What is a complex sentence?

an independent clause + one or more dependent clauses

● The independent clause can stand alone and it is formed
out of a subject and a predicate. → I eat oats every day.
● The dependent clause cannot stand on its own although it
has a subject and a verb. →after we left home,
⛔A complex sentence would be:
After we left home, it started raining.
Words introducing the dependent clauses

After In order to · Where, wherever

Once
· Although Since · Whether
That
· As, as if · Which
Though
· Because · While
Unless
· Before · Who, whose
Who, whoever
· How · Whoever, whomever
When, whenever
· If
So that
True or False
1. The independent clause has the most important information of
the complex sentence.
True
2. The Complex sentence is composed of 2 independent clauses.
False
3. After we left school, we went to the cinema." The previous
sentence is a complex sentence.
True
 Read the sentence, and identify each as a complex
or simple sentence.
1. I love to read. ____________
2. She reads a book. ____________
3. After the movie, we all went out for pizza. ____________
4. Until he shows up, we have to close the shop. ____________
5. Once I finished lunch, I saw the surprise. ____________
6. Wherever they are, it is far from here. ____________
Answers
1. I love to read. __simple__________

2. She reads a book. ____simple________

3. After the movie, we all went out for pizza. ______simple______

4. Until he shows up, we have to close the shop. ___complex_________

5. Once I finished lunch, I saw the surprise. ___complex_________

6. Wherever they are, it is far from here. ___complex_________

Thank You