Electronic circuit

CHAPTER 4 : TIMER

AHMAD NABIHAN BIN MOHD SAHARUM (25DET15F2039)

WIDIALIONG BIN NOORDIN (25DET15F2033)
NURAFIQAH BINTI SARONI (25DET15F2028)
NUR SYAZA BINTI HAMZAH (25DET15F2013)
KEREN NISHA KIRUBHI (25DET15F2019)

1
 555 Timer
This presentation will
• Introduce the 555 Timer.
• Derive the characteristic equations for the charging and
discharging of a capacitor.
• Present the equations for period, frequency, and duty cycle
for a 555 Timer Oscillator.

Going Further….
• Detail the operation of a 555 Timer Oscillator.
• Derive the equations for period, frequency, and duty cycle
for a 555 Timer Oscillator.
2
 What is a 555 Timer?
• The 555 timer is an 8-pin IC that is
capable of producing accurate time delays
and/or oscillators.
• In the time delay mode, the delay is
controlled by one external resistor and
capacitor.
• In the oscillator mode, the frequency of
oscillation and duty cycle are both
controlled with two external resistors and
one capacitor.
• This presentation will discuss how to use
a 555 timer in the oscillator mode.
3
PIN configuration

4
 PIN function
• PIN 1 Ground--usually connected to ground. The voltage should be the most negative of any voltage
appearing at the other pins.
• PIN 2 Trigger--level-sensitive point to 1/3 VCC. When the voltage at this pin is brought beloW 1/3
VCC the flip-flop is set causing pin 3 to produce high state. Allowable applied voltage is between V CC
(pin 8) and ground (pin 1).
• PIN 3 Output--level here is normally low and goes high during the timing interval. Since the output
stage is active in both directions, it can source or sink up 200 mA.
• PIN 4 Reset--when voltage at this pin is less than 0.4 V, the timing cycle is interrupted returning the
timer to its nontriggered state. This is an overriding function so that the timer can not be triggered
unless reset is released (pin 4 > 1.0 V). When not used, connect to V CC.
• PIN 5 Control voltage--internally derived 2/3 VCC point. A resistor-to-ground or an external voltage
may Be connected to pin 5 to change the comparator reference points. When not used for this
purpose, a capacitor-to-ground greater than or equal to 0.01 mF is recommended for all applications.
• PIN 6 Threshold--level sensitive point to 2/3 VCC. When the voltage at this pin is brought greater
than 2/3 VCC., the flip-flop is reset causing pin 3 to produce a low state.
• PIN 7 Discharge--collector of a transistor switch to ground (pin1). It is normally used to discharge
the timing capacitor.
• PIN 8 VCC--the power-supply voltage connected here can range from 4.5 to 16 V with respect to
ground (pin 1).

5
 TIMER MODES / TYPES
Multivibrator mode
•Functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator.
•Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free
•switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse width modulation
(PWM) and so on.

Bistable mode
•The 555 can operate as a flip-flop.
•If the DISCHARGE pin is not connected and no capacitor is used.
•Uses include bounce free latched switches.

Astable mode
•Free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator.
•Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security
alarms, pulse position modulation and so on.
•Selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor.
•The period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature.

6
Basic Modes / Types of 555-Timer
Schematic Circuits

5V 5V

R
Ra

4
8
4

R
7

VCC
R
7 DIS

VCC
DIS
1K
3
Rb 3 Q
Q
6
6 2 THR
2 THR TR LED
TR LED 5

GND
CV

2
5
GND

CV NE555
C

0.01uF
NE555

1
C
0.01uF

1
Astable Multivibrator Monostable Multivibrator
puts out a continuous (or one-shot) puts out one
sequence of pulses pulse each time the
switch is connected

7
 Capacitor
• A capacitor is an electrical component that can
temporarily store a charge (voltage).
• The rate that the capacitor charges/discharges
is a function of the capacitor’s value and its
resistance.
• To understand how the capacitor is used in the
555 Timer oscillator circuit, you must understand
the basic charge and discharge cycles of the
capacitor.

8
 Capacitor Charge Cycle
• Capacitor is initially discharged.
• Switch is moved to position A.
• Capacitor will charge to +12 v.
• Capacitor will charge through
the 2 K resistor.

Equation for Charging Capacitor

VC  VFinal  VInitial   1 - e -t/RC

 V Initial
Where :
VC  The voltage across the capacitor
VFinal  The voltage across the capacitor that is fully charged
VInitial  Any initial voltage across the capacitor as it begins to charge
9
 Capacitor Discharge Cycle
• Capacitor is initially charged.
• Switch is moved to position B.
• Capacitor will discharge to +0 v.
• Capacitor will discharge through
the 3 K resistor.

Equation for Discharging Capacitor

VC  VInitial  VFinal   e -t/RC 
Where :
VC  The voltage across the capacitor
VFinal  The voltage across the capacitor that is fully discharged
VInitial  Any initial voltage across the capacitor as it begins to discharge

10
 Capacitor Charge & Discharge

12 v
5V
VC 20 mSec

Time 0v

Switch has been at position B Switch is moved to position Switch is moved back to
for a long period of time. The A. The capacitor charges position B. The capacitor
capacitor is completely through the 2K resistor. discharges through the 11
discharged. 3K resistors.
 Block Diagram for a 555 Timer
Vcc (8) Discharge (7)

T1
COMP1 Flip-Flop
Control Voltage (5) -
Threshold Voltage (6) + RESET Q

+ COMP2
SET Q Output (3)
-
Trigger Voltage (2)

12
Ground (1) Reset (4)
Schematic of a 555 Timer in Oscillator Mode
5 Volts

RA
3.333 V
N/C
Discharge

RB Output
1.666 V

Threshold /
Trigger

C
Ground N/C

13
 555 Timer Design Equations
tHIGH : Calculations for the Oscillator’s HIGH Time
THE OUTPUT IS HIGH WHILE THE
CAPACITOR IS CHARGING THROUGH RA
+ RB.
5v

3.333 v

Vc 1.666 v

0v

 tHIGH 

HIGH

Output
LOW

t HIGH  0.693R A  RB C 14
 555 Timer Design Equations
tLOW : Calculations for the Oscillator’s LOW Time
THE OUTPUT IS LOW WHILE THE
CAPACITOR IS DISCHARGING THROUGH
RB.
5v

3.333 v

Vc 1.666 v

0v

 tLOW 

HIGH

Output
LOW

t LOW  0.693R BC 15
555 Timer – Period / Frequency / DC
Period: Duty Cycle:
t HIGH  0.693 R A  RB  C t HIGH
DC   100%
T
t LOW  0.693 RBC
0.693 R A  RB  C
T  t HIGH  t LOW DC   100%
0.693 R A  2RB  C
T  0.693 R A  RB  C  0.693 RBC
DC 
R A
 RB 
 100%
T  0.693 R A  2RB  C R A
 2RB 

Frequency:
1
F
T
1
F
0.693 R A  2RB  C 16
 Example: 555 Oscillator
Example:
For the 555 Timer oscillator shown below, calculate the circuit’s,
period (T), frequency (F), and duty cycle (DC).

17
 Example: 555 Oscillator
Solution:
R A  390  RB  180  C  6.8 F
Period:
T  0.693 R A  2RB  C
T  0.693 390  2  180   6.8 F
T  3.534 mSec
Frequency: Duty Cycle:
1 R  R   100%
F DC  A B

T R  2R 
A B

F
1
DC 
390   180    100%
3.534 mSec 390   2  180  
F  282.941 Hz DC  76% 18
 Example: 555 Oscillator
Example:
For the 555 Timer oscillator shown below, calculate the value for
RA & RB so that the oscillator has a frequency of 2.5 KHz @ 60%
duty cycle.

19
 Example: 555 Oscillator
Solution:
Frequency: Duty Cycle:
T
1

1
 400 Sec DC 
R A
 RB 
 100%  60%
f 2.5 kHz R A
 2RB 
T  0.693 R A  2RB  C  400 Sec R  RB 
A
 0 .6
T  0.693 R A  2RB  0.47 f  400 Sec R A
 2RB 
400 Sec R A  RB  0.6R A  2RB 
R A  2 RB   1228.09 
0.693  0.47 f R A  R B  0 .6  R A  1 .2  R B
R A  2 RB  1228.09 0 .4  R A  0 .2  R B
R A  0 .5  R B

Two Equations & Two Unknowns!

20
 Example: 555 Oscillator
Solution:
Frequency: Duty Cycle:
R A  2 RB  1228.09 R A  0 .5  R B
Substitute and Solve for RB

R A  2 RB  1228.09 
0.5  RB  2 RB  1228.09 
2.5 RB  1228.09 
RB  491.23 
Substitute and Solve for RA

R A  2 RB  1228.09 
R A  2 491.23    1228.09 
R A  982.472   1228.09 
R A  245.618 
21
Going Further…

555 Oscillator
Detail Analysis

22
Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator
5v
3.333
v
1.666
Vc v

0v

HIGH
RESET LOW

HIGH
SET LOW

Q HIGH
LOW

ON
T1 OFF

HIGH
Q 23
LOW
Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator
5v
3.333
v
1.666
Vc v

0v

HIGH
RESET LOW

HIGH
SET LOW

Q HIGH
LOW

ON
T1 OFF

HIGH
Q 24
LOW
Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator
5v
3.333
v
1.666
Vc v

0v

HIGH
RESET LOW

HIGH
SET LOW

Q HIGH
LOW

ON
T1 OFF

HIGH
Q 25
LOW
Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator
5v OUTPUT IS HIGH WHILE THE
3.333 CAPACITOR IS CHARGING THROUGH
v
RA + RB.
1.666
Vc v

0v

HIGH
RESET LOW

HIGH
SET LOW

Q HIGH
LOW

ON
T1 OFF

OUTPUT IS LOW WHILE THE

HIGH CAPACITOR IS DISCHARGING
Q 26
LOW THROUGH RB.
 555 Timer Design Equations
tHIGH : Calculations for the Oscillator’s HIGH Time

 VInitial   1 - e RC   VInitial
  1 - e RC 

t t

VC  VFinal
 
1
2
   
 RC 
t t

 
 
2
3 V  V  1
3 V   1 - e   31 VCC  21  e RC

 
CC CC CC

ln2   ln e RC 

t


VCC   VCC   1 - e RC   31 VCC


t 1

2
3
2
3  
 
t
3 VCC  3 VCC
2 1
 
RC 
t
 0.693  
  1 - e  RC
2
3 V  
t HIGH  0.693 R C
CC

 1 - e RC 

t


t HIGH  0.693R A  RB C
1
2
 
27
 555 Timer Design Equations
tLOW: Calculations for the Oscillator’s LOW Time

 VFinal    e RC 
   e RC 

t t

VC  VInitial
 
1
2
   
 RC 
ln2   ln e RC 

t t

 
 
1
3 V  2
3 V  0   e  1

   
CC CC

 RC 
t
t
 

1
3 V  2
3 V   e   0.693  
 
CC CC
RC
3 VCC
1
 
RC 
t
t LOW  0.693 R
  e 
2
3 V CC
  t LOW  0.693 RB C
  e RC 

t

1
2
 
28
555 Timer – Period / Frequency / DC
Period: Duty Cycle:
t HIGH  0.693 R A  RB  C t HIGH
DC   100%
T
t LOW  0.693 RBC
0.693 R A  RB  C
T  t HIGH  t LOW DC   100%
0.693 R A  2RB  C
T  0.693 R A  RB  C  0.693 RBC
DC 
R A
 RB 
 100%
T  0.693 R A  2RB  C R A
 2RB 

Frequency:
1
F
T
1
F
0.693 R A  2RB  C 29
Astable multvibrator mode

Astable multivibrator circuit

30
• Astable multivibrator will generates a square wave
without any external trigger pulse. It has no stable state.
•  In this mode of operation, the capacitor charges and
discharges between 1/3 Vcc and 2/3 Vcc. The external
capacitor charges through RA and RB, and discharges at
pin 7 through RB .
•  The capacitor voltage, Vc rises until it goes above 2/3
Vcc.
•  This voltage is the threshold voltage, which drives
comparator 1 to trigger the flip-flop so that the output at
pin 3 goes low.
•  The capacitor voltage then decreases until it drops at
1/3 Vcc.
•  The flip-flop is triggered so that the output goes back
high and the discharge transistor is turned off, so that the
capacitor can again charge through resistor RA and RB
toward Vcc.
Astable multivibrator
waveform

31
Calculation of time intervals during which the output is high and low :

TH = 0.693 ( RA + RB ) C

T = TH + TL

TL = 0.693 RB C
• example

• Determine the frequency and draw the

output waveform for the circuit of figure 2
below :

34
• Solution :
• TH = 0.693 (RA + RB) C
• = 0.693 (7.5 x 103 + 7.5 x103) (0.1x10-6)
• = 1.04 ms
• TL = 0.693 RB C
• = 0.693 (7.5 x 103) (0.1 x 10-6)
• = 0.52 ms
• T = TH + TL
• = 1.05 ms + 0.525 ms
• = 1.56 ms
• f=1
• T
• =1
• 1.56 x 10-3
• = 641 Hz

35
Monostable multivibrator
mode

36
• In this mode of operation, the timer functions as a one-shot. It has
one stable state and one unstable state.
•  When the negative trigger applied at pin 2, its triggers the one-
shot with output at pin 3 then going high for a time period.
•  The circuit returns to its original state automatically and remains
there until the next trigger pulse is applied.
•  Capacitor, C charges toward Vcc through resistor RA. During the
charge interval the output remains high.
•  When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the threshold level
of 2/3 Vcc, comparator 1 triggers the flip-flop with output going low.
•  The output will then remain in the low state until a trigger pulse is
again applied.
•  Calculation of time intervals during which the output is high :

TH = 1.1 RA C
37
Waveform

38
• Determine the period of the output
waveform for the circuit of figure 1 below
when triggered by a negative pulse

39
• Solution :
TH = 1.1 RA C = 1.1 (7.5 kΩ) (0.1 μF) =
0.825 ms

40
Bistable multivibrator mode

41
• The bistable multivibrators have TWO stable states
and can be switched from one stable state to the
other by the application of an external trigger pulse.
•  Thus, it requires two external trigger pulses (one
set and one reset) before it returns back to its
original state.
•  When the SET switch is pressed, the output will
be high. The circuit is likely to remain high at the
output even though the switch SET has been
released.
•  When the RESET switch is pressed, the output
will change to low. Low state of the output will
remain as long as the SET switch is pressed.

42
 Waveform
• Bistable multivibrators have many
applications producing a Set-Reset, SR
flip-flop circuit for use in counting circuits,
or as a one-bit memory storage device in a
computer.
•  Other applications of bistable flip-flops
include frequency dividers

43
 Buffer- schmitt Triggle

• 555 inverting buffer circuit (a NOT gate)

• It is a bistable circuit in which two transistor

switches are connected regeneratively.

44
• The schmitt trigger can be used for the generation of a
square wave from a sine wave. The various applications
of schmitt trigger are used as a voltage comparator.
•  The buffer circuit's input has a very high impedance ( ≈
1M
• ) so it requires only a few μA, but the output can sink or
source up to 200mA.
•  It is an inverting buffer or NOT gate because the output
logic state (low/high) is the inverse of the input state:
•  Input low (< 1/3 Vs) makes output high, +Vs
•  Input high (> 2/3 Vs) makes output low, 0V
•  When the input voltage is between 1/3 Vcc and 2/3
Vcc, the output remains in its present state.
45
THANK YOU