COE 485 Sem 1, 2024

Computer Architecture & Organization

Processor Organization
Datapath Design
 Review
• ISA and Instruction Format of MIPS
– Instruction set
– Instruction format
– Addressing modes
 Overview
• Computer organization (microarchitecture)
• Processor organization
– Datapath
– Control
– Register file
• Processor implementation overview
• Clocking methodologies
• Sequential circuits
– Latches
– Registers
 Review: The Processor
• Processor (CPU)
– Active part of the computer
– Does all the work
• Data manipulation
• Decision-making
• Datapath
– Hardware that perform all required operations
– ALU + registers + internal buses
– The brawn
• Control
– Hardware which tells the datapath what needs to be done
– The brain
Review: Processor Organization
Address bus Data bus
Control bus signals

Control signals
Control
Unit Data values

Registers
Control signals

Data values (operands)

ALU
Data values (results)
 Implementation of MIPS
• ISA determines many aspects of implementation
• Implementation strategies affect clock rate and CPI
• MIPS subset to illustrate implementation
– Memory-reference instructions
• Load word (lw)
• Save word (sw)
– Integer arithmetic and logical instructions
• add, sub, and, or, and slt
– Branch instructions
• Branch if equal (beq)
• Jump (j)
 Implementation Overview

Instruction rd Data
memory
rs Address
PC

Address Registers ALU

rt Data
Instruction memory

+4 Data
imm
Opcode,
funct
Controller

° Datapath is based on register transfers required to execute instructions

° Control causes the right transfers to happen
 Functional Elements
• Two types of functional elements in the hardware:
– elements that operate on data (called combinational elements)
– elements that contain data (called state or sequential elements)
 Register File

Read ports

Write port
Register File Read Ports
Register File Write Ports
 Core Topic –Datapath Design
• Datapath implements fetch-decode-
execute
• Design Methodology
Determine instruction classes and formats
Build datapath sections for each instr.fmt.
Compose sections to yield MIPS datapath

• Challenge #1: What are instruction classes?

• Challenge #2: What components are useful?
 Simple Datapath Components
• Memory stores the instruction
• PC address of current instruction
• ALU executes current instruction
Increment program counter

+
PC 4
Read Addr
Instruction
fetch
Instruction
Memory
 R-format Datapath
• Format: opcode r1, r2, r3
ALU op
Register File 3

Read Reg 1 Read

Instruction Zero
Read Reg 2 Data 1

Write ALU
Register Read
Write Data Data 2
Result
Register
Write
 Animating the Datapath
add rd, rs, rt
Instruction
op rs rt rd shamt funct R[rd] <- R[rs] + R[rt];

5 5 5 Operation
3
RN1 RN2 WN
RD1
Register File ALU Zero
WD

RD2
RegWrite
 Load/Store Datapath Issues
• lw $t1, offset($t2)
– Memory at base $t2 with offset
– lw: Read memory, write into register $t1
– sw: Read from register $t, write to memory
• Address computation – ISA says:
– Sign-extend 16-bit offset to 32-bit signed value

• Hardware: Data memory for read/write

Load/Store Datapath Components

MemWrite
16 32
Sign
Address Extend
Read data

Data
Write data Memory
1101 … 0011 
1111 1111 1111 1111 1101 … 0011
MemRead
 Load/Store Datapath Actions

1. Register Access Register File

-- Instruction/Data/Address Fetch
2. Memory Address Calculation ALU
-- Address Decode
3. Read/Write from Memory Data Memory
4. Write into Register File Register File
-- Load/Store Instruction Execute
 Load/Store Datapath

Fetch Decode Execute

 Animating the Datapath
op rs rt offset/immediate lw rt, offset(rs)
16
R[rt] <- MEM[R[rs] + s_extend(offset)
5 5 5 Operation
3
RN1 RN2 WN
RD1
Register File ALU Zero

WD
MemWrite
RD2 ADDR
RegWrite
Memory
E WD RD
16 X 32
T
N MemRead
D
 Animating the Datapath
op rs rt offset/immediate sw rt, offset(rs)
MEM[R[rs]
16
+ sign_extend(offset)] <- R[r
5 5 5 Operation
3
RN1 RN2 WN
RD1
Register File ALU Zero

WD
MemWrite
RD2 ADDR
RegWrite
Memory
E WD RD
16 X 32
T
N MemRead
D
 Branch Datapath Issues
• beq $t1, $t2, offset
– Two registers ($t1, $t2) compared for equality
– 16-bit offset to compute branch target address
• Branch target address – ISA says:
– Add sign-extended offset to PC
– Base address is instruction after branch (PC+4)
– Shift offset left 2 bits => word offset
• Jump to target
– Replace lower 26 bits of PC with lower 26 bits
of instruction shifted left 2 bits
 Branch Datapath Actions

1. Register Access Register File

-- Instruction/Data Fetch
2. Evaluate Branch Condition ALU #1
3. Calculate Branch Target ALU #2
-- Branch Computation – similar to Decode
4. Jump to Branch Target Control Logic
-- Branch Instruction Execute
Branch Datapath

Fetch Decode Execute

 Animating the Datapath
PC +4 from
op rs rt offset/immediate instruction
16 datapath ADD
5 5 Operation
<<2
RN1 RN2 WN
RD1
Register File ALU Zero

WD

RD2
RegWrite

16
E
X 32
beq rs, rt, offset
T
N
D
if (R[rs] == R[rt]) then
PC <- PC+4 + s_extend(offset<
 Delayed Branch (MIPS)
• MIPS ISA: Branches always delayed
- Instr. Ib following branch is always executed
- condition = false => Normal branch
- condition = true => Ib executed
Why bother?
1. Improves efficiency of pipelining
2. Branch not taken (false condition) can be
common case
 Conclusions
• MIPS ISA: Three instruction formats (R,I,J)
• Datapath designed for each instruction format
• Datapath Components:
-- R-format: ALU, Register File
-- I-format: Sign Extender, Data Memory
-- J-format: ALU #2 for target address comp’n.
Trick: Delayed branch to make pipeline efficient
End!!