NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

CLASS VII
 DIGESTION IN HUMANS
• The organs that are included in the whole digestive process, are together forms the digestive
system.
Digestive system

Digestive tract/Alimentary canal Associated glands

1.Buccal cavity 1.Salivary gland

2.Oesophagus(Food pipe) 2.Liver
3.Stomach 3.Pancrease
4.Small intestine
5.Large intestine
6.Rectum
7.Anus
 1. MOUTH AND BUCCAL CAVITY
 Food is taken into the body through mouth.
 The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion.
 The buccal cavity includes:
i].TEETH:
#We chew the food and breakdown mechanically into small pieces by the teeth.
# Each tooth is rooted in the separate socket in the gums.
# In a human life two sets of teeth grow. One is milk teeth(has during birth but fall down after a certain age) the other one
is permanent teeth(remains for the whole life).
# There are four types of teeth to perform different functions. These are:
* Incisors (4+4):help in biting and cutting the food
* Canines(2+2): help in piercing and tearing the food.
* Premolars(2+2) and Molars(3+3): help in chewing and grinding the food.
ii]TONGUE:
# It is a fleshy muscular organ helps to mix the food with saliva and swallow the food.
# Our tongue has different taste buds to detect different tastes of food.
iii] SALIVARY GLAND:
# It secrets saliva which helps in breakdown of starch into simpler forms.
2. OESOPHAGUS/FOOD PIPE

# The food pipe passes along the neck and chest.

# The swallowed food is pushed down by the movement of the walls of

the food pipe into the stomach.

3. STOMACH:

# It is the widest part of the alimentary canal.

# It is a thick walled bag shaped like a flattened J.

# The secretions of the stomach are:

* Mucous: protects the lining of the stomach from the acid.

* Hydrochloric acid: kills the bacteria that enter along with the food and makes the medium

Acidic and help the digestive juices to act.

* Digestive juices: breakdown the protein into simpler substances.

4.SMALL INTESTINE

# It is the longest part of the alimentary canal of about 7.5 metres long.
# It’s wall secret intestinal juices and it receives the secretions of liver and pancreas.
LIVER
* It is reddish brown in colour.
* It is the largest gland in the body.
* It secrets bile juice which is stored in a sac called gall bladder.
* Bile helps in digestion of fats.
PANCREAS
* It is a cream coloured gland located just below the stomach.
* It secrets pancreatic juice which acts on carbohydrates, fats and proteins and
changes them into simpler forms.
# Remaining food is digested by the intestinal juice at lower part of the small intestine.
# The digestion process completes here and the carbohydrates get broken into glucose, proteins into
amino acids and fats into fatty acid and glycerol.
 ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED FOOD IN SMALL INTESTINE
 The digested food is absorbed by the walls of the small intestine

Which is rich in blood vessels. This process is called absorption.

 The small intestine has several finger like projections called villi, rich in blood vessels.

 The villi helps to increase the surface area for absorption.

 The absorbed materials are carried by the blood to different parts of the body and used by the body.

This is called assimilation.

 The undigested food then passes into the large intestine.

5. LARGE INTESTINE:
# It is about 1.5 metre in length.

# It absorbs water and some salts from the undigested food materials.

6. RECTUM:
The remaining waste passes into the rectum and remains there as semi-solid faeces.

7. ANUS:
The faecal matter is removed through the anus. This is called egestion.
 DIGESTION IN GRASS EATING ANIMALS
• Grass eating animals like cows and buffaloes quickly swallow
the grass and store it in a separate part of the stomach called
rumen.
• Here the food is partly digested and is called cud.
• Then the cud is brought back to the mouth in small lumps and
chewed. This process is called rumination.
• The chewed food then passes into a sac like structure between
the small intestine and large intestine.
• The cellulose in the grass is digested with the help of some
bacteria.
 FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN AMOEBA

• Amoeba is a single celled organism found in pond water.

• The cell has a cell membrane , cytoplasm and a nucleus. The
cytoplasm has many bubble like vacuoles. The cell has finger
like projections called pseudopodia (false feet) which helps it
to move and capture food.
• When amoeba comes near food particles ,pseudopodia is
produced around the food particle. The food particle is trapped
in a food vacuole.
• In the food vacuole the food is digested by digestive enzymes
and absorbed.
• The undigested waste is then sent out.