❖ 11 years of Experience

❖ Mentored top AIR 100 in JEE & INCHO

gold medalists
❖ 500+ IIT Selections

❖ Certified By American Chemical

Society

Mohit Ryan Sir

BIT Sindri
MASTER CLASS
TEACHER TEACHER
Post-class: doubt solving

More than 2 Million doubts solved

Assessment: regular tests
Enroll into Multiple course
How to Avail Discount ?
Special Discount for this class

Apply Coupon Code:

MRPRO
Visit: https://vdnt.in/YTPRO

Link in Description
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1) Matter consists of indivisible atoms.

2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.

3) Atoms of different elements have different properties.

4) Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed

ratio of whole numbers

5) Chemical reactions involves reorganization of atoms.

 Limitations of Dalton’s Atomic theory

1. Did not explain the properties of isotopes.

2. Did not explain the discovery of isobar.

3. Atom is not indivisible. it has subatomic particles.

Cathode ray experiment
● J.J. Thomson constructed a glass tube or discharge tube which was
partially evacuated by using a vacuum pump.

● Then he applied a high electrical voltage through a gas (H2/He) at a

very low pressure.
 ● When high electrical voltage is applied, the electrical energy pushes out some of
the electrons from the atoms of gas.

These electrons flow very fast towards +ve electrode or anode. These are called cathode
rays or cathode ray particle .
● The flow of current from cathode to anode was further checked by making hole
in the anode and coating the tube behind anode with phosphorescent material
zinc sulphide .
● A fluorescent glow was seen on the walls of the glass tube due to the striking of
rays emitted by the cathode.
Properties of Cathode Rays
Properties of cathode rays

CATHODE RAYS TRAVEL IN A STRAIGHT LINE

● An opaque object was placed in the path of cathode rays .

● It is observed that the shadow of the object is formed on ZnS screen

Properties of cathode rays

CATHODE RAYS ARE MADE UP OF

● PARTICLE
This time a pin wheel is kept in the path of cathode rays It was observed that the pinwheel started
rotating
● It means that cathode rays posses energy which was transferred to the wheel. The energy associated
with motion is K.E. As we know mass is possessed by particle.
Properties of cathode rays

CATHODE RAYS ARE MADE OF NEGATIVE CHARGED

PARTICLE
● This time an external electric field was applied to it, Cathode rays were deflected
towards the positive end. So, they carry negative charge
Properties of cathode rays

Cathode rays are deflected towards magnet

● If magnetic field is applied using a horseshoe magnet

Properties of cathode rays

Cathode rays show heating effect

● If a metal foil is placed in the path of cathode rays It’s temperature
increases and it becomes hot
Properties of cathode rays

Cathode rays ionize the gases through which they travel.

● When cathode rays hits the gas atoms, e– moves out and atom becomes +ve Ion
Conclusion

The negatively charged material particles constituting the

cathode rays are called electrons.
Determination of e/m value
In 1897 , J.J Thomson measured the ratio of electrical charge(e) to the mass
of electron me by using cathode ray tube and applying electric and magnetic
field perpendicular to each other as well as to the path of the electrons .
By carrying out accurate measurements on the amount of deflections
observed by the electrons on the electric field strength or magnetic field
strength, Thomson was able to determine the value of e/m e as:
Charge on electron
Millikan’s drop experiment
 Millikan’s drop experiment

The charge on the electron was found by R.A. Millikan with the help of oil
drop experiment. The value was found to be:
charge=e=1.602 x10-19 coloumbs

Thus, the mass of electron may be calculated from the values e/m and e as
follows:

= 9.11 x 10-31 Kg
Discovery of proton
 Discovery of Anode rays or canal rays

The existence of protons in atom was first shown by E. Goldstein.

● Goldstein passed electricity at high voltage through a gas at very low pressure taken in a discharge
tube.
● The streams of heavy particles were observed from anode towards cathode.
● This stream of particles is called anode ray or canal ray which consists of positively charged particles
called protons.He made the cathode perforated to observe the anode ray
 Study of Anode rays

● Anode rays are not produced by the anode rather they are produced by the ions of the
gas, which are produced when cathode rays hits the gaseous atom.
 Study of Anode rays

● Hydrogen gas consists of hydrogen atoms from which electrons can be

removed due to high electrical voltage.
● After removal of an electron from a hydrogen atom, a positively
charged particle called proton is formed.

● The fast moving protons form the canal rays.

 Properties of anode rays:

Anode rays show similar property as that of cathode rays .

● Anode rays travels in a straight line .

● Anode rays are made of positively charged particle.

● Anode rays are deflected towards negative electrode.

● Anode rays are deflected towards magnet.

● Anode rays show heating effect.

Discovery of neutron
 Discovery of neutron

These particles were discovered by Chadwick in 1932 by bombarding a thin sheet of

Beryllium with alpha particles when electrically neutral particles having a mass slightly
greater than that of the protons were emitted. He named these particles as neutrons.

9 4 12 1
Be 2He
+ C + n
4 6 0
neutron
MASTER CLASS
TEACHER TEACHER
Post-class: doubt solving

More than 2 Million doubts solved

Assessment: regular tests
Enroll into Multiple course
How to Avail Discount ?
Special Discount for this class

Apply Coupon Code:

MRPRO
Visit: https://vdnt.in/YTPRO

Link in Description
Join Vedantu JEE
Telegram channel
NOW!
Assignments
Notes
Daily Update

https://vdnt.in/jeepro