UNIT 3

TRANSFORMERS AND MOTORS

SYLLABUS:
INTRODUCTION:

▪ A transformer is a highly efficient device for transferring electrical energy from one circuit to another,
without any change in its frequency.

▪ A transformer is a device that converts high voltage AC to low voltage AC of the same frequency
and vice versa.

▪ It does so by either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the voltage without a change
in the frequency of AC between circuits.

▪ It is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy.

▪ It is a device employing the principle of mutual induction to convert variations of current in a primary
circuit into variations of voltage and current in a secondary circuit.
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER:

Fig1a.Construction of Transformer Fig1b.Circuit connections of Transformer

◼Rating of transformer is in kilo volt-ampere(KVA)

◼There are three basic parts of a transformer:

• an iron core that serves as a magnetic conductor,

• a primary winding or coil of wire and.
• a secondary winding or coil of wire.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:

▪ Transformers are used in various fields like power generation grid, distribution sector, transmission and
electric energy consumption.

▪ There are various types of transformers which are classified based on the following factors:

▪Working voltage range

▪ The medium used in the core
▪ Winding arrangement
▪ Installation location
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:

Based on Voltage Levels

▪ Commonly used transformer types, depending on the voltage, are classified as follows:
▪ Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and the power grid. The secondary
output voltage is higher than the input voltage.

▪ Step-down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high-voltage primary supply to low-
voltage secondary output.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS:
▪ The transformer is basically a voltage control device that is used widely in the distribution and transmission of
alternating current power.
▪ The general purpose of using transformers was to maintain a balance between the electricity that was generated at very
high voltages and consumption which was done at very low voltages.
▪ The transformer works on the basic principles of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction between two coils.
 Principle of operation of transformers:
◼ The vertical portion of the steel core are known as LIMBS, and the top and bottom portions are called as YOKES.
◼ The two coils “P” and ‘S”, having N1 and N2 turns, are wound on the limbs.
◼ These two windings are electrically unconnected but are linked with one another through a magnetic flux in the core.
◼ The coil “P” is connected to the supply and is therefore called Primary, coil S is connected to the load and is termed as the
Secondary.

Diagrams to draw in Exams

Primary Coil Secondary

Coil Iron Core

N1 and N2 are number of

turns
TWO PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS
1. An electric current produces a magnetic field i.e. electromagnetism and,
2. A changing magnetic field within a coil induces an e.m.f across the ends of the coil i.e.
electromagnetic induction.
◼ A changing current in the primary circuit creates a changing magnetic field, in turn this magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary
circuit.
◼ Thus, energy transferred from one circuit to the other.
◼ By having different ratios N1/N2 of the two windings, power at lower or at higher voltage can be obtained.
◼ When N2>N1, the transformer is called a Step Up transformer, and
◼ When N2<N1, the transformer is called a Step Down Transformer.

N2>N1 N2<N1
 MUTUAL INDUCTION:
◼ Mutual induction is the property of the coil that enables it to oppose the
change in the current in another coil.
◼ According to this principle, when the electric current in a closed circuit
(primary coil) changes, the changing current (AC) creates a changing
magnetic field.
◼ A secondary circuit (secondary coil) in reach of this magnetic field will
experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its related magnetic
flux.
◼ Therefore, an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage change is set up in the
secondary circuit (secondary coil) called induced EMF or Transformer EMF.
◼ This effect is called mutual induction.
◼ If the two ends of the secondary coil are connected through an electrical
load, current will flow.
MOTORS: DC MACHINES

IMPORTANCE:
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE:
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE:
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE:
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE:
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE:
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE:
D.C. MOTOR WORKING PRINCIPLE:
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
WORKING PRINCIPLE:

◼ Working of D.C. Motor Consider a part of a multipolar d.c. motor as shown in Fig. When the terminals of the
motor are connected to an external source of d.c. supply:
(i) the field magnets are excited developing alternate N and S poles;
(ii) the armature conductors carry ^currents. All conductors under N-pole carry currents in one direction while
all the conductors under S-pole carry currents in the opposite direction.
◼ Suppose the conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the paper and those under S-pole carry
currents out of the plane of the paper as shown in Fig. Since each armature conductor is carrying current and is
placed in the magnetic field, mechanical force acts on it.
INDUCTION MOTORS
CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Fig 1.
Universal Motor:
•A universal motor is a special type of motor that runs on both AC and DC power
supplies. ​

•Universal motors are series-wound (the armature and field windings are in series). ​

•The series connection allows them to generate high torque; hence the universal motors
are generally built into the device they are meant to drive.​

•Most of the universal motors are meant to operate at speeds as high as 3500 RPM. ​

•These motors run at a higher speed on DC supply than they run on AC supply of the
same voltage. ​

•This is due to the reactance voltage drop that is present only in AC and not in DC.​
 UNIVERSAL MOTORS
◼ A universal motor incorporates some modification that
allows it to operate either on AC or DC supply.
◼ A universal motor consists of a stator on which the field
poles are mounted.
◼ Field coils are wound around the field poles.
◼ Both the stator field circuit and armature of a universal
motor are laminated.
◼ Laminations are necessary to reduce the eddy currents that
are produced while operating on AC power.
◼ The universal motor’s rotary armature is made of straight
or skewed slots on which the commutator and brushes
rest.
◼ The commutation on AC is poorer than that for DC
because of the current induced in the armature coils.
◼ For this reason, the brushes used have high resistance.
 OPERATION OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR

When fed with a DC supply:

◼ When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series motor.
◼ In this case, when the current flows in the field winding, it produces an
electromagnetic field.
◼ The same current also flows in the armature conductors.
◼ When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a mechanical force.
◼ This mechanical force causes the rotor to rotate.
◼ Fleming’s Left-hand rule gives us the direction of this force.
 OPERATION OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR

When fed with an AC supply:

◼ A unidirectional torque is produced when the universal motor is supplied with AC power.
◼ This is because the armature winding and the field winding are connected in series and are in
the same phase.
◼ Therefore, whenever the polarity of the AC changes, the direction of the current in the
armature and the field winding changes simultaneously.
◼ The direction of the magnetic field and the direction of armature current reverse so that the
direction of force experienced by armature conductors remains the same.
◼ Thus, regardless of AC or DC supply, universal motors work on the same principle that DC
series motors work on.
 PROPERTIES OF UNIVERSAL MOTORS

Following are the distinctive properties of the universal motor:

◼ They run at high speed.
◼ They have high starting torque.
◼ Compact size and are lightweight.
◼ They are noisy because of the commutator and brushes.
 APPLICATIONS OF UNIVERSAL MOTORS

◼ Universal motors are used in applications where high speed and good speed
control is necessary.
Following are the various applications of universal motor:
◼ Universal Motors are used in table fans, hairdryers and grinders.
◼ They are used in portable drill machines.
◼ They are used in polishers, blowers and kitchen appliances.