Ministry Of Higher Education and Scientific

Research
TIU University
Petr.& Min. Engineering Dep.

Petroleum Fluid Properties

Lecture No.2
PETROLEUM ENGINEER

Prepared by :
Ziyad j. talabany
Assistant Professor
 Petroleum Engineer ?

Petroleum Engineer : involved in nearly all stages of Oil and gas

field

Evaluation

Development

Production
Goals of petroleum engineer are:

Maximize hydrocarbon recovery at minimum cost

 Reducing all associated environmental problems

 Reservoir engineering

Drilling Engineering

Production Engineering
Petroleum Engineer
Upstream Midstream Downstream

Exploration Transportation of oil and gas Refinery process

Drilling Shipping Petrochemical
Production Piping Polymer and plastic product

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 Discoveries and Development fields
Tawkee Operator ( DNO)
 594 Square Kilometer
 Discovered 2006 Shaikan Operator ( Gulf
 Activity : 20 well drilled. keystone)
 production capacity  283 square kilometres
100,000 bopd.  Discovered 2010
 Reserves : 900 million  Production 150000 bopd
barrel  Reserves : 12.4 billlion
barrel
Sarsang Operator ( HKN) TAQ TAQ Operator ( Genel
 1,085 Square Kilometers Energy )
 Swara Tika-1 , Swara Tika -2  951 Square Kilometer
& Gara-1  12 Produced well @ 2012
 Discovered 2012  46 API degree
 Production 50,000 bopd  Production 175,000
bopd
Atrush Operator ( TAQA )  Reserve 647 million
 269 Square Kilometers barrel
 Discovered 2010
 Production 6393 bopd
 Reserves : 627 million Chamchamal Gas Field
barrel
Kurdistan Region Oil By Numbers ( UP to 2017)
 PETROLEUM
It has as different names like “ Sweat of the devil”, “ Oil from

rock ” and “ Shining water ”.

The word petroleum, derived from the Latin words Petra

and oleum, means literally Rock oil.

 Edwin Drake drilled 69 feet and struck oil in 1859. That day, August 27,

1859 is dated as the birthday of oil industry in USA.

 What is Petroleum ?
Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur

in sedimentary rocks in form of :

‾ gases (natural gas)

‾ liquids (crude oil)

‾ semisolids (bitumen)

‾ solids (wax or asphalte).

Petroleum = Hydrocarbon compound + Non-Hydrocarbon compound
 It consists of approximately 11-13 wt % hydrogen H and 84-87 wt % of
carbon C .

Traces of Oxygen, Sulphur, Nitrogen and Helium may be found as

impurities in crude oil
• An underground reservoir that contains hydro- carbons is called
petroleum reservoir.

• Reservoir rocks have lots of interconnected holes called pores

• These absorb oil and gas like sponge

• petroleum reservoir hydrocarbon contents that can be recovered

through a producing well is called reservoir fluid.

• A series of reservoirs within a common rock is called an oil

field. 9
 How petroleum formed ? It’s Origin

Organic theory

This theory holds that the first stage of the origin of crude oil or

petroleum involves plankton (Single –Celled organisms which float

on the oceans).

• Planktons die and gradually accumulate on the ocean floor.

• Other sediments begin to accumulate also, and after few million

10
years the plankton are buried under several kilometre of sediment
• The plankton remained un oxidised under the high value of pressure
and temperature are transformed to Kerogen.

• Under favourable condition of time and temperature and after further

burial and heating this kerogen is transformed through cracking into
petroleum and natural gas .

• Then migrate towards the surface and arrested on the way in traps.

• The most significant factor in conversion of organic compound to

petroleum (crude oil) are:
• Heat and pressure.
• Radioactive rays like Gamma ray.
• Catalytic reaction.Vanadium-and nickel-type catalysts . 11
Figure a-This diagram shows life
existing in an ancient sea hundreds
of millions of years ago and burial of
organic matter in the sediments
Figure d--The rocks have been folded
forming an anticline. The petroleum is
trapped at the crest of the anticline
Figure b--Millions of years later, life
still exists in a shallow sea and the
sediments have increased in
thickness. The organic matter is
being altered into petroleum.
Figure c--The sea no longer exists.
Petroleum is migrating from the
. source rocks into porous rocks.
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