What are…?

Grammatical Signals/Expressions
 What are…?
Grammatical Signals/Expressions
- Are writing devices that serve
to maintain text coherence.

- They signal the relationship

between new sentences and
the one before it.
3 Claim and Counterclaim
 Mom, I really
need a new cell
phone!
 Mom, I really
need a new cell No, you don’t.
phone!
 3 Claim and Counterclaim

• Is a method of developing a paragraph or a

longer composition by stating (someone
else’s) claim, by stating your (the writer’s)
claim and by following the counterclaim with
reasons or evidences to support the said
counterclaim.
 CLAIM COUNTERCLAIM

Is a statement Is a statement that

provides an opposing or
or declaration of different belief, stance, or
a belief, stance, opinion.
or opinion.
Are provable and
supported by reasons and
evidence.
 3 Claim and Counterclaim
Signal Examples
Words
Signal Claim, conclude, agree, observe, say,
verbs show, suggest, support, think, state,
for propose, present, point out, explain,
Claims discuss, illustrate
 3 Claim and Counterclaim
Signal Words Examples
Signal Argue, refute, disagree, oppose, contradict, argue,
words/verbs however, but, in contrast, otherwise, not
for withstanding, in opposition, nevertheless, on the
Counterclaims other hand/on the contrary
Although…even though… while it may be true…still
others may say that…but it is often
thought/supposed/imagined… it’s easy to think…
but when you look at the facts
 3 Claim and Counterclaim
Signal Examples
Words
Signal According to… evidence shows… the work
words for of ______ indicates… the study reveals…
citing based on the evidence/data…
evidence
 EXAMPLE
Water bottles should be allowed in
schools because they could increase
grades, help students stay healthy, and
reduce drowsiness.

Many argue that water bottles should not

be allowed in schools. If students start
bringing water bottles to class, they might
have to go leave to the bathroom more
often.
CLAIM
EXAMPLE
Water bottles should be allowed in
schools because they could increase
grades, help students stay healthy, and
reduce drowsiness.
COUNTERCLAIM

Many argue that water bottles should not

be allowed in schools. If students start
bringing water bottles to class, they
might have to go leave to the bathroom
more often.
 Many claim that one don’t need to go to EXAMPLE
college to be successful.
While it is true to some, many will agree to the
notion that college education results in better
employment.
According to the National Center for Education
Statistics, 73 percent of young adults with a
bachelor’s degree worked full time, a year-round in
2014, compared to 65 percent of young adult high
school graduates.
Therefore, it can be said that college education
is a pre-requisite to attain success in life.
 CLAIM
Many claim that one don’t need to go to college to
EXAMPLE
be successful.
While it is true to some, many will agree to the
notion that college education results in better
employment.
According to the National Center for Education
Statistics, 73 percent of young adults with a bachelor’s
degree worked full time, a year-round in 2014,
compared to 65 percent of young adult high school
graduates.
Therefore, it can be said that college education is a
pre-requisite to attain success in life.
 CLAIM COUNTERCLAIM
Many claim that one don’t need to go to college
EXAMPLE
to be successful.
While it is true to some, many will agree to the
notion that college education results in better
employment.
According to the National Center for Education
Statistics, 73 percent of young adults with a bachelor’s
degree worked full time, a year-round in 2014,
compared to 65 percent of young adult high school
graduates.
Therefore, it can be said that college education is a
pre-requisite to attain success in life.
 CLAIM COUNTERCLAIM
Many claim that one need to go to college to be
EXAMPLE
successful.
While it is true to some, many will agree to the
notion that college education results in better
employment.
According to the National Center for Education
Statistics, 73 percent of young adults with a bachelor’s
degree worked full time, a year-round in 2014,
compared to 65 percent of young adult high school
graduates.
Therefore, it can be said that college education is a
pre-requisite to attain success in life.
REASON/EVIDENCE
 CLAIM COUNTERCLAIM
Many claim that one need to go to college to be
EXAMPLE
successful.
While it is true to some, many will agree to the
notion that college education results in better
employment.
According to the National Center for Education
Statistics, 73 percent of young adults with a bachelor’s
degree worked full time, a year-round in 2014,
compared to 65 percent of young adult high school
graduates.
Therefore, it can be said that college education is a
pre-requisite to attain success in life.
RESTATEMENT of
REASON/EVIDENCE COUNTERCLAIM
 PRACTICE
Students should be able to bring cell
phone to school because digital literacy
can be used for educational purposes.
 PRACTICE
Students should be able to bring cell
phone to school because digital literacy
can be used for educational purposes.

Many teachers argue that students should

not be able to bring cell phones at school
because they could use them to
communicate during a test.
4 Cause and Effect
 CAUSE EFFECT

It states why something

happen.
States the
It is something or
someone that creates an result or
effect, brings about a outcome
result, has a consequence
or is the reason for a
condition.
 4 Cause and Effect

•Is a pattern of idea development

that discusses either the reason for
an occurrence or predict
consequences of an occurrence.
 EXAMPLE

Chen studied hard for his English

exam. As a result, he got a
perfect score.
 EXAMPLE
CAUSE

Chen studied hard for his

English exam. As a result, he
got a perfect score.
 EXAMPLE
CAUSE

Chen studied hard for his English

exam. As a result, he got a
perfect score.

EFFECT
 4 Cause and Effect
Signal Examples
Words
For Because, causes, creates, due to, for this
expressing reason, if this…then, leads to, on account of,
CAUSES produces, since, this

For As a result, consequently, hence, in effect,

expressing resulting, therefore, thus
EFFECTS
 EXAMPLE
CAUSE

Chen studied hard for his English exam.

As a result, he got a perfect score.

EFFECT
 EXAMPLE
CAUSE

Chen studied hard for his English exam.

As a result, he got a perfect score.

Grammatical
Signal EFFECT
 PRACTICE

The tone of Noh drama

presentation is grave and
serious because it has strong
Buddhist influences.
 EFFECT PRACTICE

The tone of Noh drama

presentation is grave and
serious because it has strong
Buddhist influences.
 EFFECT PRACTICE

The tone of Noh drama

presentation is grave and
serious because it has strong
Buddhist influences.

CAUSE
 PRACTICE
EFFECT

The tone of Noh drama

presentation is grave and
serious because it has strong
Buddhist influences.
Grammatical
CAUSE Signal
 Effect
Cause Effect
Effect
Environmental pollution takes place when nature does not know how to decompose an
element that has been brought to it in an unnatural way. This must be taken seriously, as it
has negative effects to humans, animals and plants. The effects of environmental pollution
on humans are mainly physical. This leads to respiratory problems, in the form of allergies,
asthma, irritation of the eyes and nasal passages, or other forms of respiratory infections.
Environmental pollution mainly affects animals by causing harm to their living environment,
making it toxic for them to live in. Consequently, acid rains can change the composition of
rivers and seas, making them toxic for fishes, an important quantity of ozone in the lower
parts of the atmosphere can cause lung problems to all animals. As for animals, plants, and
especially trees, can be destroyed by acid rains (and this will also have a negative effect on
animals as well, as their natural environment will be modified), ozone in the lower
atmosphere block the plant respiration, and harmful pollutants can be absorbed from the
water or soil. In short, environmental pollution, almost exclusively created by human
activities, results to negative effects on the ecosystem, destroying crucial layers of it and
causing an even more negative effect on the upper layers.
 Effect
Cause Effect
Effect
Environmental pollution takes place when nature does not know how to decompose an
element that has been brought to it in an unnatural way. This is caused mainly by industries,
transportation, agricultural activities, trading activities, and residences. Industries have been
polluting our environment especially since the beginning of the industrial revolution, as mentioned
above, notably due to the increasing use of fossil fuel. Another thing that causes environmental
pollution is transportation. Since men abandoned animal power to travel, pollution of the
environment has become higher and higher. Similarly to industries, pollution caused by transport
can mainly be attributed to fossil fuels. Another cause is agriculture which is mainly responsible for
the contamination of water and soil. This is caused by the increased use of pesticides, as well as by
the intensive character of its production. Trading activities including the production and exchange of
goods and services also causes environmental pollution. Concerning goods, pollution can be caused
by packaging (which often involves the use of plastic, which is made from fossil fuels) or transport,
mainly. Finally, residential areas provide their fair share of pollution as well. For they have to build
homes, natural environment has to be destroyed in one way or another. Then, when people settle in,
they will produce waste every day, including a part that cannot be processed by the environment
without harm yet.