Develop the Practice of Patriotic

Personality
• Instruction Sheet
• This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary
information regarding the following content coverage and topics –
• Identifying the basics of patriotism
• Developing qualities of patriotic citizen
• Describing executing responsibility
• Discussing the concept of corruption
• Developing the sense of volunteerism
• Practicing industriousness in the work place
• This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated
in the cover page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning
Guide, you will be able to –
 CONT--
• Identify the basics of patriotism
• Describe qualities of patriotic citizen
• Describe executing responsibility
• Discuss the concept of corruption
• Develop the sense of volunteerism
• Develop industriousness in the work place
• Learning Instructions:
• Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide
• Follow the instructions described below
• Read the information written in the Information Sheets
• Accomplish the “Self-check
Information Sheet -1 Identifying The Concepts and Basics of Patriotism

1. Definition of patriotism

•Patriotism in a Modern notion is defined with the respect

of human rights and constitutional democracy. It is an
appreciation of multiculturalism Whereas Patriotism in a
rational meaning defined as sense of attachment to a
homeland or the country and alliance with other citizens
who share the same sentiment to create a feeling of
oneness among the people.
• Patriotism versus Nationalism
• 1.2.1 The Similarity between Patriotism and
Nationalism
• Patriotism mean devotion to a particular place and
a particular way of life, which one believes to be
the best in the world but has no wish to force upon
other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive,
both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the
other hand, is inseparable from the desire for
power
 1.2.2 The Difference between Patriotism and
Nationalism

• Nationalism and patriotism both show the relationship of an

individual towards his or her nation. The two are often
confused and frequently believed to mean the same thing.
However, there is a vast difference between nationalism and
patriotism.
• Nationalism means to give more importance to unity by way
of a cultural background, including language and heritage.
Patriotism pertains to the love for a nation, with more
emphasis on values and beliefs.
• When talking about nationalism and patriotism, one cannot
avoid the famous quotation by George Orwell, who said that
nationalism is ‘the worst enemy of peace’
• . According to him, nationalism is a feeling that
one’s country is superior to another in all respects,
while patriotism is merely a feeling of admiration
for a way of life. These concepts show that
patriotism is passive by nature and nationalism can
be a little aggressive.
• Patriotism is based on affection and nationalism is
rooted in rivalry and resentment. One can say that
nationalism is militant by nature and patriotism is
based on peace.
 Most nationalists assume that their country is better than any other,
whereas patriots believe that their country is one of the best and can
be improved in many ways. Patriots tend to believe in friendly
relations with other countries while some nationalists don’t.
 In patriotism, people all over the world are considered equal but
nationalism implies that only the people belonging to one’s own
country should be considered one’s equal.
 A patriotic person tends to tolerate criticism and tries to learn
something new from it, but a nationalist cannot tolerate any criticism
and considers it an insult.
 Nationalism makes one to think only of one’s country’s
virtues and not its deficiencies. Nationalism can also make
one contemptuous of the virtues of other nations. Patriotism,
on the other hand, pertains to value responsibilities rather
than just valuing loyalty towards one’s own country.
 Nationalism makes one try to find justification for mistakes
made in the past, while patriotism enables people to
understand both the shortcomings and improvements made.
 In Summary
Patriot: Expresses the emotion of love towards his country in a
passive wayNationalist: Strives for independence and the interests
and domination of a nation and expresses his love or concern for the
country in an active political way.

1. The moral standing of patriotism

• Many think of patriotism as a natural and appropriate expression of
attachment to the country in which we were born and raised and of
gratitude for the benefits of life on its soil, among its people, and
under its laws. They also consider patriotism an important
component of our identity. Some go further, and argue that
patriotism is morally mandatory, or even that it is the core of
morality.
• . There is, however, a major tradition in moral
philosophy which understands morality as essentially
universal and impartial, and seems to rule out local,
partial attachment and loyalty. Adherents of this
tradition tend to think of patriotism as a type of group
egoism, a morally arbitrary partiality to “one’s own” at
odds with demands of universal justice and common
human solidarity. A related objection is that patriotism
is exclusive in invidious and dangerous ways. Love of
one’s own country characteristically goes together with
dislike of and hostility
•towards other countries. It tends to encourage militarism, and makes for international tension
and conflict. Tolstoy’s and Kateb’s moral objections to patriotism, mentioned above, are in line
with this position.

•What, then, is the moral status of patriotism? The question does not admit of a single answer.
We can distinguish patriotism as Extreme, Robust, moderate, Deflated and Ethical which needs
to be judged on its merits.

1. Types of Patriotism:

•There are two types of Patriotism. Traditional and Constitutional (Democratic) patriotism

1. Traditional Patriotism

•Traditional patriotism is a patriot one who dies for its country, respects and the national
anthems, flags, and loves the physical features of the country. Some major characteristics of
traditional patriotism are:
• Love of one’s country and particularistic sense of belonging
to nation or country;
• The patriotic attachment is to territory or to the country in
abstract;
• It is required to be loyal only to the government
irrespective of its political character;
• The state is considered as supreme and has the sovereign
power;
• It can degenerate into nationalistic chauvinism and
promotes intolerance and endangers the peace of the
national state etc.
• Constitutional (Democratic) patriotism
• Its guiding Principles are the constitutional democracy;
• It celebrates one’s belongingness to constitutional state;
• Loyal to the values and principles of democracy enshrined
in democratic constitution;
• It tends to universalism and promote internationalism;
etc.
• Generally, patriot in modern sense is the one who live the
community or the people he/she belongs stand for the
right of the others. It is also readiness to make sacrifices
for what is considered its best interest.
• Basics of Patriotism
• There are certain conditions that make people to love their homeland and
these conditions are known as factors or basis for building patriotism.
These factors include tolerance of diversity, legality, and prevalence of rule
of law in the country.
• Tolerance of Diversity
• Tolerance of diversity accepts any kinds of difference as natural. Differences
in race, language, colour, religion, etc by themselves are cultural values of a
country. This condition indicates that, patriotism is not only love of the soil
of one’s birth land, its scenario-the physical topography but more
importantly love of people of the country. These and other positive
contributions and benefits of diversity and pluralism always exist when
there is trust and tolerance of citizens and good governance of the state.
• Prevalence of equality
• Equal access implies equitable distribution of natural
resources political power and social services to the people
of the country. Citizens would not have sense of love for
their country unless they are entertained equally to use all
kinds of opportunities in their country.
• Prevalence of Rule of Law
• Rule of law is another important factor for the development
of patriotic feeling. Therefore, to enable citizens to have
strong patriotic feeling and positive attitude towards their
country, there should be prevalence of rule of law.
 Information Sheet -2 Describing
qualities of patriotic citizen
– Describing qualities of patriotic citizen
• Some of the qualities of a patriotic citizen are as
follows:
• 2.1.1 .Respecting constitution and its provisions
• In the constitutional system it is a duty of every
citizen to show unreserved support for the
implementation of constitutional provision. They
can also do this by fulfilling constitutional
obligations in good faith.
 2.1.2.Respecting the rights of others

•A patriot has the duty to respect the constitutional right and entitlement
of individual and group. As a patriot you are expected to respect the
rights of your fellow citizens.

2.1.3.Loyalty
• Loyalty is the quality of being faithful allegiance to the particular state
or people. Loyalty of Patriots is devoted to the nation and its
historical and cultural achievement. However this does not mean that
patriots should be loyal to dictatorial and undemocratic governments
that undermine human rights and freedom of citizens. Struggling
against such governments is by itself the attribute of patriotism
• 2.1.4. Developing tolerance and developing the culture of
peace
• Tolerance and the culture of peace are important attribute
of true patriotism in multicultural society. In countries
such as Ethiopia where different groups with varied
languages, religions and other attributes coexist, it is
important that there is the space for all of them to have
some common ground that offer them the opportunity
and privilege to claim pride in their own legacy and history.
As a patriotic person, you need to be keen in solving your
problems and differences in a peaceful manner
• 2.1.5. Respect and protect national heritages
• Ethiopia has many important national heritages and
historical sites. The Rock Hewn Church of Lalibela,
The Palace of Jima Aba Jifar, the Palace of Atse-Fasil
in Gondar and the various monument located in
Ethiopia are just few of national heritages among
many. These national heritages not only attract
thousands of tourists, but they are also source of
generating income. Therefore, a true patriot is
expected to protect these national heritages.
 • 2.1.6. Keep National Secrets
• State secrets are those you should keep due to social
mindedness and love for your country. A patriot always
maintains national secrets, especially, at the time of war.
A patriot is not a dictator and does not make treason
against his/her country.
• 2.1.7. Respecting National Symbol
• A patriot always respects his/her country’s national
values. National symbols include such things as national
flag, national anthem, and national day or days of
independency.
• The first two are important features for the
identity of nations across the world. They
indicate the independence of a country and its
citizens on a legal footing to other nations that
a patriot should reject. Beside this Ethiopia
has also national day such as March 2 victory
of Adwa, May 5 is the day that marked the
end of the five years struggle between
Ethiopian patriots and the Italian invaders
 • 2.1.8. Exposing unjust act
• As a patriot, you are expected to expose
wrong doing, unethical activities and
mismanagements of any organization,
individual and groups. True patriots publicize
information about human right violations by
anybody. They also give out information about
any illegal act that may be going in any
organization.
Information Sheet #3 Executing Responsibility

1. The Concept of Responsibility

• Responsibility is that state of being answerable
for an obligation and having the skill, ability, and
capacity to bear it. It also means the ability to do
or not to do something. In other words, one
becomes responsible for one’s action. It means
accountability. Responsibility could be keeping
promise, observing laws and other social values
taking inlet yourself and your fellow. Therefore,
executing responsibility include:
 • The value of keeping promise
• Keeping promise is a declaration which binds the person
who makes it, either in honor, conscience, or law to do or
for bear certain specific act. A good citizen always keeps
his/her promise, because he/she has at least a moral
obligation to do so as a member of the society. Promising
rule goes by appeal to the value that the practice of
promising has for us as members of a society. The chief
value of the practice of promising is social coordination and
cooperation. Promises allow people to trust one another,
which in turn allows for all sorts of cooperative benefits
 • Avoid wastage of public property
• Public property is land or buildings that are for the
use of everyone. This may include all those properties
in your school, public toilets in your surroundings and
others. Public properties also include those owned by
government like power generating plants, electric
power transmission towers across the country, roads,
telecommunication networks and hospitals. As a
citizen, you have the responsibility to protect such
properties for future use.
•Wastage of public property can take many forms, for example:

 Misappropriation or misuse of public property

 The purchase of unnecessary or inadequate goods
 Reckless use of the properties of the state
 Too many staff being employed in particular area, incurring cost
which might otherwise have been avoided
 Staff being remunerated for skills that they do not have, but are
required to have under the terms or conditions of their employment
• Programs not achieving their objectives and therefore the cost being
clearly ineffective and inefficient
• Wastage of public property can result from such things as:
• The absence of appropriate safeguards to prevent the theft and
misuses,
• Purchasing procedures and practices which fail to ensure that goods
and services are necessary and adequate for their intended purpose.
• Concerned with Global issues
• The natural environment is the environment composed of land,
water, air, human beings and other living creatures as well as human
created surroundings. Human survival depends on natural
environment. Responsible citizen gives strong attention to protect
his/her environment from the Resource depletion following problem
• Over population
• Pollution
• Water pollution.
• Waste and waste disposal.
• Ocean acidification.
• Acid rain.
• Environmental degradation
• ozone layer depletion
• Terrorism
• Human trafficking
• Drug trafficking etc.
• Ethiopia has an environment owed with plenty of natural resources. It is a
home to a wealth of biological diversity. Its wild life includes animals such as
Walia Ibex, Mountain Nyala and Chelada Baboon etc.
 • Preservation of Historical Heritage
• Historical heritages are things that reflect the
living condition of the ancient people, their
culture, their work and their artifacts etc.
Historical heritages are the best proof of a
nation’s history and traditional culture. They
are considered as precious material, spiritual
treasures which promote strong sense of
national pride and patriotic enthusiasm.
• Historical and cultural heritages are widely used for two main
sorts of modern function:
• I. They provide socio cultural places of identities and are
also resources for an important leisure service industry.
• II. They are the main source of tourism industry. A country
with plenty of historical and cultural heritage has the potential to
attract many visiting people from all over the world. For
instance,
• Harar Jegol building,
• The city of Harar
• The axumites obelisks
• Axum Tsion Church
• Ge’ez language, (Ethiopia’s first written language,)
• Rock hewn churches of Lalibela
• Fasildes castle in Gondar
• Aba Jiffar palace in Jimma
• Kumsa Moroda palace in Nekemte
• Sofomer cave of Bale
• The Nejashi mosque in Tigray etc.
– Types of Responsibility
• Citizens’ responsibility can be seen as individual or
group
 • Individual responsibilities
• Individual responsibility refers to the moral
and legal obligation of citizens to take care for
and take responsibility for themselves and
their action. Individual responsibility includes
fulfilling personal responsibilities to oneself,
family, friends and others. Personal
responsibility leads to social acceptance
• Citizens personal responsibility Includes
• Self-governance
• Obliging the law
• Supporting families
• Behaving in civil manner
• Managing their life properly
• Respecting the right and interest of others
• Being responsible for the consequences of one’s action
• Adhering the social and moral principle etc.
 • Group Responsibility
• Group responsibility is the responsibility shared by all members
of a group, community, or a nation to promote the public
interest of the common good. In any society members have
various social obligations in their society. These responsibilities
are often called civic responsibilities. Some of citizen’s social
obligations include:
• Performing public service honestly
• Paying tax
• Protecting public property and concern for the environment
• Taking part in political activities
• Managing and resolving conflict
• Negotiation and compromise
• Being informed and attentive to public issues
• Obeying the law
• Fulfilling obligations is the basis for social life
• It is clear that those who discharge their
individual responsibilities can successfully
discharge their group responsibilities. Both
personal and group responsibilities can be
categorized in to Moral and legal.
• I. Legal responsibility: includes promises, appointments,
assignments, occupations, customs, traditions, moral
principles, citizenship, and laws are all sources of responsibility.
• II. Moral responsibility: includes discharge: respecting
seniors (elders), punctuality, honesty, keeping promise are all
examples of moral responsibility.
• Responsibility can also be classified as Personal Responsibility,
Social Responsibility and Environmental Responsibility.
• Personal Responsibility:
• make and keep agreements;
• set goals and create ways to achieve them
• accept consequences of personal choices; and
• Acknowledge personal accomplishments.
• Social Responsibility:
• communicate with others in a way that empowers
them, not demeans them;
• honor others' rights, dignity, and worth,
• work together toward common goals,
• negotiate problems and conflicts successfully; and
• Create opportunities for others.
• Environmental Responsibility:
• become conscious of the various contexts in
which we function;
• respect property and take care of equipment, the
classroom, the school, and the community;
• Recognize the importance of the individual taking
care of the environment as well as influencing
others to take care of the environment
 – Characteristics of Responsible person
• Responsible person is the one who identifies and
accepts the consequences-good or bad- of his
decisions. Responsible behavior is made up of
essential elements-honesty, compassion, respect
values and norms of a society, fairness,
accountability and Courage. In addition,
responsible persons are those who do the right
thing even no one is watching and See things
through
• Being responsible means:
• Think before we act.
• Think about how our actions affect others.
• Think before we speak.
• Are accountable
• Fix our mistakes.
• Keep trying. ...
• Are reliable and always do our job.
• Clean up our own messes
• Responsible person is:
• reliable, trustworthy, and dependable
• Gain knowledge and experience
• Benefit others and the society at large
• Develops independence and self esteem
• Independent person: is a state of being free from
control, subjugation or dictation by any extreme body.
It is a situation of being dependent of one’s resources.
• 3.4 Respecting Values and Norms of Society
• Value: have to do with the principles beliefs or
accepted standards of a person or social groups
• Moral: it has to do with human behavior and the distinctions
between good, bad, right and wrong behavior. For instance,
helping a person in need of assistance, helping in protecting
public safety, peace and order are among the moral and
ethical values of a society. In general, good citizen
responsibilities may include:
• Respecting the right of others
• Paying attention to how well our elected leaders do their jobs
• Paying fair tax
• Serving in the armed forces
• Voting
 Information Sheet #4 Discussing the
Concept of Corruption
– Concept of Corruption
• Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense
which is undertaken by a person or an organization which
is entrusted with a position of authority, in order to
acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal
gain. Corruption erodes trust, weakens democracy,
hampers economic development and further exacerbates
inequality, poverty, social division and the environmental
crisis. Exposing corruption and holding the corrupt to
account can only happen if we understand the way
corruption works and the systems that enable it.
 – Corruption in Ethiopian Context
• Reading causes of corruption in Ethiopia, there is no extensive
research done to date. However, offering and receiving bribes
were practiced during the emperor’s period (1930- 1974).
Later on, during the Dreg Regime, the system of corruption
became more sophisticated. Some manifestations of
corruption were the nationalization of privately owned
business by the government; parent offering bribes to Keble
administrators to free their sons from national military
service; Individuals and officials with access to government
structures being allowed to get goods at lower prices and
selling them at higher price in the market to generate income.
• Besides these, it was impossible to have access to public services and
utilities without bribes. In general, nepotism, patronage, abuse of office,
kick back demands from government procurement contractors was
characteristics of that regime (1974-1991). This was because there were no
accountability and transparency systems.
• Even after the Dreg Regime, corruption was still a problem to development.
To address such a problem, the government of Ethiopia a civil service
reform program as part of the general strategy to curb corruption by the
year 1994.The reform program was under taken on the basis of a task force
established by the prime minister’s office. When the civil service reform
program approached an implementation phase, Federal Ethics and Anti-
corruption Commission (FEAC) was established in October 2001.
• Some measures taken in the promotion of ethical standards and fight
against corruption in Ethiopia are as follows:
• The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission was established;
• A management manual was developed to help managers detect
work and service areas vulnerable to corruption and measures to be
taken to address the problem;
• As it is not possible to fight corruption individually, a working
together manual for the investigators, prosecutors, and judiciary
was developed;
• Code of ethics for politicians and civil servants was developed;
• Anti-corruption procedure and evidence law was developed and
being implemented;
• To assess the extent and prevalence of corruption in the country and
institutions most affected by it, a corruption survey was undertaken
• In light of the problems, important steps are made in this area. For example,
federal ethics and anti-corruption commission is established and related
legislation such as evidence and procedure law and mandate of the
commission are enacted.
– Causes of Corruption
• The following are some main causes of corruption:
– Low Pay scales/ Wages
• Most of the employees in the government sector are paid low wages and
salaries. Hence some employees revert to corruption for more financial
benefits.
– Low Job opportunities.
• This is another cause of corruption. Due to the lack of job opportunities, many
people like to go for corruption mode to get a job offer. They will be ready to
pay lump-sum amounts for the job offer to the higher officials or politicians
 – Lack of Strict and fast punishments:
• Even if someone is found guilty or even caught red-handed
by the anti-corruption officials or media, the convicts get
less punishment. First, they will be suspended for a few
months or weeks and then re-posted to another location
with the same Job grade and pay. So this means the official
who did the corrupt practice is given a free license to
continue his practice. If the government is so strict that any
such corrupt incidents will lead to permanent removal from
the job and also punishment like several years
imprisonment, then the corruption will come down to a
large extent
 – Lack of fear of bad reputation
• If a person is corrupt or has done some unacceptable misconduct, they
have to be avoided and not be respected. But currently, those with
corruption and other offense-related history are given prominent
positions like members of parliament or even higher posts. Instead of
being disrespected, they are respected.
• 5. Lack of Public Unity
• The public openly criticizes corruption, but interestingly there is no
unity among the public to stop corruption. If a person wants to get his
done his work, he gets it done by corruption means if possible and then
later criticizes the corrupt official. If the public stands united against
corruption so that no one is ready to offer bribes to get their work
done, then the corrupt officials will have no other option but to work in
a corruption-free manner.
• During the election, politicians try to lure the people by offering
money and other things. If these politicians win and get power, they
try to regain 10 to 100 times the amount spent in the process.
• 6. Lack of transparency in affairs and deals
• Many seat selection processes like in education, contracts for the job,
employee income reports (wealth possession), etc., lack transparency.
• 7. Lack of Independent detective agency
• Lack of the independent detective agency is to investigate with full
power and freedom to expose the corrupt individuals. The existing
agencies are under the control of either the government or the armies
and are not free to work. Hence anyone who commits offense will not
be afraid of the investigation as they can escape from it by taking the
help of those controlling them.
• Lack of state funding for elections
• State funding for polls is the best way to beat corruption. Political
parties receive party donations and will not disclose them to the fullest.
In doing so, they encourage corruption. They collect massive amounts
from industrialists with a promise to help when in power. The presence
of state funding can abolish party donations and minimize corruption.
• 9. The option of many political parties
• In a democracy, anyone can establish a political party. So there are
chances for the corruption of many political parties in the country.
• If a political party wins, then the party members will desire to expand
the party all over the country. To do so, they need enough financial
reserves. Once they come into power, they opt for corrupt means to
make the wealth needed to expand the party.
• Lack of enough powers to the judicial system
and other independent organizations.
• Like the election commission cannot ban a
politician from contesting in case they make a
mistake or do not comply with the rules
during the poll campaign (like distributing
money to people etc.). Similarly, the judicial
system has low options to punish someone
who is found to be
• . Lack of accountability
• In government, there is a big trend in corruption. This is because of
a lack of accountability. The employees in government offices do
not perform to their par excellence. If they have 100 files to be
cleared in a week, they may not even clear 50 of them in that week.
They tend to postpone the clearance of the files. So those who are
in the urgency of the clearance have to get them done by rewarding
the officials involved in the clearance office. This lack of
accountability in government offices is the chief cause of
corruption.
• If there is a mandate that all the files or at least 95% of files
received by government offices for clearance are cleared in the said
period, then corruption can be minimized to a large extent.
• . Encouragement of Unhealthy Competition
• Competition in business is a good sign for the
quality of service to be delivered. But in
developing nations, there is an
encouragement of unhealthy competition.
Therefore, these causes of corruption have to
be eliminated for the better growth of the
nation.
 Types of Corruption

• Grand Corruption
• It is a type of corruption in which huge amount of public
property and government money flow into the pocket of
individuals within a short period of time. The principal
participants of grand corruption are higher government
officials, political leader, higher level professionals and
higher-level merchants. This type of corruption mostly
conducted when there are governmental agreements,
during international or higher level of purchase bids like
purchase of industrial machines, purchase of war
ammunitions, fertilizers, transport vehicles, and installations
of huge industries
• Grand corruption is the abuse of high-level power
that benefits the few at the expense of the many,
and causes serious and widespread harm to
individuals and society. It often goes unpunished.
Grand corruption is a crime that violates human
rights and deserves judgment and punishment
accordingly. There are three major branches of
grand corruption include Political corruption,
Bureaucratic corruption and Organizational
(Systemic) corruption
• Political corruption: An illegal act by an office holder
constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly
related to their official duties, is done under color of law or
involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but
include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage,
graft, and embezzlement.
• Bureaucratic corruption: A useful working definition of public
sector corruption is the abuse of Authority by public officials
to make personal gains. One manifestation of this is when civil
servants, or bureaucrats, exploit their powers of discretion,
delegated to them by the government, to further their own
interests.
• Political corruption: An illegal act by an office holder
constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly
related to their official duties, is done under color of law or
involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but
include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage,
graft, and embezzlement.
• Bureaucratic corruption: A useful working definition of public
sector corruption is the abuse of Authority by public officials
to make personal gains. One manifestation of this is when civil
servants, or bureaucrats, exploit their powers of discretion,
delegated to them by the government, to further their own
interests.
• Mostly the participants of petty corruption are administrators at
different levels of government structures, government workers at grass
root levels, and job seekers.
• Petty corruption also defined as a type of everyday abuse of entrusted
power by low- and mid-level public officials in their interactions with
ordinary citizens, who often are trying to access basic goods or services
in places like hospitals, schools, police departments and other agencies.
• 6. Manifestation of Corruption
• Corruption can be manifested in different ways including the following:
There are many types of corruption. For most people, bribery probably
comes first to mind when they hear the word corruption, but other
common types of corruption include bribery, nepotism, fraud,
embezzlement, theft, etc
 – Bribery
• Bribery is the bestowing of a benefit (money or favors) to influence an
action or decision unduly. It can be initiated by a person who seeks or
solicits bribes or by a person who offers and then pays bribes. The
«benefit» in bribery can be virtually any inducement: money and
valuables, company shares, inside information, sexual or other favors,
entertainment, employment or, indeed, the mere promise of incentives.
– Nepotism
• Nepotism is favoritism shown by public official to relatives or close
friends generally involve abuses of discretion. Such abuses, however, are
governed not by the self-interest of an official but the interests of
someone linked to him or her through membership of a family, political
party, tribe, religious, or other group
• If an individual bribes an official to hire him or her, the
official acts in self-interest. If a corrupt official hires a
relative, he or she acts in exchange for the less
tangible benefit of advancing the interests of family or
the specific relative involved (nepotism). The favoring
of, or discriminating against, individuals can be based
on a wide range of group characteristics: race, religion,
geographical factors, political or other affiliation, as
well as personal or organizational relationships, such
as friendship or membership of clubs or associations.
 • Embezzlement, Theft and Fraud
• In the context of corruption, embezzlement, theft and fraud all
involve the taking or conversion of money, property, or valuable
items by an individual who is not entitled to them but, by virtue
of his or her position or employment, has access to them.
• In the case of embezzlement and theft, the property is taken by
someone to whom it was entrusted. Therefore, embezzlement
and theft can be defined as «stealing money or other
government property. » Fraud, however, consists of the use of
false or misleading information to induce the owner of the
property to relinquish it voluntarily. Fraud, therefore, can be
defined as «cheating the government through deceit
 • Abuse of Discretion
• In some cases, corruption can involve the abuse of
discretion, vested in an individual, for personal gain. For
example, an official responsible for Government contracting
may exercise the discretion to purchase goods or services
from a company in which he or she holds a personal interest
or propose real estate developments that will increase the
value of property. Such abuse is often associated with
bureaucracies where there is broad individual discretion and
few oversight or accountability structures, or where decision-
making rules are so complex that they neutralize the
effectiveness of any accountability structures that do ex
 • Consequences of corruption
• Impact of corruption is very hard on public life. This is more
of awkward and defaming condition than being problematic.
But it appears that the corruption is ever rising and
unstoppable. Further, the people involved in corruption seem
to be hiding by blaming others. Even they are proud of
themselves as they made more money in short time. To
worsen the condition further, those involved in corruption
are able to get better promotions and opportunities. People
also have developed an opinion that it is the only way to get
their work done. If not, the work will be pending for long or
even might not be done.
 • Effects of corruption on people
• Lack of quality in services
• In a system with corruption, there is no quality of service. To
demand quality one might need to pay for it. This is seen in
many areas like municipality, electricity, distribution of relief
funds etc. If a person has to purchase a like medicine, due to
corruption in education then the candidate after completion
of his course will not like to provide quality health service if
there is not enough remuneration for his service. Further
candidates who do not have the ability can also get into the
same seat by purchasing it. So though he becomes a medical
practitioner, he may not be competent enough.
• Lack of proper justice
• Corruption in the judiciary system, leads to improper
justice. And the victims of offense might suffer. A crime
may be proved as a benefit of the doubt due to lack of
evidence or even the evidence erased. Due to
corruption in the police system, the investigation
process goes on for decades. This lets the culprits roam
free and even perform more crimes. There are even
chances that criminals due to old age due to the
delayed investigation. So it leads to a sense of “Justice
delayed is justice denied.”
• Chances of Unemployment
• For example, the private education and training institutes are
given permits to start providing education. This permit is given
based on the infrastructure and sufficient recruitment of
eligible staff. Here there are good chances of corruption. The
institute or college managements try to bribe the quality
inspectors to get permits. Though there is no sufficient eligible
staff these institutes get permission from the inspectors leading
to unemployment. Instead of 10 faculties, a college is run by 5.
So, even if well-qualified persons wish to get a job there, they
will not be offered. If there was no corruption by inspectors,
then there would be a chance for more employment
• Poor Health and hygiene
• In countries with more corruption one can notice more health
problems among people. There will be no fresh drinking water,
proper roads, quality food grains supply, milk adulteration, etc.
• These low-quality services are all done to save money by the
contractors and the officials who are involved. Even the medicines
provided in hospitals for the hospitals are of sub-standard in quality.
So, all these can contribute to the ill health of common man.
• Pollution
• Pollution is mostly emitted in the form of water pollution, air
pollution, and land pollution. This pollution is from vehicles and
factories. The governments have a monitor on this pollution by
regular check of vehicle emissions and also industrial exhausts.
• Corruption in the government department lets the industry
people opt to release of untreated and harmful waste into
rivers and air. If there is no corruption, there can be fair
probes. Then the industry personnel will treat the waste such
that it is less toxic and harmless to environment and people in
it. So we can mean that corruption is also the main cause of
pollution.
• Accidents
• Sanction of driving license without proper check of driving
skills in the driver leads to accidents and death. Due to
corruption, there are countries where one can driving license
without any tests.
• Failure of genuine research
• Research by individuals needs government funding. Some of
the funding agencies have corrupt officers. These people
sanction the funds for research to those investigators who
are ready to bribe them. In doing so, they do not sanction
the funds to genuine and hardworking investigators. Thus
the research and development will be lagging. This seems to
be not a problem for the common public. But if we notice
the resistance of microbes to drugs, we can know that there
were no new compounds discovered in the past few
decades for the efficient treatment of resistant microbes
• Effects of Corruption on Society
• Disregard for officials
• People start disregarding the official involved in corruption
by talking negatively about him. But when they have work
with him or her, they again approach them by a thought that
the work is done if some monetary benefits are provided.
Disregard towards officials will also build distrust. Even lower
grade officer will be disrespectful to higher grade officer. So
even he may not obey his orders. There were even incidents
where a lower grade police officer kidnapped higher grade
officer for not offering him leave when asked.
• Lack of respect for rulers
• Rulers of the nation like the president or prime ministers lose
respect among the public. Respect is main criteria in social life.
People go for voting during the election not only with the
desire to improve their living standards by the election winner
but also with respect for the leader. If the politicians are
involved in corruption, people knowing this will lose respect
for them and will not vote such politicians.
• Lack of faith and trust in the governments
• People vote to a ruler based on their faith in him/ her but if
found to be involved in corruption people lose faith in them
and may not vote next time.
• Effects of corruption on Economy
• A decrease in foreign investment
• There are many incidents wherein foreign investments which were
willing to come to India have gone back owing to heavy corruption
in the government bodies.
• Delay in growth
• Due to desire to mint money and other unlawful benefits, the
official who needs to pass the clearances for projects or industries
delay the process. A work which can be done in few days may be
done in a months’ time that leads to delay in investments starting
and growth. Even if started, company growth hinders as every work
linked to officials get delayed due to need to provide bribes or
other benefits.
• Lack of development
• Many new industries willing to get started in particular region
change their plans if the region is unsuitable. If there are no
proper roads, water, and electricity, the companies do not wish to
start up there. This hinders the economic progress of that region.
• Differences in trade ratio’s
• Some countries have inefficient standard control institutes. Or in
other words, these standard control institutes are corrupt that
they can approve low-quality products for sale in their country.
Hence you can see countries manufacturing cheap products dump
them in big markets. These countries can manufacture cheap
quality products but cannot dump in countries with strict standard
control institutes
• They can do so only in countries with chances of
corrupt officials in standard control. One best example
is products which can’t be just dumped into Europe and
US markets can be done in other country markets with
poor import regulations and quality checks. So there
arises trade deficit that these countries cannot
manufacture their own products at the cheaper price
than those exporting to them. So if corruption is
minimized than these countries will have fewer trade
deficits in-terms of exports and imports with other
countries and their economies can prosper.
 – Approaches towards combating Corruption
• There are two types of approaches toward combating corruption.
• Preventive approach: it is based on laws of the land starting from
the constitution, other laws and rules. It focuses on the preventive role
that those laws can play, E.g., Rules related to financial administration.
• Curative Approach: It includes receiving complaints investigating
corruption cases and bring the corrupt officials before justice
particularly committed citizens that are vigilant to protect public
property are needed to fight against corruption. Such as Whistle
blowers, these are people who expose wrong doings unethical activities
or criminal acts happening in their surrounding without identifying
themselves as a source
 – Mechanisms for Combating Corruption
• As discussed in the previous section, corruption is like a
cancer and unless it is treated immediately it is likely to
affect the entire system. Therefore, taking measures to
reduce its causes and thereby its impacts are
indispensable. In this regard, penalizing corrupt officials
and civil servants may help as a starting point.
However, only an integrated and comprehensive
approach results in meaningful solution. The basic and
integrated anti- corruption approaches are as follows
• Political Commitment
• Combating corruption through governmental actions is
ultimately a matter of political will. Without genuine political
will, government’s promises to reform the civil service or
introduce transparency and accountability are unlikely to take
place. Unless the leadership is committed, the fight against
corruption is incomplete. Accordingly, there has to be a system
whereby political leaders play an exemplary role of being
ethical and free from corruption. This helps to send message to
the public that corrupt act will not be tolerated and no one is
above the law. This may include exposing illegal acts of officials
and trial of their cases at the appropriate court.
• Administrative Reform
• Administrative reform is an important ingredient to combat
corruption. The following can be cited an element of administrative
reform. First, the most basic area is to make institutions effective. This
requires eliminating redundant structures; introducing transparent
and accountable rules and regulations; sharpening institutional focus
on strategic goals for the achievement of maximum results, giving
due attention to area that are phone to corruption and better
equipping of civil servants for their tasks. In line with this, introducing
appropriate living wages to the officials and civil servants; creating
suitable working environment including making employment and
promotion on the basis of merit are areas that need attention in the
administrative aspect to combat corruption.
• It is also necessary to ensure government decisions and the
monitoring of performance on the basis of sound data. On top of
that, a properly functioning public administration also requires
transparent budgeting and financial management systems with
sound expenditure systems.
• Administrative reform is expected to improve access to
information by the public, about the services provided and
decision made. On top of that, transparency, of administration or
service delivery brought about by administrative reform should
result in consultation with stake holders’ trough focus groups,
public hearings, client satisfaction surveys, etc., about how the
institution is delivering services and how it would deliver in the
future.
• Transparency and Accountability
• Transparency and accountability are the pillars of democracy and good
governance, thus, are important at all levels of governance. If the
activities of the government are transparent and officials and civil
servants are held accountable for their decisions, the chance for
corruption will be minimized. Usually, corruption takes place when there
is lack of transparency and accountability.
• Transparency is ensured by putting in place such measures as setting
standards for timely services, requiring reasons for decision and providing
redress against decisions. Unless it is specifically wanted to be secret by
law, the public needs to have information from a specific organization on
the type of service, its standard and conditions of delivery. That is to
avoid ambiguity; limited access to confidential information must be
defined by law
• On the other hand, accountability mechanisms can be
exercised through administrative, legal and political
arrangements. Administrative mechanisms may
include internal audit, evaluation and reporting of
performances in writing. Besides these, anti-corruption
legislation, code of ethics for every profession and
audit mechanisms by certified audit institutions would
serve as a legal accountability while oversight
mechanisms such as parliamentary committee and
Ombudsmen would help as political mechanisms of
accountability
• Legal Framework
• Legal framework is the other essential mechanism for combating
corruption. Under this sub- heading the following legal aspects will be
discussed:
• Anti- corruption law
• Though enforcement is the least effective mechanism to combat
corruption, there should be anti- - corruption laws to penalize corrupt
officials and civil servants. The anti- corruption law should not only
penalize the corrupt but also provide mechanisms for confiscating the
property or wealth obtained through corruption. It has to provide
protection for those who report cases of corrupt practices. The list of
anti-corruption laws should include investigation and prosecution of
cases of corruption, disclosure, of financial interests and other properties,
and whistle blower protector mechanisms
 • Code of Ethics
• Code of ethics serves bas guide to acceptable and unacceptable behaviour at
work place. It includes sanctions, when there is breach of the provision in the
code of ethics by those working within the government machinery. The code
of ethics should be prepared in line with the need of every government
institution or organization.
• Conflict of Interest Laws
• Conflict interest is any interest is any interest that either directly or indirectly
influences the officials and civil servant in the discharge of their duties. In
order to avoid conflict of interest, officials and civil servants working in areas
that are susceptible to corruption should be required by law to declare and
register their assets and financial interests. According to the Canadian
experience, for the purpose of registration, assets are classified into three, i.e.
exempted assets, declarable assets and controlled assets.
• Besides the above, conflict of interest law shall define clearly what type of
work-related behaviour are acceptable and unacceptable, and specify
work areas that are prohibited as outside employment in relation to each
position. For example, the law shall include identification of risk areas or
activities such as whether running personal business venture or
participating in shareholding business activities.
• Whistle-blower Protection Law
• The campaign against corruption cannot be successful unless it is backed
by the involvement of public. To do so, protection mechanism is needed to
encourage the public to expose corrupt officials and civil servants.
Otherwise, the public may not be actively involved due to fear of revenge
from corrupt individuals of groups. Similarly, there should be a reporting
centre where members of the public may expose corruption without
disclosing their identity.
• Establishment of key Institutions
• Creating and strengthening institutions which are directly related to fight
against corruption is essential. Thus, the following institutions are focus of
attention:
• General Auditor
• Ombudsman
• Ethics Coordinating Body;
• The Judiciary.
• Strengthening Civic Organizations and Undertaking Public Awareness
Programs
• Strengthening civic organizations and undertaking public awareness
programs are also crucial in the fight against corruption. In line with this, the
following strategies are necessary to reach the various sectors of civic
organizations and the general public
• Mass media;
• Professional associations;
• Religious organizations;
• Others undertaking public awareness
Program. For example, establishing and
strengthening consumer associations
 Information Sheet- 5 The Sense of
Volunteerism
• The Concept of Volunteerism
• Volunteerism is the practice of donating time,
energy, knowledge and skills for the benefit of a
community as asocial responsibility rather than for
any financial reward. And a volunteer is a person
who voluntarily undertakes or expresses a
willingness to undertake a service voluntarily. In an
employment-related context, volunteerism is
concerned with the methods and tools employers
use to support employees that want to volunteer.
• People choose to volunteer for a variety of reasons. For some it offers the chance to give
something back to the community or make a difference to the people around them. For
others it provides an opportunity to develop new skills or build on existing experience and
knowledge.
• Benefits of volunteerism
• The act of volunteerism resulted in: Gain confidence
• Make a difference
• Meet people. Volunteering can help you meet different kinds of people and make new
friends.
• Be part of a community
• Learn new skills
• Take on a challenge
• Have fun!
• Creates or develops anticorruption mentality.
• Serves as pressure group to government or the society.
•
• The qualities of volunteer
• Enthusiasm
• Flexibility
• Reliability
• Creative and passionate
• Integrity
• Teamwork
• Communication
• Basic Principles of volunteerism
• Volunteering:
• benefits the community and the volunteer
• work is unpaid
• is always a matter of choice
• is not compulsorily undertaken to receive pensions
or government allowances
• is a legitimate way in which citizens can participate
in the activities of their community.
• is a vehicle for individuals or groups to address
human, environmental and social needs.
• is an activity performed in the not for profit sector
only
• is not a substitute for paid work
• Volunteers do not replace paid workers nor constitute
a threat to the job security of paid workers
• Respects the rights, dignity and culture of others.
• promotes human rights and equality
•
Information Sheet - 6 Developing the Practice of Industriousness

• The Concept of Industriousness

• The term industriousness is derived from the word industry
which means the quality of regularly working hard. A
person having the characteristics of working hard is said to
be industrious. Thus, industrious usually refers to the
characteristics of diligent, punctual and hard-working
person.
• We have to respect all types of work. In order for people to
get what they need and want; they have to work. This
means we have to respect every profession and labor work.
Work is the only respectable and legal way to earn money
• Work is the base to fulfill our basic necessities
and other needs and wants. Work is very
important for the survival of human race and
civilization. Ethiopia is a very poor country. By
working hard, it is possible to produce the
goods and services that are needed to get out
of poverty. We need to develop the skills and
provide opportunities so that everyone can
work their way out of poverty.
• The Culture of Hard Work and Development
• Many people in developed countries work very
hard. Because of this they are able to produce
more, goods and services to consume. When you
are able to produce more, then you have more
choice to satisfy your needs and wants. This
enhances your creativity, productivity, and or
quality of your work. Creativity can lead to the
invention of new things such as technological
development
• Ethical work conduct enables workers to possess proper
behavior and as to develop proper relationship with other
workers and help they create good industrial environmental.
Hard work is not enough; we need to be educated and
skilled in order to move towards development.
• Characteristics of Industrious person
• Industrious person is a person who works energetically and
devotedly, hard-working and diligent. Industrious traits are
essential if you hope to overcome obstacles, motivate
yourself, and achieve your dreams. Being industrious
includes working hard with energy, devotion, and diligence.
• Some of the most common traits of industrious people
include efficiency, perseverance, and a strong work ethic.
These traits are obtainable if you do not currently have them,
by developing and sharpening your own industrious traits.
• Becoming More Efficient
• Plan ahead. One of the best ways to be more efficient is to
plan ahead. Don't just plan for the things you know will
happen (though you should obviously do this as well); try to
anticipate the workload and needed time.
• Manage your time wisely.
• Prepare supplies and plans in advance as much as possible
• Make lists of items "to do." The best way to stay on top of
your workload, no matter what profession or area of studies
you're in, is to make lists, update progress and check items off
as you accomplish them.
• Delegate work and share tasks. Depending on your job
description, your personality type, and available workers with
complementary jobs, you may be able to work together with
others.
• Developing Perseverance
• Develop specific, measurable goals. The best way to set
yourself up for success is to create S.M.A.R.T. goals: Specific,
Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic, and Time-bound.
• Visualize your success. Visualization techniques are an
effective way to bring about positive change in your
own life.
• Resist the urge to procrastinate. Procrastination will
quickly kill your will to persevere.
• Take pleasure in your effort. The key to staying
motivated is to find pleasure in your efforts, even
when they don't seem to be paying off.
• Cultivating Strong Work Habits
• Be punctual. being punctual is important to success.
• Eliminate or reduce distractions. Every day you're faced
with countless choices, but one of the choices that may be
most difficult for some people is the choice between
diligent work and a fun, short-term distraction. While
distractions are good in moderation to relax and "unplug"
your brain, they should be restricted to evenings and
weekends so that your work productivity is not affected.
• Example: Think about how much time you waste on a given
day checking your social media, like Facebook and Twitter.
Spending 10 minutes on Facebook every hour of an eight
hour workday adds up to 80 minutes of time wasted online.
• Be more professional. Ultimately, though, your version of
professionalism should place the needs of your employers
and your professional responsibilities over your own personal
interests.
• Ignore the little things at work that upset you.
• Be more self-disciplined and keep yourself motivated.
• Stay above the gossip that circulates through your workplace.
• Show kindness and respect to everyone you work with.
• Make sure your personal attitude is professional, appropriate,
and contributes to a healthy work environment.
• Develop a healthy morning routine. Treat your body
and mind in the morning before you come to work sets
the pace for your entire day, and can either sabotage
your efforts or set you up for success.
• Have restful evenings. Just as your morning routine sets
the pace for the rest of your day, your evening routine
could set the tone for what your morning will be like.
Going to bed stressed, not getting enough sleep, or
spending too much time in front of the watching
television at night can affect how well-rested you are in
the morning.
• Communicating Effectively
• Take a moment to calm down. Communicating
effectively is difficult when you are upset or stressed:
If you are feeling upset or stressed, then take a
moment to calm yourself down before having a
conversation.
• Try taking a few deep breaths.
• Make yourself a cup of herbal tea.
• Visualize a pleasant place for a few minutes.
• Go for a walk.
• Focus on the conversation. It is also important to
stay focused and listen when you are talking to
someone.
• Before you start a conversation, put away your cell
phone, focus your eyes on the speaker, and pay
attention to what the speaker is saying.
• If you get confused about something the speaker
says, it is okay to ask a question. For example, you
can say something like, “Can you clarify what you
meant when you said
• Work on your body language. How you hold
yourself and the expression of your face can
also have an impact on the amount of
information that you retain. You can
demonstrate that you are listening by:
• Making eye contact.
• Nodding and responding with appropriate facial
expressions.
• Facing the speaker and leaning in slightly.
• Be more assertive. Assertive speech is important for
effective communication. If you use passive rather
than direct communication, then you risk being
misunderstood or unheard.
• Use simple speech. Communicating effectively is to
use simple speech rather than complex speech.
Before you speak, try to think of the simplest way
for you to express yourself. Consider your audience
and think about what would help them understand
the point you are trying to make.
• Factors Affecting the World of Work
• The small business owner needs to know what things frequently
affect the workplace balance. Knowing what to look for will help
the small business maintain an expected level of harmony, thereby
increasing production and raising job satisfaction.
• Workplace Deviance
• When employees wilfully engage in conduct that puts the small
business or its employees at risk, it is called workplace deviance.
Pilfering, laziness and hostility are appropriate examples of
workplace deviance. Employees that witness deviance are likely to
be discouraged and less happy at work. Workplace deviance
allowed to continue unchallenged by management is especially
disturbing for other employees
• Tardiness and Absence
• Chronic employee tardiness affects the workplace in a
number of ways. Other employees have to make up the
work difference and may feel angry or resentful toward
the late employees. People who are chronically late are
displaying their disregard for others, even though this
may be subconscious. Chronic absences are also
workplace factors that can upset balance. When people
take more days than allotted or bail out during stressful
projects, other workers have to fill in. These factors can
lead to stress and negative feelings.
• Company Changes
• New technologies like new machinery, updated
computer systems or new inventory applications
can confuse some workers. However, some
small business employees look at equipment
changes as a work upgrade and appreciate the
effort. Changes in staffing, reshuffling of duties
and even changes in the coffee served can affect
the workplace environment.
• Growth Opportunities
• Employee growth opportunities like paid
workshops or college courses positively affect the
workplace. When workers feel they have the
opportunity to learn more and possible advance,
they display positive attitudes toward the business.
People who are not given the chance to improve
may feel underappreciated by their employer.
Regular, insightful performance reviews can affect
the workplace, too.
• Teamwork and Dysfunction
• Employees who work together to meet challenges and
reach goals have a positive, uplifting effect on the
business. When groups or teams enjoy this kind of
camaraderie, it is often infectious and can influence
other work groups in the company. On the flip side,
departments that don't communicate and lack
cohesion achieve little and stimulate no team pride.
This type of work dysfunction can affect other
departments and may trigger a discouraging domino
effect.
• Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction
• Job satisfaction is a big factor in employee engagement , and
the level of discretionary effort team members are likely to
make. No doubt, people’s work performance suffers when
they don’t feel satisfied with their jobs, not to mention their
quality of life. Of course, every person is unique in what
they wish to achieve from their work, but there are some
job satisfaction factors that psychologists usually agree on.
Job satisfaction depends on several different factors such as
satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, fringe
benefits, job security, relationship with co-workers and
supervisors, etc.
• Job satisfaction may lead to cost reduction by reducing absences, task
errors, conflicts at work and turnover. As work is an important aspect of
people’s lives and most people spend a large part of their working lives at
work, understanding the factors involved in job satisfaction is crucial to
improving employees ‘performance and productivity. Factors affecting the
level of job satisfaction are;
•
Working Environment
• Fair Policies and Practice
• Caring Organization
• Appreciation
• Pay
• Age
• Promotion
• Feel of Belongings
• Initiation and Leadership
• Feel of Being Loved
• Safety and Security
• Challenges
• Responsibilities
• Creativity in Job
• Personal Interest and Hobbies
• Respect from Co-Workers
• Relationship with Supervisors
• Feedback
• Flexibility
• Nature of Work
• THE END OF THE COURSE
• THANKYOU SO MUCH!!!!