Class 6

27/8/2022
ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
• An organic light-emitting diode (OLED ), also known as organic
electroluminescent (organic EL) diode
• is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer
is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric
current.
• This organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of
these electrodes is transparent.
• OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such
as television screens, computer monitors, and portable systems such
as smartphones and handheld game consoles.
• A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use
in solid-state lighting applications
What is an OLED Solid state device with layers of films of organic molecules that is 100 to 500 nm thick

They emit light with the application of electricity.

They doesn’t require any backlight ie they are self emitting

They are made of Carbon and Hydrogen

History

• The first OLED device was developed by Eastmann Kodak in 1987

• In 1996, pioneer produces the worlds first commercial PMOLED

• In 2000, many companies like Motorola, LG etc developed various

displays

• In 2001 Sony developed worlds largest fulcolor OLED

History
• In 2002, approximately 3.5 million passive matrix OLED sub-displays were sold and over
10 million were sold in 2003

• In 2010 and 2011 many companies announced AMOLED displays

• Many developments had taken place in the year 2012

• Features
• Flexibility
• Emissive technology
• Light weight and thin
• Low power consumption
• High contrast , brighter and perfect display from all angles
• Structure of OLED
• Substrate
• Anode
• Organic layer
• Conductive layer (Hole Transport Layer
• Made up of polyaniline or metal phthalocyanine
• Emissive layer ( Electron transport layer)
• Made up of polyflourene or metal chelates
• CATHIDE
Structure of OLED
OLED FABRICATION

• Substrate preparation

• Device deposition
• Deposit and pattern anode
• Pattern organic laye
• Vacuum deposit and pattern cathode
• Encapsulation
• Also involves making back plane
OLED Deposition
• Organic layers can be applied to the substrate using the following
methods
• Evaporation and shadow masking
• Inkjet printing
• Organic vapour deposition
Evaporation and shadow masking
Ink Jet Printing
Organic Vapor Phase deposition
Colour Generation
• Different approaches for fabricating red, green and blue pixels

• Red, green and blue individual pixels

• White emitter and colour filters
• Blue emitter and colour converters
• Stacked OLED
Color generation

General layer structure of an organic light 2-unit/2-colour tunable OLED stack Emission spectra of the 2-unit/2-colour tunable
emitting diode OLED module at different dimming stages of each
color unit realizing emission colours between blue
and yellow

3-unit/3-colour tunable OLED stack

based on red, green and blue
emitters
Working principle

• A voltage is applied across the anode and cathode

• Current flows from cathode to anode through the organic layers

• Electrons flow to the emissive layer from the cathode

• Electrons are removed from conductive layer leaving hole

• Holes jumps into emissive layer

• Electrons and holes combine and light emitted

Types of OLED

• Six types of OLED’s

• Passsive matrix OLED (PMOLED)

• Active matrix OLED (AMOLED)
• Transparent OLED (TOLED)
• Top emitting OLED
• Flexible OLED (FOLED)
• White OLED (WOLED)
• PMOLEDs have strips of the cathode, organic layers and strips of anode.

• The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips.

• The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is
emitted.

• External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode,

determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off.

• Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied

current.

• PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of
OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry.

• PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small
screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell
phones, PDAs and MP3 players.

• Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery
power than the LCDs that currently power these devices
Active matrix OLED

• AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules,

and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor
(TFT) array that forms a matrix.

• The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which

pixels get turned on to form an image.

• AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because

the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so
they are efficient for large displays.

• AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video.

The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-
screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards
• Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components
(substrate, cathode and anode) and,
• when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their
substrate.
• When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows
light to pass in both directions
• . A transparent OLED display can be either active- or
passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up
displays
• Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either
opaque or reflective.

• They are best suited to active-matrix design.

• Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays

in smart cards.
Foldable/ Flexible OLED
• Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or
plastics.
• Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable.
• Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a
major cause for return or repair.
• Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create
"smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated
computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
White OLED

• White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more
energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights.
• White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent
lighting.
• Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace
fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings.
Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.
OLED Advantages
• Thinner, lighter and more flexible
• Do not require backlighting like LCD
• Can be made to larger sizes
• Large fields ofview , about 170 deg
• Faster response time
• Brighter
• High resolution<5micrometer pixel size
 OLED Advantages and Disadvantages

The LCD is currently the display of choice in small devices and is also popular in large-screen TVs. Regular LEDs often form
the digits on digital clocks and other electronic devices. OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:
• The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
• Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED
substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
• OLEDs are brighter than LEDs.
• Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of
an OLED can be multi-layered.
• Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.

• OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs

• LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see,
• while OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting).
• This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.

• OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into
large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
• OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing
obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
Problems with OLED

• OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it
also has some problems:
• Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to
230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around
14,000 hours.
• Manufacturing - Manufacturing processes are expensive right now.
• Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.
LED Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Lifespan
• Water damage
• Colour balance issues
OLED Vs LCD
OLED
Greater view angle
High contrast
Faster response time
Do not require backlighting
Temperature (~50deg -80deg)
• LCD
• Limited view angle
• Low contrast
• Slow response time
• Require backlighting
• Temperature )`0 deg to 100 deg
Applications
• Major applications to OLED technology are
• OLED TV
• Mobile phones with OLED screens
• Rolltop Laptop
OLED device deisign
MECHANISM- Electrochromic window

Substrate
TCO
Electrochromic Layer
Electrolyte +
Ion storage Layer V
TCO
Substrate

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 Fabrication of OLEDs

Schematic illustration of fabricating AgNWs thin film

Schematic illustration of drive device (a) and AgNWs metal complexes based OLED
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 Green OLED fabricated in our lab

The photon emission was measured using HR4000 spectroradiometer (Ocean

optics Pvt. Ltd)
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 Photophysical studies of the green OLED
UV-vis absorbance spectra PL spectra

Intensity (a.u)
(b)

425

 Broaden absorption bands between  C-3 has a wide broadened emission

240 and 330 nm  Red-shifted emission - electron-
 Strong π–π* transitions of delocalized donating functional groups at the 4’-
π electrons position of the terpy
Raja Lakshmanan et.al, J. Lumin, 2015, 168:145-150.
Journal of Fluorescence 28(1):1-10, 2018
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Fluorescence lifetime characterization

One-exponential fit, χ2 = 1.003

Fluorescence lifetime
C-1 = 0.35 ns
C-2 = 1.55 ns
C-3 = 0.29 ns

Fluorescence lifetime decay curves for (a) C-1 (b) C-2 and (c) C-3. The
excitation wavelength was 406 nm for C-1 and C-2; and 468 nm for C-3
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Raja Lakshmanan et.al, J. Lumin, 2015, 168:145-150
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8quZrUcRFlw