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978-0-9869240-1-9

================================================================================
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I jAdwdoSs 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; *dk'ef ba&mif;/ ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Caucas (AIPMC) . 'k OuUX
Kraisak Choonhaven/ ordkif;ynm&Sif ygarmuQ *sdL;Zuf aq;vfAm; pwdkif; eSifh tar&duef jynfaxmifprk S David
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xkwfa0ol

Forgotten Political Prisoners of Burmas Gulag Archipelagos

About 35 years ago, a hero of Burma, a hero of Asia, Salai Tin Maung Oo, was murdered in Insein Jail,
the most notorious prison in the whole world. Salai Tin Maung Oo was a university student of the Chin
nationality, a great lover of humanity, freedom, justice and peace. As a student leader, he was at
loggers head with the military rulers. He led many student demonstrations. At long last, he was arrested
and sentenced to death. Then he was sent to the gallows. He is the very first student leader to be
hanged during the time of Ne Wins military dictatorship.
He was dead. Unsung. Activists used to say Salai Tin Maung Oo had done a great service to the cause of
liberty and democracy. He is a hero. But he is a forgotten hero of Burma. This was not true when I was
put behind bars. When I was put behind bars, already two decades had gone since Salai Tin Maung Oo
was hanged. Nevertheless, the legend of Salai Tin Maung Oo was the talk of the prison. He was still a
legendary hero among us political prisoners. His name, his strifes, his struggles, his sacrifices are lavishly
talked about among us.
Nowadays, thanks to the thorough and investigative research and lovingly care-intensive prose by the
author, U Aung Htoo, Salai Tin Maung Oo is no more a forgotten hero. His life and struggles are unveiled
to the people of Burma, Asia, and the world over. He now becomes an icon of all the political prisoners
in Burma.
While one of the most submerged and unknown figures in Burmese history is unveiled for the first time,
there still are more than two thousand political prisoners languishing in various dirty, unhealthy and
narrow cells in the gulags, which are widely scattered over Burma. All those political prisoners are
serving terms ranging over 100 years to over 30, 40, 50, 60 years, and so forth. Some of those political
prisoners names crop up sometimes in the overseas media. The media reports just mention their
names, not their living conditions. Hence, they virtually are forgotten prisoners anyhow.
6

Over two thousand political prisoners are here in Burma now. There are many kinds of demands for
their release; political resolutions, appeals, requests, prayers, etc. to no avail. Recently the so-called
civilian government, headed by Thein Sein, formerly a general and prime minister of the military junta,
decreed an amnesty order reducing one year for every prisoner. It is a big political joke. A great shame
for the country. A huge insult on top of injury. The whole world has cursed the half-military government
in diplomacy-coated language. The shameless government remains unperturbed, looking foolish to the
whole wide world.
There are over two thousand forgotten political prisoners waiting in the gulags of Burma. Where are
authors, writers, poets like Aung Htoo? Authors wanted; writers wanted; poets wanted for each and
every forgotten political prisoner of Burma. You are highly welcomed. Come ye all.
For the moment, Aung Htoo is more than good enough. He has done his best.
~U Win Tin
National League for Democracy

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11

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12

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13

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14

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15

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

pyfvsOf;I &Sif;vif;csufrsm; xkwfcJh&onf? jzpfysufaeaom tajctae t&yf&yfudk &dyfpm;rdonfh wifarmifOD;rSm

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wifarmifOD;ESifh vSa&$wdk@u Ttjzpftysufudk =unfhum wdk;wdk;}udwf&,farmcJ=h u&onf?
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G f&maumif;aom jzpf&yfaemufwpfckrmS Todk@wnf;? wpfae@wGif
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vlxHY &&Sdaom owif;pum;onf e*dkrlvu xGufvmaom owif;pum;ESifh uJGjym;aea=umif;udk &dyfpm;rd=uum
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22

wifarmifOD;onf rdrdykid fqidk fxm;aom [mo^m%fprG f;jzifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;rsm;

tm; &,f&i$ fz,
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S Hk; jzLpifoef@&Sif;ol [kqdkv#if rSm;rnfr[kwfyg? tqdkyg pif=u,fr_
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S mcJhonfh &vm'fwpfckavm?
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S Hk;jzifh &efol&efbufrsm;udk &ifqidk fcJhonf?
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S Hk;wGif
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th=H ozG,f&maumif;onfrmS pdwfESvHk; pif=u,fro
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d f (odk@r[kwf) rodpw
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owdjyKrdcJhonf? TonfrmS wifarmifOD;. yifudk,f xl;jcm;csufwpfckyif jzpfonf?

23

2
vlom;jcif;pmemr_pdwf"gwfudk vufawG husifhoHk;jcif;
qefpyg; &Sm;yg;r_ jy\em
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k fcsKyfae0if;onf
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S Gm;+yD; Ekid fiHtwGif;wGif
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w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;udk tjypfykcH s+yD; w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;ESifh ywfoufvmv#if avmb}uD;aom
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aygufuJGcJh&onf? vltyk f}uD;rsm;onf w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm; ykid fqdkifaom tdr,
f mrsm;udk rD;&_@d zsufqD;+yD; w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;udk
pwif owfjzwf&mrS vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ tajctaetxd a&muf&cSd Jhonf? w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm; toufvkI a&Smifajy;
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24

w&kwf rdom;pkudk u,fw,fjcif;

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f Gif touf(15)ESpf &S+d yDjzpfaom wifarmifOD;onf vltyk f}uD;. vky&f yfudk apmifh=unfaecJhonf?
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f pftdr.
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f Gif wifarmifOD;u +cHwHcg;0Y&yfum TtdrYf
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f dk ausmfjzwfoGm;+yD;
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wzef wifarmifOD;onf &yfuGufxJwGif aexkdifaom w&kwfoli,fcsif; rdom;pk tdrfwpftdru
f dk owd &um tultnD
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t=um;wGif }uD;jyif;vmcJh aomfvnf; vuf&dpS pftpdk;&u usifhoHk;aeonfh r[mjrefrmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk rnfhonfhtcg
ur# vufcHcJholwpfOD; r[kwfacs?

25

w&kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;wGif vnf;aumif; tjcm; tjzpftysufrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; =unfhrnfqv

dk #if
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awG@Ekdifayonf? tjyifvlrsm;. zdtm;a=umifh ol. pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm; tvG,fwul udkif;!GwfoGm;jcif; r&Sd?
w&kwf-jrefrmta&;tcif;wGif ol. taygif;toif;tcsdK@onf w&kwfvlrsKd;wdk@. td;k tdrpf nf;pdrf rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;/
aetdrrf sm;udk rD;&_@d jcif; ponfh vky&f yfrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufcJh=uonf? ppftpdk;&uvnf; twkta,mif jrefrm
rsKd;cspfpdwfEiS fhtnD jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@bufraS eum tqdkygvky&f yfrsm; jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf pD;vm;vdkufaecJhcsdef
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f vdk vdkufrvkycf Jh? tjcm;olrsm;
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trd/ tz rsm;udk av;pm;*k%fjyKwwfol

ukdwifarmifOD;xHY ukd=unf0if; [kac:aom i,foli,fcsif; wpfa,muf &Scd Jhbl;onf? rdbrJhjzpfaeol
=unf0if;udk i,fpOfuwnf;uyif udkwifarmifOD;. tdrfe;D csif; trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf arG;pm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
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ausmif;+yD;onftxd &Smau|;cJhonf? wpfae@wGif xdktrsKd;orD;onf touf&,
G f}uD;&ifhvm+yD; toef;toef
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tzGm;tdu
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26

wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf vltyk f=um;xJodk@ wdk;0ifvm+yD; rl;arhvJusaeaom tzGm;tdu

k dk nifompGm ayG@vkdufum
cifAsm;wkd@ bmvyfae=uwmvJ? ol@udk csufcsif;aq;&Hkydk@&r,fav?[k atmfavawmhonf? Todk@rSomv#if
vltyk f}uD;u touf0ifvm+yD; tzGm;tdu
k dk aq;&Hkydk@&ef tjrefq;Hk pDpOfcJh=uonf? tzGm;td.
k '%f&mrS aoG;rsm;u
ol. tuswGif pGef;usHaeonfudk tr_rxm;bJv#uf udkwifarmifOD;onf tzGm;tdu
k dk aq;&Hka&mufonftxd
um;ay:wGif ayG@csDxm;ay;cJhonf? aq;&Hkodk@a&mufonfh tcgwGif tzGm;tdt
k wGuf ta&;ay: toHk;jyKEkdif&efqu
dk m
rdrdtyd fuyfxJY ygvmaomaiGtcsdK@udkyif ukdwifarmifOD;u xm;&pfcJhayao;onf? uHaumif;axmufrojzifh
xdktzGm;tkdonf aq;&HkY &uftenf;=um aq;ukor_ cH,l+yD;onfhaemufwGif jyefvnfoufom aumif;rGev
f mcJhonf?

tdrfe;D em;csif;rsm;udk u,fw,fjcif;

aemuf tjzpftysufwpfckrmS wifarmifOD; (10)wef;+yD;cgp aEG&moDumv. vrdkufnwpfnwGif jzpfyGm;
cJhonf? &yfuGufxJwGif wpHw
k &m aiGa=u;uHkvHkr_&Sdaom rdom;pkwpfpk "g;jywdkufcHcJh&onfh jzpf&yf jzpfonf? xdkrdom;pk
wpfpo
k nf tjcm;aetdrfrsm;rS a0;vHI acsmifusaomtdrw
f pfvHk;wGif aexdkifonf? 4if;teD;tem; ywf0ef;usiw
f Gif
pyg;cif;rsm;jzifhjynfhae+yD; pyg;yifrsm; &ifhrSnfhae=ucsdef jzpfonf? wpfnwGif u,f=uygOD;? u,f=uygOD;?[laom
atmfoHwpfck xdkrdom;pktrd frSm xGufay:vmonf? 4if;wdk@ "g;jywkduf cHaecJh&jcif;yg? xdkrdom;pk. ydkufqHEiS fh
vuf0wf&wemrsm; odkrSD;xm;&m ae&mudk od&dES dik fa&; twGuf olcdk;"g;jyrsm;u tdr&f Sifrsm;udk &ku
d fESufppfa=um
aecJhonf? jzpfysufaeaom tajctaeudk tdrfe;D csif;rsm;u &dypf m;rdaomfvnf; bmvkyI
f bmudkif&rSef; rodcJh=u?
Todk@jzifh &yfuGufxJY tm;tifoefpGr;f owWd&do
S l[k emrnfausm=f um;aom wifarmifOD;. aetdro
f dk@
vltcsK@d u oGm;a&muf tultnDawmif;cH=uonf? "g;jywkdufcHae&aom tdro
f nf udkwifarmifOD;aetdrrf Sqdkv#if
rdik fw0ufcef@ a0;uGmonf? udkwifarmifOD;u vufEdyS "f gwfrD;ESifh vSHwpfacsmif;udkqJu
G m 4if;wkd@ESifhtwl
csufcsif;vdkufvmcJhonf? "g;jywdkufcaH e&aom rdom;pktwGuf rnfodk@ tultnDay;&rnfudk 4ifwkd@u
aqG;aEG;wkdifyifae=ucsdew
f Gif tjcm;aom tdrfe;D csif;rsm;vnf; vma&mufpak 0;=u&mY pkpak ygif; vl
ta,muf(20)cef@&SdoGm;onf? 4ifwdk@txJwGif udkvSa&$vnf; yg0ifonf? udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wkd@udk
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r&Sdaoma=umifh vrf;rsm;rSm ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifae=uonf? tdref m;odk@a&mufonfhtcgwGif idk,kdjrnfwrf;um
toufcsrf;omay;&ef olcdk;"g;jyrsm;xHrS toem;cHawmif;qdk aeaom tdrf&iS ftrsK;d orD;. toHudk
twkdif;om;=um;vdkuf&onf? xdktcsdew
f Gif "g;jywpfOD;onf tdrfjyifbufrS vufEdyS f"gwfr;D tvif;a&mifwpfckudk
owdjyKrdoGm;onf? TwGif "g;jyrsm;u avxJodk@ aoewfEpS fcsuf ypfazgufum 'Dtdref m; vmwJhvlawG tm;vHk;
romjzpfoGm;r,f[k atmf[pfajcmufvSe@f cJhonf?
vltyk f}uD;u a&S@qufrwkd;awmhbJ &yfvdkufonf? tajctaerSm xifxm;onfxuf ydq
k dk;aeonfudk
wifarmifOD;u &dyfpm;rdaomtcg tm;vHk;. vufEdyS "f gwfr;D rsm; ydwfum wdwfwdwfav;ae&ef ajymvdkufonf?
27

xkd@aemuf olu csufcsif; usaemf t}uHwpfck &+yD[kqu

dk m cGet
f m;Avaumif;rGefaom tdref D;csif; vli,f(3)
a,mufukd oGm;ac:+yD; 4if;wdk@udk 0g;vHk;&Snfrsm;/ t0wfpESifh a&eHqDwkd@udk t&SmxGufaponf? vli,f(3)a,muf
uvnf; tarSmifxkxJodk@ ajy;0ifoGm;um teD;tyg;&Sd tdrf+cHrsm;rS ar$aESmuf&mS azGavawmhonf? wc%t=umwGif
4if;wdk@onf 0g;vHk;&Snf(3)acsmif;/ t0wfptcsK@d EiS fh a&eHqDwdk@udk udkifum jyefvnfa&muf&dv
S monf? 0g;vHk;rsm;rSm
(10)aycef@ t&Snf&d=S uonf? wifarmifOD;u a&eHqDpdrx
f m;aom t0wfpwpfckudk 0g;vHk;&Snf. wbufxdyw
f Gif
ywfvdkufum 0g;vHk;. tjcm;wzufudk "g;jzifh c|efaeatmif vkyfonf?
xdk@aemuf wifarmifOD;u tqdkygvli,f(3)a,muf 0g;vHk;&Snf wpfa,mufwpfacsmif;pDay;um "g;jywkdufcH
ae&onfh tdrfaemufaz;rS 4ifwdk@ukd wdwfwqdwf0ifa&mufoGm;apum 0g;vHk;&Snfrsm;udk tdrf. eab; wbufwcsuf&dS
ajr}uD;xJY pdu
k f&ef ajymonf? vli,f(3)OD;onf tarSmifxk. tumtuG,fjzifh pyg;cif;rsm;udk jzwfum tdrrf S
ayaygif;(20)cef@a&mufonfhtcgudk tdrfudk 0dik f;&Hvkduf=uonf? vuf0wf&wemrsm; odr;f qnf;xm;aom ae&mudk
od&dES dik f&eftwGuf &du
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S fawmif;cHaeonfh toHrsm; rpJao;acs? 'Dvdk rvkyf=uygeJ@&Sif? rvkyf=uygeJ@?[lI
"g;jyrsm;udk toem;cHaeonfh tdrf&iS fro
d m;pk. toHrsm;udk =um;ae&onfrmS vnf; pdwfrcsrf;ajr@p&myifjzpfonf?
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vli,f(3)OD;tygt0if vltyk f}uD;udk wdwfwqdwfae&ef ajymonf? xdk@aemufolonf 0g;wdkifrsm;&Sd&modk@ tv#iftjref
oGm;a&muf+yD; 0g;wkdif wpfwkdif+yD;wpfwkdif rD;ndum vltyk f}uD;&S&d modk@ jyefajy;vmcJhonf?
0g;wdkif rD;pmrsm;rSvmaom tvif;a&mifonf tarSmifxkxJwGif tdrfwpftdrv
f Hk;ukd xGe;f vif;oGm;apum
"g;jyrsm;onf rD;tvif;a&mifatmufY bGif;bGif;}uD; ay:vmavonf? &kwfw&ufqo
dk vdk "g;jyrsm;onf tht
H m;oifh
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vltyk f}uD;u jrifEdik faomfvnf; "g;jyrsm;rSmrl arSmifraJ eaom tdrftjyifbufodk@ vHk;0rjrifEikd fcJh=uacs? wifarmifOD;u
vltyk f}uD;udk atmf[pf=u&ef/ yH;k rsm;/ cGufrsm;udk wD;acguf=u&efEiS fh &kef@=urf;us,favmifaom toHAvHrsm;
vky=f u&efajymaomtcg ywf0ef;usirf Sm qlnHoGm;cJhonf? wzef udkwifarmifOD;u vltyk f}uD; ajrjyifay:wGif
0yfaeapv#uf xyfrHI atmf[pfrr_ sm;udk jyKvkyaf ponf? TwGif "g;jyrsm;onf aoewfusnfukeo
f Gm;onftxd
tarSmifxkxJodk@ &rf;orf;ypfcwfaomfvnf; tcsOf;ESD;yif jzpfcJhonf?
xkd@aemufwGif a=umufpw
d fre$ fvmaom "g;jyrsm;onf tdrftem;odk@ rvm&ef/ vmygu 4if;wdk@.
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"g;pmcHvkyu
f m xdktdrrf S pGef@cGmxGufajy;=uonf? tdrfrS tawmfvSr;f onfhae&modk@ta&mufwGif 4if;wdk@u "g;pmcHrsm;
tenf;i,f&ku
d fEu
S f xm;cJhum qufajy;avawmhonf?
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aus;Zl;wifrqHk; jzpfcJh&onf? udkwifarmifOD;. jzwfxdk;^m%faumif;r_udkvJ tr$r;f wifcJh=uonf? tcif;jzpfyGm+yD;
(4)&uft=umrSomv#if &Jrsm;u vma&muf rSwfwrf;,l=uonf? tr_tcif;rsm;udkifwG,f&mY tvGeaf ES;auG;+yD;
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S J
olwdk@u vmr,fav? [lI rSwfcsufcscJhonf?
28

tqdkyg tjzpftysufa=umifh tdrfe;D csif;rsm; t=um;Y cifrif&if;EDS;r_rsm; ydrk w

dk dk;yGm;vmcJhonf? xdk@jyif
ta&;ta=umif; }uHKvmygu 4if;wdk@ tcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; ulnDapmifr =u&rnfjzpf+yD; pnf;vHk;jcif;onf
tiftm; jzpfa=umif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufcJh=uonf? xdktcsdeu
f pwifum &yfuGufxJwGifvnf; ydI
k owd0&d d,
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G f aomfjim;vnf; vlom; wpfa,muf. usifh0wfrsm;udk &SmazG usifhoHk;cJhaom
udkwifarmifOD;onf xdktcsdef uwnf;uyif tdref D;csif;rsm;. av;pm;r_udk &&SdcJholjzpfayonf?

29

3
wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0 atmufarhb,
G f&mrsm;
wifarmifOD;onf 1971ckEpS f pufwifbmvu pwifum wuUodkvfausmif; yxrESpfwGif ynmoif=um;
cJhonf? &efukef 0dZmody`H wuUodkvf ausmif;om;b0rSm pdwfv_y&f Sm;p&mrsm;jzifh jynfhaecJhonf? &efukef wuUodkvf
onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;tusqHk;ESifh tausmf=um;qHk; wuUodkvfwpfck jzpfonf? TwuUodkvfudk +Adwdo#udkvdkeD
tkyfcsKyfro
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pwifawmfvSecf Jhaom 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;cgp tcsdeu
f mvrsm;rSpwifum &efukew
f uUodkvfwGif ykefueftHkuG qENjyr_
tajrmuftrsm;&SdvmcJhonf? udkatmifqef;/ OD;EkESifh OD;oef@ tp&So
d nfh udkvkdeDqef@usifa&; trsK;d om;v_y&f Sm;r_
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &efukew
f uUodkvf. ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;yif jzpfonf?
&efukef 0dZmodyH` wuUodkvf. vSycef@nm;aom &_cif;rsm;
wuUodkvfy&d0k%o
f nf tvGet
f rif; vSywifhw,f+yD; vlwumwdk@. pdwfEv
S Hk;udkyif ndK@,lqaJG qmif
Ekid fayonf? +Adwdo#acwfwGif aqmufvkycf Jhaom taqmufttHkrsm;/ tylykid f;a'owGif aygufa&mufavh&Sdaom
pdrf;vrf;pdjk ynfaeonfh opfyiftd}k uD;rsm;wdk@a=umifh &efukew
f uUodkvfonf orkid f;0if&orsm;ESifh jynfhaecJhonf? wzef
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pdefyef;yifrsm;ay:wGif =uufaoG;a&mifyef;yGifhrsm;jzifh zH;k v$rf;xm;onfhjrifuGif;rSm teDa&mifxD;}uD;rsm; ajrjyifay:Y
aygufa&mufae=uozG,fyif jzpfonf? pdeyf ef;yGifhrsm;onf rd;k &moD ueOD;ykdif; ZGefvwGif yGifhzl;avh&d=S uonf?
ik0gyifrsm;ay:&Sd ik0gyef;rsm;uvnf; zl;yGifha0qmae=uonf? t0gEka&mif&Sdaom ik0gyef;rsm;onf opfyifrsm;udk
apmifyg;Ekv$mrsm;ozG,f zk;H v$r;f ae=uonf? &efukef wuUodkvfy&d0k%o
f nf tqdkyg yef;ESprf sKd;tjyif tjcm;aom
a&mifpo
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wuUodkvf0if; twGif;wGif tEkynm tqmufttHk/ bJG@ESif;obifcef;r/ tyef;ajz &dyf+rHK/ odyH`ynm
taqmufttHk/ wuUodkvf "rRaqmif/ wuUodkvf aq;ukXme/ wuUodkvf pdef&wk ESpfywfvnf cef;rESifh ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm; aexdkif&m taqmifrsm; wnf&daS e=uonf? &efukew
f uUodkvfonf &efuke+f rdK@. t}uD;qHk; a&uef
jzpfaom tif;,m;uef. taemufawmifbuf uefabmif&k;d wav#mufwGif wnf&do
S nf? &efuke+f rdK@awmifykid f;
urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f&Sd jynfvrf;ESifh wuUodkvf&yd fomvrf;wdk@. vrf;qHkwGif jzpfonf?
wuUodkvf e,fajr. tv,facgifwGif t"dywdvrf;[k ac:aom vrf;r}uD;wpfck&do
S nf? wuUodkvf e,fajr.
awmifbuf wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;rS pwifvmaom t"dywdvrf;onf bGJ@ESif;obifcef;r wnf&d&S m wuUodkvf
e,fajr. ajrmufbufq;Hk tydkif;xd oG,fwef;aeayonf? t"dywdvrf;onf bGJ@ESif;obif cef;raqmif. awmifbuf
ayguftxd a&muf+yD; cef;raqmif. ajrmufbufykid f;rSmrl tif;,m;uefjyif}uD;&Sd&mbufodk@ rsufESmrlaeonf?
bGJ@ESif;obif cef;raqmifwGif bGJ@csD;jrifhjcif; tcrf;tem;rsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;wkd@twGuf ta&;ygonfh
tjcm;aom yGJvrf;obifrsm;udk usif;yjyKvkyaf vh&do
S nf?
30

&efuke+f rdK@wGif aexdkifaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf &efukew

f uUodkvfodk@ ae@pOf vkdif;um;pDI
vma&muf=uonf? e,frS vma&mufynmoif=um;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;uom wuUodkvftaqmif
rsm;wGif aexkdif=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. tdrfrmS wuUodkvfEiS fh odyrf vSrf;acs? bwfpum; pD;vmygu (15)rdepfjzifh
a&mufEikd fonf? tcgtcGifhoifhygu olonf pdwfajyvufaysmuf tif,m;uefabmifay:rS vrf;av#mufum
wuUodkvfodk@ vma&mufavh&Sdonf? ol@tdrrf S wuUodkvfodk@ vrf;av#mufvmv#ifrl wpfem&DcGJcef@ av#muf&onf?
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31

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32

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33

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34

qufvuf pl;prf;&SmazGaer_rsm;udk vnf;aumif; ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;u *&k%moufcJh=uonf? 4if;wdk@.

ae@pOfb0rsm;ESifhpyfvsO;f I aemufykid f;wGif wuUodkvf0if;twGif; twef;+yD;csderf sm;Y ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;t=um;
ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; &SdvmcJhonf?
xdk@jyif &Gmol&mG om;rsm;. &d;k om;r_/ az:a&Gr/_ yGifhvif;r_/ =uifemr_/ aysmfaysmf aewwfrE_ Sifh opPm&Sdr_ tp&So
d nfh
vl@wefzk;d rsm;a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;u 4ifwdk@tay: av;pm; txif}uD;cJh=uonf? pdwfydik f;qdkif&m
tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufawG@b0wGifaomfvnf; tysufoabm aqmifaom tjyKtrlp&dkufrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwkd@
awG@jrifEdik faomfvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh vlom;wdk@xHwGif tjyKoabm aqmifaom pdwfaepdwfxm;&Sda=umif;udk
od&dcS J&h onf? Todk@qdkv#if tjyKjzpfwnfr_ wefzdk;rsm; qufvuf jzpfwnfaeapa&;twGuf yHyh ;dk jrifhwif ay;&if;wbuf
tysufoabmaqmifaom tjyKtrlp&kdufrsm; avsmhyg;oGm; apatmif rnfuJhodk@ jyKvkyaf qmif&Guf Ekid frnfenf;?
vli,frsm;omomyif &Scd Jhao;aom udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;onf Tonfwdk@twGuf tajzaumif;wpfckudk
&SmazGaz:xkwfjcif; r&SdEkdifcJhaomfvnf; vlom;wdk@. tysufoabmaqmif tjyKtrlp&dkufrsm;udk ukpm;Ekdif&eftwGuf
enf;vrf;&S&d rnf[k ,H=k unfcJhonf?
xdktcsdeu
f pwifum udkwifarmifOD;onf vlom;jzpfr_ ESifh pyfvsOf;I avhvmoif=um; cH,lusifhoHk;
vdkpdwfrsm; ydrk dk xufoef vmcJhonf? vl@avmu}uD;udk ydI
k taumif;jrif wwfvmcJhonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk
tusKd;jyK&ef ydkrdk pdwftm;xufoefvmcJhayonf?

35

4
arwWmudk &SmazGol qdkonfxuf arwWmudk ay;a0vdkol
udkwifarmifOD;onf 4if;. nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;teuf touft}uD;qHk;jzpfonf? tpfr}uD; trdt&m/
tpfudk}uD; tzt&mqdkaom jrefrmpum;yHk uJhokd@yif tdrfwGif tar r&Sdygu udkwifarmifOD;u rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk
=unfh&_apmifha&SmufcJhonf? taru om;zGm;q&mr wpfOD;jzpfonfEiS fhtnD olr. tvkycf sderf Sm yHrk Sefr&Sdacs?
tcsK@d aom udk,f0efaqmiftrsK;d orD;rsm;rSm csufcsif; rD;rzGm;Ekdif=uaoma=umifh taru 4if;wdk@xHwGif ntdyfnwm
aecJh&aom tajctaersm;vnf; &Scd Jhonf? tar r&Sdaomtcsderf sm;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk
t+rJwap aumif;rGepf Gm =unfh&_apmifha&SmufcJhonf? ntdy&f m r0ifrDw
S Gif tdrf&dS wHcg;ESifh jywif;aygufrsm;tm;vHk;
*vef@cs+yD;jcif; &Srd &Sd vkdufvHppfaq;onf? nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;wkd@ twGuf csufjyKwfay;jcif;/ 4if;wdk@ ausmif;roGm;cif
rkef@zdk;ay;jcif;rsm;/ vdrv
f drrf mrmae&ef/ pm}udK;pm;=u&ef qdkq;Hk rjcif;rsm;udk udw
k ifarmifOD;u jyKvkycf Jhonf?
xdkacwfumvrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD; rdom;pk tygt0if jrefrmEkdifiH&dS jynfolvlxk trsm;pkonf
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD. tkycf sKyfr_atmufwGif pm;0wfaea&; c|wf+cHKuscJh&onf? udkwifarmifOD;
&yfuGufxJwGif aexdkifol trsm;pkrmS vufvkyv
f ufpm;ESifh v,form; vlwef;pm;rsm; jzpf=uonf? 4if;wdk@ awG@}uHK
ae&aom tajctaersm;udk aumif;rGepf Gm &dyfpm;rdcJhol udkwifarmifOD;u ol.rdom;pkEiS fh tdrfe;D csif;rsm;.
ae@pOfb0udk pmemcJhonf?

wnf+idraf t;csrf;r_&Sdaom &JpGrf;owWd tppftrSef

wae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;.nDjzpfol ukdvSa&$onf tdrftjyefvrf;wGif vli,fvrf;o&J tkyfpw
k pfpkEiS fh
xdyw
f dkufawG@cJh&onf? vrf;o&Jrsm;onf bmrS r,fr,f&& tvkyrf &Sd=uolrsm;/ rdbu csK@d iJhojzifh ausmif;rwuf
Ekid f=uolrsm; jzpf=uonf? vli,f vrf;o&Jrsm;u udkvSa&$udk pvm;aemufvm;jzifh &ef&Smavonf? rcHcsifpw
d f&do
S l
udkvSa&$uvnf; jyefyuf&mwGif 4if;wdk@t=um;Y cdkuf&efjzpfymG ;awmhrnf tajctae jzpfaecJhonf? TwGif
udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@xH a&mufvmonf?
rif;wdk@u wpf&yfuGufom;awGbJuGm? bmjzpfvkd@ wpfa,mufe@J wpfa,muf &efjzpfcsif&wmvJ? rif;wdk@
tareJ@vJ igodwmbJ? igwkd@tarudkvJ rif;wkd@ odwmbJ? 'gu ighnDav;qdkwmvJ rif;wkd@ odwmbJ? bmjzpfvdk@ rif;wdk@
tcsif;csif; &efjzpf&rSmvJ? rif;wdk@ rdwfaqG tjzpfqufqHaygh? wpfa,mufe@J wpfa,muf ulnD=uaygh? [lI ajymqdk
azsmif;zsum udw
k ifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@t=um; 0ifa&mufzsefajzay;cJhonf?
wpfae@wGif vSa&$onf cGifhrwkdifbJ ausmif;wpf&uf ysufavonf? TtwGuf '%fay;onfhtaeESifh
aemufwpfae@wGif q&mru vSa&$udk twef;xJu xGufoGm;ckdif;onf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol. nDi,fEiS fhtwl
twef;xJodk@ vkdufvm+yD; q&mrESifh pum;ajymonf? &kyf&nfcef@nm;+yD; qufqHa&;ajyjypfonfhtjyif zcif wpfOD;
36

uJhokd@ jyKrlqufqHEkdifaom udkwifarmifOD;. trlt&mESifh ajymqdkyHkrsm;a=umifh q&mru ol@udk txif}uD; av;pm;

oGm;cJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; jyefoGm;aomtcgwGif q&mru vSa&$tm; eifhtpfudk}uD;u eife@J rwlbl;? eifu
t&rf;nufwmbJ? eifu *spfwpfwpfeJ@bJ? eifhtpfudk}uD;u ajymvdu
k fwmeJ@ ig oabmaygufoGm;w,f? aemufwpfcg
eifausmif;ajy;w,fq&dk ifvJ ig eifhtpfudk}uD;bJ ac:ajymawmhr,f[k ajymavonf?
uav;b0wGif vSa&$onf ausmif;ajy;I ig;r#m;jcif;ESifh pGefv$wfjcif;wkd@wGif 0goemxHkcJhonf? xdktcsdef
rsm;wGif ukdwifarmifOD; ol.nDi,fudk qHk;rcJh&p+rJjzpfonf?
'Dtcsderf Sm 'grsK;d vkyfaevkd@ rif; wpfae@us&if 'kuQa&mufr,f? ynmrwwf&if 'kuQa&mufr,f? rif;
'Dtcsderf Sm ausmif;ajy;wmawG/ abmvHk;oGm;uefwmawG/ pGefv$wfwmawG rvkyfeJ@? tcsdeef J@ 'Da&[m vludk
rapmifhbl;uG? tcsdeu
f dk wefb;dk &Sd&Sd toHk;cswwfzk@d vdkw,f?[kqu
dk m pnf;urf;}uD;aom ukdwifarmifOD;u vSa&$
twGuf tdycf sde/f pm;csdeEf Sifh pmzwfcsderf sm; yg&Sdaom tcsdeZf ,m;wpfckudk a&;qGJay;cJhonf?

temoufomapaom tpfudk}uD;. &ifcGif

udkwifarmifOD;onf ol.nDi,fjzpfol oef@Zifudkvnf; aumif;rGepf GmjyKpkapmifha&SmufcJhonf? oef@Zif (5)ESpf/
(6)ESpo
f m; t&G,fwGif rkef@pm;qif;csderf sm;Y udkwifarmifOD;u ol@qv
D ma&mufum tpm;au|;jcif;/ rkef@zdk;ay;jcif;
rsm;udk jyKvkyaf vh&dcS Jhonf? vdrv
f drrf mrmae&efEiS fh pm}udK;pm;&efwdk@twGuf oGeo
f ifay;cJhonf? wpfae@wGif oef@ZifEiS fh
vSa&$wdk@ aqmhupm;aepOftwGif; oef@Zif rawmfwq vdrfu
h sum vufusK;d oGm;onf? oef@Zif. i,foHygatmif
atmf[pfvkdufoHudk =um;onfhtcg udkwifarmifOD;onf tvGepf ;dk &draf eaom rsufESmxm;jzifh ol. nDi,fudk
vm=unfhonf? olu oef@Zifudk nifompGm ayG@zufum bmjzpfoGm;vJ/ bmjzpfoGm;vJ/ nDav;[kar;onf?
oef@Zif. vufrmS rcHr&yfEkdifatmif emusifaeaomfvnf; pd;k &drw
f }uD; jzpfaeaom tpfudk}uD;. rsufEmS udk
awG@vdkuf&onfhtcg temw0uf oufomoGm;ovdk cHpm;cJh&onf? tpfudk}uD;. cspfcif=uifem oem;*&k%m
pdwfa=umifh ol. cE<mudk,f aEG;axG;oGm;onf? ESvHk;cHkoHrsm; jrefvmonf?
xdk@aemuf aq;&Hkodk@oGm;&eftwGuf udkwifarmifOD;u ol@udk ayG@csDum tdrfem;&Sd um;rSwfwdkifodk@ ac:oGm;
onf? um;rSwfwkdifonf 4if;wkd@trd frS tenf;i,f vSr;f aoma=umifh oef@Zifudk vufcsnf;oufoufjzifhom csD
oGm;&ojzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf vrf;wGif oHk;av;}udrf oef@Zifudkcsum tem;,l&onf? bwfpum;ay:wGifvnf;
olu '%f&m&aeaomnDi,fjzpfol xkdifEdik fap&eftwGuf tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;xHrsm; ae&mawmif;cHcJhonf?
tpf}uD;jzpfol. =uifem,k,r_udk oef@Zif. woufwmwGif arhr&EkdifcJhacs?

37

&,farmaysmf&i$ f csrf;ajr@=uaom nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;

&HzH&cH gY wifarmifOD;onf tvGet
f rif; tpoefoljzpfonf? olonf naeydkif;rsm;wGif tm;upm;&HkY 0dwf
oGm;r+yD; ac|;oH&&J Jjzifh tdrfjyefvmavh&do
S nf? tdrfay:ta&mufwGif rnfolu olEiS fhteD;uyfqHk;&Sad evJqdkonfudk
OD;pGm=unfhvkduf+yD; nDi,fwpfa,mufudk qJGzrf;um ac|;pnf;rsm;jzifh eHapmfaeaom ol. *sKdif;=um;wGif nDi,fjzpfol.
rsufEmS udk nyx
f m;avh&do
S nf? nDi,f touf&SL=uyfum tvGet
f rif;pdwfq;dk oGm;rSomv#if udkwifarmifOD;u ol@udk
jyefv$wfay;wwfonf? +yD;v#if rsufESmr_eo
f dk;odk;jzpfaeaom nDjzpfoludk =unfhum wifarmifOD;u tlwufrwwf
&,farmavonf?
oef@Zif touf (13)ESpfom; avmuft&G,fwGif udkwifarmifOD;tm; udkwifarmifOD;? usaemfvJ
tpfudk}uD;vdkbJ Ekid fiHa&;awGbmawG odcsifw,f? Ekid fiHa&; vkycf sifw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfu bmrS rodawmh
usaemhfudk oifay;yg?[k awmif;qdkavonf?
TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u Ekid fiHa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh ta=umif;t&mwcsdK@udk pmtkyw
f pftkyx
f JY csa&;
ay;onf? (3)rsufEmS cef@ a&;+yD;aomtcgwGif olu oef@Zifudk xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;tm; E_wfv$wftm*HkaqmifEdkif
onftxd usufrw
S fyg[k ajymonf? vl@ordkif; tpjyKvmyHk/ vlwdk@. oabmobm0 tp&Sdonfwkd@udk wifarmifOD;u
a&;ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf?
olu tb,fa=umifh Ekid fiHa&;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfouf&a=umif;/ Ekid fiHa&;ESifh ywfoufI olu
rnfuJhokd@ xifjrif,lqa=umif; ponfwdk@udk udkwifarmifOD;u ol. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;tm; ajymjyavh&dcS Jhonf?
1962ckESpf ppfwyf tm%modr;f +yD;onfh tcsderf S pwifum tpdk;&onf qENjy ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyf
ESrd feif; onf? 4if;.tusKd;qufrmS txl;ojzifh tvkyform; vlwef;pm;rsm;onf ukeaf ps;E_ef;av#mhcsa&;ESifh
vpmwkd;ay;a&;wkd@twGuf awmif;qdkvmcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wkd@onf ppfwyf. aoewf
usnfqHrsm;atmufwGif jym;jym;0yfcJh=u&onf? ppftpdk;&. rw&m;r_EiS fh &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfrr_ sm;udk cHpm;aevm
cJh&onfh ausmif;olausmif;om;/ tvkyo
f rm;ESifh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; tygt0if jynfolvlxk wpf&yfvHk;wdk@.
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf Ekid fiHa&;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfouf&jcif; jzpfonf[k udkwifarmifOD;u qdkcJhonf?
odk@rSomv#if wkdif;oljynfom;tm;vHk; vGwfvyfrE_ Sifh w&m;r#wr_wkd@udk &&SdcHpm;Ekdifrnfjzpf+yD; vlom;rsm ;uJhodk@
aexdkifEdkifrnf[k olu ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; pm}udK;pm;&efESifh tdrfpm rSefreS fvkyf=uap&eftwGuf wifarmifOD;u t+rJ oGeo
f ifcJhonf?
tdrfpmrsm;udk ulvkyaf y;cJhonf? ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;udk em;rvnfaomtcgYvnf; tpfudk}uD;wifarmifOD;uyif
uljyay;cJhonf? nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; tcsderf SefrSef pm=unfh/ upm;/ tdy/f pm;/ a&csdK;Ekdif&eftwGuf tpDtpOfZ,m;
wpfckudk a&;qGJay;cJhonf? vywfpmar;yJrG sm;udk trSwfaumif;aumif;jzifh atmifjrifolrsm;tm; csD;r$r;f cJhonf?
qkaiGrsm; csD;jrifhcJhonf? txl;ojzifh twef;wif pmar;yG}J uD;wGif tqifh(1)rS (3)twGif; 0ifolrsm; qkay;yJGwGif
0wfqif&ef 4if;wdk@}udKufEpS fouf&m tust0wftpm;rsm;udk 0,fay;ap&eftwGuf udkwifarmifOD;u rdbrsm;xHrS
awmif;cHay;cJhonf?
38

udkwifarmifOD;. ti,fq;Hk nDrav; &if&ifvSonf olr (4)wef;a&mufonftxd ausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfpm

oif=um;cJh&jcif; r&Sdacs? tajccH t*Fvdypf mvHk;rsm;ESifh toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;uomv#if olrudk oif=um;
ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ol. oifjyr_a=umifh nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; t*Fvdypf m atbDp'D Dudk tprStqHk;xd tvGwftm*Hk
aqmifEkdifcJh=uonf? tcgtcGifhoifhonfh tcsdew
f dkif;wGif oGm;yGwfwH/ oGm;wdkufaq;/ acgif;+zD;/ aqmif;vdr;f qD/ cJwH/
pmtky/f abmyif/ tus/ abmif;bD/ zdeyf/ xD;/ rdk;umtus/ vG,ftw
d f/ opfoD;/ [if;oD;[if;&Guf/ xrif;/ tom;/ ig;/
ajryJ tp&Sdonfh t*Fvdypf um;vHk;rsm;udk oif=um;ay;cJhonf?
usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; reuftyd f&mu xxjcif;wGif a&zefcGuf tjynfhwpfcGufudk aomuf&ef/
tdrfomoGm;+yD;onfhtcgwdkif;ESifh tpmrpm;rDwkdif;wGif vufudk qyfjymjzihf aocsmaq;&ef/ vufonf;rsm;udk
rudkuf&ef/ vufvnf; t&Snfrxm;&ef/ vufonf;rsm; &Snfvmygu vl}uD;wpfa,mufudk nycf kdif;&ef tp&Sdonf
rsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u oGeo
f ifajym=um;ay;cJhonf? nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;onf tpm;taomufEiS fhywfoufI
*sD;rsm;v#if udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@tm; tm[m&jynfh0aom tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;. tusKd;aus;Zl;udk
ajymjyonf? nDi,fwpfOD;u ig;rpm;csifonfhtcgY ig;wGif tm[m&"gwf trsm;tjym; yg0ifa=umif;/ ig;pm;olonf
tm;tifoefprG f;+yD; ^m%faumif;Ekdifa=umif;wkd@udk udkwifarmifOD;u oGeo
f ifay;cJhonf? wuUodkvfausmif;om;
jzpfonfEiS fhtnD tvkyfrsm;onfh=um;xJuyif udkwifarmifOD;onf nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk ausmif;odk@ rv$wfrw
D Gif
xrif;&nf wpfa,mufwpfZGe;f pD wkdufavh&do
S nf? xrif;&nfwGif tm[m&"gwf rsm;pGmyg0ifaoma=umifh
^m%faumif;Ekdifonf[k oluajymonf?

rdom;pkEiS fhtwl csufjyKwf pm;aomufjcif;

rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf csufjyKwfay;aeaom rdcifudk udkwifarmifOD;u wcgw&HwGif rD;zdak csmifY
0ifa&mufulnDay;avh&o
Sd nf? olonf xrif;[if;csufvJ awmfonf? olcsufaom [if;trsm;pkrmS t&om
txl;&SdvSonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf rD;zdak csmifxJwGif pdwf&Snfoljzpfonf[k tarESifh nDrrsm;u qdk=uonf? TwGif
ol.vuf&m txl;[if;wpfrsK;d udk a&;om;az:jyaumif;ayonf? yef;a*:zD =uufOar$a=umf [if;wpfrsK;d yg? tarESifh
nDrrsm;u T[if;udk csuf&mwGif awmufawmufpif; yef;a*:zDrsm;udk ',ftdk;xJt&ifxnfhum ar$xm;aom
=uufOrsm;udk aemufrS a&mxnfhI a=umfavh&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif udkwifarmifOD;url yef;a*:zDxkwfudk "g;jzifhvSD;rnfh
tpm; a*:zDyGifhrsm;udk wpfyGifhjcif; vufjzifhzSJ@onf? xdk@aemuf a*:zDyGifhuav;rsm;udk =uufOar$xJodk@ wpfyGifhjcif;
xnfhpdrf +yD;rSom ',ftk;d xJ xnfha=umfaoma=umifh ol.[if;rSm tvGeyf if t&om&Sv
d Sonf? tom;xufpmv#if
ig;u ydkIaps;csdKaoma=umifh udkwifarmifOD;u tarhudk aps;xJrS ig;0,fvm&ef rSmvdkufavh&Sdonf? olcsufaom
ig;a=umfESifh tcsOf[if;rSm t&om&SdvGe;f ojzifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;u xrif;[if;rsm;udk wpfpufrusef pm;ypf=uonf?
xrif;vHk;aphwdkif;onf 4if;wdk@ rdom;pktwGuf wefzdk;&Sad oma=umifh udkwifarmifOD;u nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk
xrif;rzdwfap&ef r=umc%owday;avh&do
S nf? 4if;wkd@ toifph m;oHk;Ekid faom qefjzpfvma&;twGuf tqifhqifh
pku
d fysKd;xkwfvky&f yHk/ qefpdu
k fysKd;&eftwGuf rnfuJhodk@ tm;tifpku
d fxkwf&yHkwdk@udk ajymjyonf? v,form;rsm;u
v,f,mrsm;udk xGe,
f ufum pyg;aphrsm;udk pdu
k fysKd;&a=umif;/ &ifhrSnfhvmaom pyg;yifrsm;udk &dwfodr;f +yD; pyg;}udwf
39

pufjzifh }udwf+yD;rSomv#if toifph m;oHk;Ekid faom qefudk &&Sda=umif;/ rdbrsm;uvnf; 4if;wdk@ cufcJyifyef;pGmjzifh
&SmazGxm;aom 0ifaiGjzifh qefrsm;udk 0,f,l&a=umif; ponfwkd@udk ajymjyonf?
&if&ifvS touf(5)ESpfcef@ t&G,fwGif trSwf&p&maumif;aom tjzpftysufwpfckrmS Todk@jzpfonf?
wifarmifOD;onf aEG&moD yljyif;aom ae@&ufrsm;wGif wcgw&HY pawmfb,f&cD sif;rsm;udk tdrf0,fjyefvmavh&do
S nf?
pawmfb,f&rD sm;udk Ek@d qD/ a&cJwdk@jzifh a&me,fum rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk; +rdKif&nf&Suf&nf twlwuGpm;aomuf
=uonfhjrifuGif;udk ,ae@wdkif rarhEdik facs? wcgw&HwGif wifarmifOD;u taztvkyrf oGm;rDwGif =uufO c&rf;csOfoD;
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rusEkdifa=umif; wdk@udk ajymjyonf? TuJhodk@aom tpfudk}uD;jzpfol. owd&wwfrE_ Sifh cspfjcif;arwWmwkd@udk
=um;&onfrmS nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;twGuf =unfE;l p&myifjzpfcJhonf?

tpfudk}uD;tjzpf jyKrlusifh}uHjcif;
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udkwifarmifOD;u 0ifa&mufjzefajz&ay;p+rJjzpfonf? nDtpfudk armifESr tcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; csifcif&rnf/
*&kpku
d f&rnf/ &Sw
d mudk r#a0&rnf ponfwdk@udk olu oifay;cJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;. cspfjcif;arwWmjzifh axG;+cHK
cH&aom 4if;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf ydrk I
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S l r[kwfacs? nDi,f/
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jrifuGif;udk=unfhum rdbrsm;rSmvnf; =unfE;l rqHk;jzpfcJh&onf?
rdom;pk0ifrsm;tay: xm;&Sdaom wifarmifOD;. arwWmrSm tuef@towfr&Sdacs? xdk@jyif TarwWmonf
4if;. oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;rsm;ESifh teD;tem;ywf0ef;usi&f Sd vltrsm;xHodk@vnf; wenf;r[kwfwenf;
ysH@E@SH oGm;onf? wifarmifOD;onf oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;rsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif rnfaomtcgur# 4if;wdk@xHrS
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tultnDay;cJhonf? 4if;wkd@ tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf wpHw
k &m taxmuftyhHay;cJhonf? oli,fcsif;rsm; pHq
k Hkrd=u+yD
qdkv#if rdrdta=umif;ajymrnfhtpm; tjcm;olta=umif;udkom olu pajymavh&do
S nf? rdrdoli,fcsif; wpfOD;
40

wpfa,mufpD. tajctae/ 4if;wdk@ rdom;pktajctaersm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; 4if;wdk@awG@}uHKae&aom

pdwfyidk f;qdkif&m (odk@r[kwf) cE<mudk,fykdif;qdkif&m qif;&J'kuQrsm;udk wwfEdik for# ukpm;ay;onf? odk@aomfvnf;
rdrdta=umif;udk qdkv#if ar;rSom ajymavh&d+S yD; oli,fcsif;rsm;xHrSvnf; rdrd. udk,fa&;udk,fwmtwGuf
tultnDawmif;cHjcif; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf?
4if;wdk@. udk,fykdifb0rsm;tm; udkwifarmifOD;u pdwf0ifpm;wwfa=umif; ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;u
cHpm;rdcJh=uonf? olEiS fh twl &Sad e&aom tcsdeu
f mvrsm;onf aysmf&i$ f=unfE;l p&maumif;aom tcsdeu
f mvrsm;
jzpfcJhonf? tjyKjzpfwnfr_ tjrif&do
S l/ aumif;rGepf Gm jyKrlaexdkifwwfol/ wyg;oltay: aumif;rGepf Gm
jyKrlqufqHwwfol udkwifarmifOD;. tusifhp&ku
d frsm;udk oli,fcsif;rsm;u twk,lcJh=uonf? tcsdeu
f dk tusKd;&S&d Sd
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zG@H +zdK;wdk;wuf atmif vkyaf qmifr_/ rdef;uav; ayG&_wfjcif; r&Sdr_/ udk,fcyH nm wwfprG f;r_/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESifh
ywf0ef;usiu
f dk avhvmwwfr_ ponfh udkwifarmifOD;. xl;jcm;aom tjyKtrlrsm;udk av;pm;cJh=uonf? txl;ojzifh
4if;. vlvlcsif; udk,fcsif;pmemwwfaom pdwfxm;ESifh &JpGrf;owWdwdk@udk tvGet
f rif; av;pm;cJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh
4if;wdk@ rsufpdxJwiG f udkwifarmifOD;onf tbufbufu ajymavmufp&m r&Sdaom pHjyvli,fwpfOD;/ 4if;wkd@ tm;udk;
tm;xm;&m/ twk,lp&m vli,fwpfOD; jzpfvmcJhonf? TuJhodk@aom aumif;usKd;&vm'frsm; tm;vHk;onf
ukdwifarmifOD;. twGif;pdwfxJwGif udef;atmif;aeaom tE_dif;rJh arwWma=umifhyif jzpfonf?
arwWmESifh ywfoufaom tvkyw
f pfckudk woufvHk; vkyo
f Gm;rnf [lIyif olu ajymqdkcJhbl;onf?
wpfae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol. rdbrsm;xHodk@ csOf;uyfum wuUodkvfausmif; qufwufvdkpdwf r&Sdawmha=umif;/
c&pf,mefbke;f }uD; vkycf sifa=umif; wkd@udk ajymvmonf? txl;ojzifh uufovpfbke;f }uD;tvkyu
f dk pdwf0ifpm;onf[k
olu qdkonf? odk@rSomv#if vltrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf tultnDay;Ekdifrnf[k olu xifrw
S fcJhaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? bke;f }uD;wpfyg;taejzifh qdkygu vltrsm;wdk@twGuf pdwfyidk f;qdkif&mt&aomf vnf;aumif;/ cE<mudk,fykid f;
qdkif&m t&aomfvnf;aumif; vufawG@b0wGif ulnDaxmufyhrH r_ sm; ay;Ekid fvdrhrf nf[k olu ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
c&pf,mefbke;f }uD;rsm;u ausmif;ESifh rdbrJh a*[mrsm;udk vnfywfaeyH/k aq;&Hkrsm;wGif ulnDaqmif&u
G fay;aeyHw
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wifarmifOD;u ESpo
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ay;Ekid fvdrhrf nf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? odk@&mwGif uufovpf bmomw&m;. t,ltqrsm;udk }udKufEpS foufI olu
xdkuJhodk@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJhjcif; r[kwfacs? c&pf,mef bkef;}uD;rsm;onf rdbrJh uav;a*[m/ aq;&HkESifh ausmif;
rsm;wGif vdktyfcsuf&daS eolrsm;twGuf ulnDaqmif&u
G f ESpfodrhrf r_ sm; ay;Ekid fonf[laom tcsufuomv#if ol@udk
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rESpo
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ydrk t
dk m&Hkxm;Ekdifrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? TonfEiS fhpyfvsO;f I wpfae@wGif tazu wifarmifOD;ESifh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;
onf?
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h m;? rif;u bkef;}uD;vkyf+yD;awmh vlawGudk tultnDay;csifw,f qdkwmudk =um;&awmh ig 0rf;om
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bmjzpfvkd@ 'Dvdk ajym&ovJqadk wmh igwkd@rdom;pk&@J ordik f;udk =unfhr,fq&dk if ighaqGrsK;d awG bufrmS aum/ rif;tar
41

aqGrsK;d awG bufrSmyg wuUodkvfbJG@&bl;wJhol wpfa,mufrS r&SdcJhzl;bl;uG? tck rif;u yxrqHk; 'gudk vkyEf ikd fawmhrmS
r[kwfvm;? igwkd@ rdom;pkwpfpv
k Hk;twGuf rif;u pHjywpfa,muf jzpfvmrSmayghuGm? [k tazu ajymonf? wzef
tazu wuUodkvf bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if rif;}udKufwm vkyaf wmhaygh?[k azsmif;zsjyefonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI
tpydik f;wGif ukdwifarmifOD;u csnfwHkcswHkjzpfaeaomfvnf; zcifjzpfudk av;pm;or_jzifh zcif. vdktifqENtwkdkif;
vky&f ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? odk@aomf c&pf,mef bke;f }uD; jzpfvm&eftwGuf bJG@wpfck&dx
S m;&rnf jzpf+yD; usrf;pmoif
ausmif;wGifvnf; (2)ESpf (3)ESpf OD;pGm oGm;ae&onf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; olu ausmif;qufwuf vrf;udkom qufvuf
a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;yif?
udkwifarmifOD;onf arwWmudk &SmazGolr[kwf? arwWmudk ay;tyfolwpfOD; jzpfcJhonf? ol vkyaf qmif
cJhaom jyKrlaqmif&u
G fcsufrsm;onf wpHkwOD;xHrS arwWmudk tvdk&aSd om pdwfqENtay:Y tajcrcHacs? rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufxHu rnfonfht&mudkr# ar#mfvifhxm;jcif; r&SdbJ ol. pdwfaumif; t&if;cHoufoufjzifhom
tjcm;olrsm;udk ulnDay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;tay:xm;&Sdaom arwWm
uwqifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpf&yfvHk;tay: xm;&Sdaom arwWmtjzpfodk@ ysKd;axmifEdik fcJhonf? omref ae@pOfb0wGif
ukdwifarmifOD;tm; awG@}uHKqufqHcJh&bl;olwkdif;onf ol. arwWmudk wenf;r[kwf wenf; cHpm;cJh&onf? olEiS fh
pum;ajymqdk&jcif;/ olEiS fhtwl &Sad e&jcif;udk ESpfouf=u&onfcsnf;omjzpf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@. b0tawG@t}uHKrsm;tm;
udkwifarmifOD;udk zvS,fvdkpdwfrsm; jzpfcJh=u&onf?
Ak'<bmomwGif a*g"rR jrwfpmG bk&m;u tusK;d ESifh ta=umif; qufE,
$ fr_ oabmw&m;udk a[m=um;
cJhonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh vltrsm;wkd@tay: xm;&SdcJhaom jrwfpmG bk&m;. tEd_if;rJh arwWm
w&m;a=umifh vltrsm;wdk@uvnf; jrwfpmG bk&m;tay: arwWmtjynfht0&SdchJjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tae&m
wGif jrwfpmG bk&m;onf vltrsm;wdk@xHrS wpHkw&m jyefvnfar#mfvifhawmifhwaoma=umifh xdkuJhodk@ arwWmw&m;
xm;cJhjcif; r[kwfacs? TuJhodk@aom arwWmurBm tajcjyKjcif;jzifh jrwfpmG bk&m;onf cufcJyifyef;r_/ &ufpuf
,kwfrmr_EiS fh +cdr;f ajcmufrw
_ kd@udk &ifqdkif&eftwGuf tHrh cef;aom ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk &&Sdydkifqikd fvmum vl@tzG@J tpnf;
udk ajymif;vJ&ef aqmif&u
G fEdik fcJhjcif; jzpfonf?

42

5
rw&m;r_rsm;udk wku
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udkwifarmifOD;xHY i,fpOfuwnf;uyif &Scd Jhonfh xl;jcm;aom yifudkp&ku
d f aemufwpfrsKd;rSm 4if;onf rdrd.
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f dkifaqmif&u
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acgif;yef;vSef upm;enf;/ a*:vDypf upm;enf; rsm;Y oluomv#if trsm;tm;jzifh tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;
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ae&onfh uav;wpfa,muf. rsufEmS udk wifarmifOD;u r=unfh&ufaoma=umifh rdrdEdkifxm;onfrsm;xJrS
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tEdkifusifh Adkvfusr_udk qwfqwf rcHol

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f 4if;wdk@ausmif;wGif tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;udk tEkdifusihf Akv
d fuswwfaom ausmif;om;wpfOD;
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vrf;av#mufvmaom tqdkyg ausmif;om;u wifarmifOD;udk ykcHk;jzifh wrifwum 0ifwkdufum &efpavonf? 'D
iydefu av;vHk;bJuG?[lI wifarmifOD;udk avSmifajymifum rif;eJ@igeJ@ csrvm;uG[k tom;vGwf pdefac:avonf?
xdktcg wifarmifOD;u igrif;eJ@ rcscsifygbl;? rif;u bmjzpfvkd@ wjcm;vlawGudk jy\em&Smcsif&wmvJ? rif;u
tm;vHk;udk &ef&SmaewmbJ? bmjzpfvdk@vJuG[k jyefajymonf?

43

TwGif &kwfw&ufqo
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usvmonf? olu wifarmifOD;udk qJa&;um jyefxvm+yD; csrnftvkyw
f Gif teD;tem;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u
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44

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45

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46

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47

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48

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rif;eJ@ &efrjzpfcsifawmhygbl;uGm? ig rif;e@J rdwfaqGbJ jzpfcsifw,f? rif;u wu,fudk &JpGr;f owWdeJ@ jynfhpHkwJh
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owWdr&Scd Jhbl;? rif;u tJ'Dukd vm&Jwmqdkawmh rif;uwu,f Z&Sw
d Jh vlwpfa,mufbJuG? tck igeJ@rif;eJ@ rdwfaqGawG
tjzpf qufqH=uygpkd@vm;uGm? &yfuGufxJrmS rif; jy\em&Sdvmw,fq&dk ifvJ ighudk ajym? ig rif;udk tultnD
ay;r,f?[kqdkavonf? wifarmifOD;u ig rif;&J@ tultnD rvdktyfygbl;? 'gayr,fh igwkd@ rdwfaqGawGtjzpf
aygif;vdk@&w,f?[k ajymonf?

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f uUokdvf
0if;udk ausmcdkif;jyD; qifa&wGif;vrf;rSaeI &efuket
f if;pdefvrf;r}uD;udk OD;wnf azgufxGuf&ef&yfuGuftwGif;
jzwfoef;avSsmufoGm;ae}ucsdejf zpfonf? nae ajcmufem&Dcef h&dS aecJhjyD? qifa&wGif; vrf;wavsSmufwGif yk*~vdu
trsdL;orD;taqmifi,fuav;rsm; &Sad eonf? ausmif;oluav;rsm;rSm a&rdk;csdK;jyD; oeyfcg;yg;uGuf}um;vdr;f /
bavmufpf tuFsDvSvS uav; rsm;0wfum taqmifa&S hjcH0if;xJxGufjyD; rwfwyf&yfpum;ajymol ajymae}u/
vrf;avSsmufol avSsmufae}uonf? a&pdk abmif;bDtusF Drsm;udk vufu udkifoludkif/ ycHk;ay:wifolwifvm eSifh
oli,fcsif;wtkyf pum;wajymajym a&S huaeavSSsmufoGm;ae}ujyD; udkwifarmifOD;uaemufqHk; u vdkufygvmvSsuf
&Sad eonf? &dk;raqmifa&S h ta&mufwGif um;[Ge;f oHvdkvdk }um;rdonf?
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oHk;ojzifh um;vmvdrhrf nf[kvnf; rxifcJh}u? aemufqHk;w}udrf um;[Ge;f wD;vdkufonfh tcsdew
f Gif[Gef;oHrmS
tawmfyif us,favmifjyD; &Snfvnf;&SnfvSsm;ojzifh oli,fcsif; tm;vHk; rwfwyf&yfvdkufrjd yD; aemufudkvSnfh}unfh
rd}uonf? rdrdwdk htm;vHk;.aemufwGif ppfa&mif jzpfaom tpdrf;ykyfa&mifeiS fh*spfum;wpD;u vrf;awmif;aejcif;
jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;u aemufq;Hk uae vdkufvmaoma}umifh tqdyk g*spfum;rSm oleiS fhteD;qHk;jzpfaeonf?
us,favmifonfh [Gef;oH&n
S f}uD; xGufay:vmaomtcg rdef;cav;aqmifjcH0if;rsm; twGif; [efa&;jy
vSsuf&daS om ausmif;oluav;rsm; omru/ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm;yg &yfjyD; tqdkyg*spfum;udk 0dik f;}unfhae}uonf?
*spfum;xJrmS rdrw
d dk heiS fh&G,fwl vli,fwpkygvmonf? um;armif;olvli,fu um;pwD&m&if aemufrSaeI
udk,fcE<mudk ab;udkudkif; acgif;jyLxGufjyD;
a[haumifawG um; [Ge;f wD;oH r}um;bl;vm;/ rif;wdk hem;yif;ae}uovm;? [k atmfajym vdkufonf?
49

udkwifarmifOD;eSifh oli,fcsif; wpkvHk;rSm &kwfw&uf rSifoufro

d vdk jzpfoGm;}uonf? trSwfwrJh bmjyefajym
&rSe;f rodcJh}u? rdrw
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k ifarmifOD;u
igwdk hem;ryif;bl;? pum;ajym&if; vrf;avSsmufvm}uvdk hrif;wD;wJh [Gef;udk r}um;wm?rif; pum;ajym&if
aumif;aumif;ajymyg [k jyefajymonf?
*spfum;xJrS vli,fu aumif;aumif; rajymawmh bmjzpfvJ?
--- jzpfvm;? rif;ubmaumifvJ
csjcifvdk@vm;? [k qdkum tqdkyg vli,fu *spfum;ay:uae atmufudkqif;um um;ab;wGif &yfjyD; udkwifarmifOD;
udk pl;pl;0g;0g; }unfhvdkufonf? vrf;oGm;vrf;vmawG a&m aqmif0if;xJ&Sd rdef f;cav;awGuyg wckckjzpfawmhrnfudk
pd;k &drjf yD; 0dkif;}unfhae}uonf? udkwifarmifOD; twGufrl onfvdk yGJrsdL;rSm &dk;aeygjyD? cyfat;at;yif rwfwyf&yfvdkufjyD;
iguawmh rcsjcifygbl;? rif; csjcif&if vmavuGm? vmprf;}unfhaygh [k wkef hjyef vdkufonf?
wa,muf wa,mufjcif; jzpfaeojzifh rdrdwdk holi,fcsif;awGuvnf; udkwifarmifOD; bmvkyrf vJ
onftwdkif; }unfhaevdkufonf? 0ifa&mufulnDp&mrvdk [kvnf; ,Hk}unfonf? *spfum;xJwGif xdkifae}uaom
wzufu vli,ftyk fonfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;yif jzpfyHk&onf? bmrS 0ifrajymbJ tomyif }unfhae }uonf?
*spfum;ay:u qif;vmjyD; &efpum;ajymaom vli,frmS 4if;udk,fwdkifu a'goxGufaeoavmufudkwifarmifOD;u
cyfat;at;yHak y:aeojzifh rdef;cav;rsm;eSifh vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm; a&S hwGif &SufoGm;yHk &onf? &Suf&rf;&rf;onfh
taejzifh *spfum;xJudk vufedKS ufI ypPnf;wckudk xkwf,ljyD; udkwifarmifOD;udkcsdef&G,fum yg;pyfuvnf;
}udr;f armif;&if; udkwifarmifOD; &yfae&modk hwvSr;f jcif; avSsmufvmonf?
acG;rom; rif;u ighudk bmaumifxifovJ? aooGm;jcifovm;? tckcsufjcif; t0Dpd a&mufoGm;
csifovm;?
tqdkyg vli,f. vufxJrS ajcmufvHk;yl; aoewfudk awG@vdkuf&aomtcg udkwifarmifOD;onf wcsufawmh
tH}h ooGm;yHk&onf? odk@&mwGif enf;enf;rS pd;k &drx
f dwfvef@yrHk ay:? aemufudkvnf; wvSr;f rSrqkwfbJ awmifhawmifh}uD;
&yfaeonf? ajcmufvHk;yl; jcdrf&G,fvmaom vli,fu udkwifarmifOD;eSifh rvSrf;rurf; ta&mufwGif &yfvdkufonf?
xdktcg udkwifarmifOD;u xdkvli,f. rsufemS udk wvSnfh ajcmufvHk;yl;udk wvSnfh}unfh&if; oljyHK;aeus twdkif;
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a[haumif rif;owWd&if ypfavuGm [k ajymvdkufonf?
ywf0ef;usio
f nf tyfusoH }um;&avmufatmifyif jidrfoufoGm;cJhonf? tm;vHk;. tm&Hkonf olwdk@
eSpfOD;ESifh ajcmufvHk;yl;xHodk ha&mufae}uonf? aemufrS od&onfrmS *spfum;ay:u qif;vmaom vli,fonf
ppfAkv
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vla&;jyvdkonfh oabmjzifh 4if;.zcif udkif[efwlaom ajcmufvHk;yl;udk xkwfI jcdrf&G,fum jcdrf;ajcmufvdkufjcif;
50

jzpfonf? ajcmufvHk;yl;awG h&vSsif a}umuf&HG hjyD; udkwifarmifOD; a&SmifxGuf oGm;vdrhrf nf[k wGufvdkufykv
H nf;&onf?
twGufrmS ; oGm;ygjyD?
udkwifarmifOD;u jcaoFh}uD; waumif [def;a[mufvdkufaom toHrsLd ;jzifh a[haumif aoewf}uD;udkifjyD;
bmvkyaf ewmvJ? rif; owWd&Sd&ifypfavuGm [k ajymum ol htuFsDudk vufepS fbufjzifhjzJ/ &ifyyf}uD;aumhjyD;
ajcmufvHk;yl; wnfhwnfhudk OD;wnf avSsmufvSr;f vdkufonf? ajcmufvHk;yl;udkifxm;aom vli,f.rsufemS rSm aoG;r&Sd
awmh? udkwifarmifOD;u a&S@udk wvSr;f jcif; wdk;vmaomtcg olu ajcmufvHk;yl; jcdrf&ufeiS fh aemufudk wvSr;f jcif;
jyefqkwfoGm;onf? vufwurf; tvdkodk hta&mufwGif udkwifarmifOD;u xdkvli,f. ajcmufvHk;yl; udkifxm;aom
vufudk rdrdb,fvufjzifh usm;ykwf ykwfxkwfvdkufjyD; nmvufjzifh jzwfvufoD; wvHk;oGif;vdkuf&m xdkvli,frmS
wcsufwnf;eSifh yufvufvef vJusoGm;cJhonf? yg;pyfrv
S nf; aoG;awG jzmueJxGufoGm;onf? ajray:ta&muf
acgif;udk ajcaxmufeiS fh qufuef&ef jyifvdkufaomtcg rdrdwdk holi,fcsif; wpku udkwifarmifOD;udk ajy;uyf
0dkif;csKyf vdkuf}uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. ajcaxmuf uefcsufjyif;onfudk oli,fcsif;tm;vHk; odonf? vJaeol
acgif;udk abmvHk;uefovdkuef&vSsif a}uxGufoGm;edik fonf? wifarmifOD; awmfawmh/ vufvGeu
f kerf ,f/ olrif;udk
bmrSqufrvkyfedkifawmhbl; [k atmf[pf&if; wm;qD; cJh}u&onf? wifarmifOD; [lonfrmS onfvdkvlrsdK;jzpfonf?
xdkvli,f ajrjyifay: vJusaecsdew
f Gif ajcaxmufjzifh uefzdk@ &nf&G,fcsuf r&Sda=umif;/ ol@ vufxJu
ajcmufvHk;jyL;jzifh rypfEkdifap&eftwGufom vli,fqDokd@ tv#iftjref oGm;a&mufcJhjcif; jzpfa=umif;wdk@udk aemufykid f;
wGif udkwifarmifOD;u oli,fcsif;rsm;udk &Sif;jyonf?
tcif;jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf tdrftjyefvrf;wGif oli,fcsif;rsm;u udkwifarmifOD;. rsufEmS udk tuJcwf=uonf?
ol. toGit
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f m;jzifh qdk&v#if udk,fcyH nmonf ol.
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wifarmifOD;/ rif;u woufvHk; uufovpfbke;f }uD; vkycf sifw,fvdk@ t+rJ ajymaecJhw,f r[kwfvm;?
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jzpfEikd frmS vJ?
udkwifarmifOD;u-

51

pdwf&n
S fzk@d vdkw,f qdkwmawmh rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk tajctaersKd;rSmqdk&if 'gu tjypfvkyo
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udk,fh&J@ vl@ *k%o
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jzpfaeygap wpfpkw
H pfa,mufu igh&@J *k%o
f duQmudk vmrxdyg; ao;oItxduawmh igu onf;cHjcif; w&m;udk
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wke@f jyefcJhwm? wu,fvdk@ igom bke;f }uD;wpfyg; jzpfaer,fq&dk if wrsKd;pOf;pm;&rSmaygh? aemufwpfcku wu,fvkd@
igom ol@udk rqHk;rcJhbl;qdk&if oluvJ wjcm;vlawGtay: tJ'DvkdrsK;d quf+yD; tEkdifusifhaetH;k rSmbJ r[kwfvm;?[k
jyefajzonf?
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rD;udk a&jzifh +idrf;owfI &Ekdifp+rJjzpfonf? ausmufusa&tvm; pif=u,faeom pdwfEv
S Hk;rSm udkwifarmifOD;
. pGrf;tifjzpfonf? rw&m;r_rsm;udk wdkufzsuf&ef/ *k%o
f duQm xde;f odrf;&efEiS fh tEkdifusifhAdkvfusr_rsm; xyfrjH zpfyGm;
jcif;u umuG,fEdik f&eftwGuf udkwifarmifOD;u ol. pGr;f tifudk toHk;cscJhjcif;jzpfonf?

52

6
qif;&Jr_ om;aumifrsm;. b0tajctaersm;udk =um;odavhvmjcif;
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jy\emrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;tm; &ifziG fhajymjyvmcJh=uonf? 4if;wdk@onf cg;ydkufE_dufjcif; tygt0if tjcm;aom
raumif;r_rsm;udk jyKvkyu
f m toufarG;aeolrsm;jzpfa=umif; ol@udk 0efcHajymjy=uonf?
usaemfwdk@u 'gudk }udKufvdk@ vkyaf e=uwm r[kwfygbl;Asm? usaemfwkd@ rdom;pkawGu wu,fudk iwfjywf
ae=uwma=umifhAs? usaemfwdk@twGuf tvkyu
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wwfa=umif; ajymonf? TwGif wifarmifOD;u
ig rif;wkd@&J@ tusyftwnf;udk oabmaygufygw,fuGm? 'gayr,fh vlawGqDuae cg;ydkufE_dufwmwkd@/
vk,uf"g;jywkdufwmwdk@ qdkwmu r[kwfao;bl;av? tJ'v
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rdom;pk0ifawG bmeJ@oGm;pm;=urSmvJ? +yD;awmh rif;wdk@vkd b0rsKd;rSm usifvnf&wmuvJ tEW&m,fodyrf sm;w,f?
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S fxm;
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vkyw
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53

ynm oif=um;cGifh r&Sd=ujcif;

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TuJhodk@jzpf&onfh ta=umif;&if;(2)&yf &So
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xyfcgwvJvJ ajymaeaomfvnf; vufawG@wGirf l yGifhvif;aom aps;uGufp;D yGm;a&;pepf. w&m;Oya'pd;k rdk;a&;
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54

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55

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56

ocsFmcsdef a&mufaomtcgwGif tdrfpmr+yD;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk q&mru twef;a&S@

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q&mrudk,fwkdifuwnf; AdkvfrLS ;uawmfwpfa,muf jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif TuJhodk@ oHk;E_ef;vdkufjcif;
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57

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twGuf/ vl@*k%foduQmtwGuf/ vl@wefzk;d twGuf pGef@v$wftepfemcH&ef &JpGr;f owWdtjynfhjzifh }udK;yrf;aqmif&Guf
cJhayonf?

58

7
vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:ydkifcGifhESifh awG;ac:r_ vGwv
f yfjcif;
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rsm;udk rpOf;pm;rDwGif vufqkyfvufudkif jyEkdifjcif; r&Sdaomfjim;vnf; vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vHk;. tajccH jzpfaom
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xdk htjyif tem*gwfwGif qufvufI xdcdkufcpH m;edik faom taetxm;rsm;udk xnhfoGi;f rpOf;pm;bJ tqdkyg
acgif;aqmifudk rsufprd w
Sd faxmufcHvSsif Ekid fiHa&;bufvdkufr_ jzpfonf?

59

&efbufjyKvkdaom t,ltqw&yf&yfudk jzpfap/ 4if;ESifh qufpyfaeaom rl0g'udkjzpfap wdkufzsuf&ef}udK;yrf;

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_ pfckckonf teD;uyf r[mrdwf
jzpfEikd fonf [laom ta=umif; jycsufjzifh tqdkyg tm%mykid f (odk@r[kwf) EkdifiHa&;ygwD (odk@r[kwf) edik fiHa&; zGJ h
pnf;wnfaqmufr_. raumif;aom vky&f yfrsm;ESifh pyfv#Of;I vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;onf EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_
jzpfonf? wlnDaom t,ltq w&yf&yfudk jzpfap/ 4if;eSifh qufpyfaeaom rl0g'udk jzpfap taumiftxnfaz:
usifhoHk;edik fa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;&mwGif tm%mydkif (odk hr[kwf) Ekid fiHa&;ygwD(odk@r[kwf) edik fiHa&;zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_
wpfckckonf teD;uyf r[mrdwf jzpfEikd fonf [laom ta=umif; jycsufjzifh tqdkyg tm%mykdif (odk@r[kwf) Ekid fiHa&;
ygwD (odk@r[kwf) edik fiHa&; zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_. raumif;aom vky&f yfrsm;ESifh pyfv#Of;I vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;onf
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60

r[kwfbJ xm0& &SifoefEdkifayrnf? (&Sifa,m[ef; 3;16) ponfwdk@ uJhokd@aom c&pf,efbmomw&m;.

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'gu vlwdkif;odygw,fuGm? vG,fvG,fav;bJ? a&vdkwmaygh?

61

'gayr,fh tJ'Dyef;yifu a&udk pkyf,l+yD;wJhtcgus&if a&udk jyefrxkwfvkyb

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62

vm;/ ajrjyef@csif;vm;?[k ar;onf? vSa&$u usaemfu to#dKcsif;qdkawmh ajrjyef@csif;vlrsKd; yg? usaemfwdk@

acG;om;rpm;ygbl;? q&mrajymwmawGu rrSeu
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jyefajymonf? q&mru oa&mf+yHK;+yHK;um rif;u csif;vlrsKd;awGta=umif; bmrS odyrf odygbl;? rif;u 'Dvdk
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wpfae@wGif vSa&$onf ordkif; zwfpmtkyfudk ausmif;odk@,lvm&ef arhcJhonf? Tonfudk q&mru &dyrf doGm;+yD;
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vSa&$EiS fhtwl ausmif;odk@oGm;=uonf?
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ausmif;apmifu
h ausmif;wHcg;udk zGifhay;vdkufonf?
63

udkwifarmifOD;ESifh vSa&$wdk@onf ausmif;tky}f uD;&Hk;cef;udk wef;oGm;avonf? ausmif;tky}f uD;&Hk;cef;odk@

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pma&;wpfa,mufrv
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q&mr}uD;udk csufcsif;oGm;&Smavonf? wc%t=umwGif &H;k cef;xJodk@ 0ifa&mufvmaom ausmif;tkyq
f &mr}uD;u
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wmvJ? 'gu b,fol@"g;vJ?[k ar;onf? udkwifarmifOD;u tJ'g usaemfh"g;yg? 'D"g;udk jyifqkdifyk@d zdk@toGm; vrf;rSm
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64

ESifh ol. rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;onf csif;vlrsKd;tygt0if tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;ay: av;pm;or_&Sdonfh omref

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k nfxuf
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wkdufydwfccH Jh&onf? wkdufydwf&uf aphonfhaewGif udkwifarmifOD;ukd tusOf;om; (6)OD;/ (7)OD;&Sdaom tusOf;cef;}uD;
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jzpfa=umif;udk tpydik f;wGif rod&dcS Jhay? 4if;wdk@ tenf;i,f &if;ESD;r_ &vmaom tcgrSomv#if wpfOD;udkwpfOD;
csif;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfa=umif; od&dcS Jh=uonf? xdktcsderf Spwifum 4ifwdk@ESpOf D;onf tvGet
f rif; cifrif&if;ESD;aom
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ajymqdkaqG;aEG;onfhtcgrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD;. wufuGaom pdwfxm;/ &JpGr;f owWdEiS fh [mo^m%f &$ifykH wdk@tay:
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f m
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f dkcJhavonf? Todk@jzifh
65

udkwifarmifOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&dS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHt

k wGuf &yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifaom csif;trsKd;om;wpfOD;
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66

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67

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68

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69

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70

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71

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woD;yk*v
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72

tiwfab;qdkufch&J onf? 4if;. tusK;d &vm'fa=umifh EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGmwk@d wGif vlra_ &; o[Zmjzpfr_ESifh w&m;r#wr_
rsm; csKyf+idr;f cJh&onf?
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d nfh
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73

rqHk;Ekdifaom oHo&mvnfaecJhonf? TonfrmS jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd jynfolvlxktrsm;pkwdk@ awG@}uHKcJh=u&onfh &H;k rxGufEkdif

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74

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pm;aomufp&dwfrsm;udk pepfwus pDrcH ef@cGJEdik fcJhonf? nDtpfudkarmifES (8)a,mufxJwGif t}uD;qHk;jzpfonfEiS fhtnD
udkwifarmifOD;u rdom;pkudk apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&dcS Jhonf? oludk,fYuwnf; Twm0efudk vdkvdkvm;vm;
vufcHcJhonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;udk ol. }uD;rm;aom cspfjcif;arwWm ay;tyfEdik fcJh+yD; wyg;olwdk@u vma&muf
xdyg;jcif; tEW&m,frsm;rSvJ umuG,fay;cJhonf?

tvkyf&Sm;yg;r_ jy\emESifh ppfr_xrf;&ef tcGifhtvrf;

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touf&Sif &yfwnfEdik fonfrmS rSefaomfvnf; vHkavmufra_ wmh r&Sd [lonfhtcsufudk udkwifarmifOD;u aumif;rGepf Gm
em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf? tdrfaxmif rusao;aom t&G,fa&muf+yD;olrsm;um rdom;pktrd fYyif qufaeum
rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk jyKpkapmifah &Smufjcif;onf jrefrmEkdifiH. tavhtxwpfck jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf t&G,f
a&mufolwpfOD; taejzifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;. pm;0wfaer_ tqifhtwef;udk jrifhwifEdik fa&;twGuf udk,fusK;d &SmazGrj_ yK zd@k
vdktyfvmcJhonf? Tjy\emudk udkwifarmifOD;wpfa,mufxJom r[kwfbJ jrefrmEkdifiH tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_ atmuf
wGif aexdkifae=uaom omrefvlwef;pm; acwfvli,frsm; yg }uHKawG@aecJh&jcif;jzpfonf?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;Y ppfrSeaf omtajymif;tvJ wpHw
k &m jzpfrvmygu wOD;csif; udk,fusKd;&Smae&Hk oufoufrsS
jzifhrl a&&SnftwGuf vlra_ &;wnfjidrrf _ &SdEikd frnf r[kwfa=umif;udk udkwifarmifOD;ESihf oli,fcsif;rsm;u aumif;rGepf Gm
&dyfpm;rdcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@ rdom;pk toD;oD;. vwfwavmvdktyfcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eftwGuf
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f vli,frsm;twGuf 0ifaiG vHkavmufpmG &SmazGEdik faom
(odk@r[kwf) oifhwifavsmufywfpmG jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKEkdifaom enf;vrf; tenf;i,fom &SdcJhonf?
jrefrmEkdifiH&dS vli,fvl&,
G f rsm;pGmwd@k onf txufwef;ausmif; r+yD;ao;bJ ausmif;xGufum
xkdif;jrefrme,fpyfodk@ oGm;a&mufum arSmifcdkypPnf; ckd;oGif;ol txrf;orm;rsm;tjzpf vkyu
f kdifpm;aomufcJh=uonf?
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arSmifcdkypPnf;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf? *syefEdik fiHu xkwfaom tcsdKr_ef@/ tif'dek ;D &Sm;Ekid fiHuvmaom t0wftxnf
tp&So
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ta,mifaqmifxm;aom ppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr.
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S fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tcsK@d aom vli,fvl&,
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75

rsm;onf tqdkyguJhodk@aom vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif;jzifh 0ifaiG&mS Ekid fcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;

udkwifarmifOD; uJhokd@aom ynmwwf vli,frsm;rSmrl tqdkygvkyif ef;rsm;udk pdwfr0ifpm;cJhacs?
wuUodkvf twef;+yD;aom wnaecif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;wpfpkwkd@ tif;,m;uef.
p}uvrf;ay:u vrf;av#mufjyefvmcJh=uonf? obm0ywf0ef;usirf Sm tvGeo
f m,mvSy+yD; uefabmif&kd;
wav#mufwGif opfyifyef;yifrsm;jzifh pdrf;vrf;pdkajyaeonf? a&mifpyHk ef;rsm; ,dr;f xdk;ae=uonf? aevHk;}uD;u
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wpfae&mwGif &yfem;+yD; oef@&Sif;vwfqwfaom avudk &SL&_dufvkduf=uonf? oli,fcsif;rsm;u tcsif;csif;
pum;ajymqdk aemufajymifaecsdew
f Gif udkwifarmifOD;u aumif;uifjym}uD;udkwvSnfh tif;,m;uef a&jyifudkwcg
ai;=unfhaeonf? ta0;wpfae&mwGif vli,fpkw
H JGwpfwJGonf wOD;eSifh wOD; uvlusDp,fvSsuf vufcsif;,Sufum
udkwifarmifOD;wkd@ &S&d mbufudk vrf;av#mufvmaeonf? yef;csDqefaom obm0ywf0ef;usiu
f dk aemufcHjyKum
rdrdcspfcifolEiS fh twl&Sdae&olrsm;twGuf urBm}uD;u om,mvSyaeayonf? 4if;wdk@ cspfcif=uifemaeaom
jrifuGif;udk =unfhum udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif;rsm;u auseyfae=uonf? Todk@jzifh tqdkygpHkwJG 4if;wdk@xH
wjznf;jznf; csOf;uyfvmav+yD? qHyift&Snf}uD;ESifh rdef;uav;rSm acsmarmvSyvGe;f ojzifh udkwifarmifOD;.
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jzpfa=umif;udk odEdik fonf? tqdkygpHkwJG olwdk@em;u jzwfav#mufoGm;&mwGif ausmif;olav;. &nf;pm;jzpfolrmS
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ai;pdkuf=unfhaeonf? cspfolpkHwJGrsm;u ol@twGuf tqef;r[kwfyg?
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G faom
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cspfol&nf;pm; jzpfvkd=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;u wnf+idrpf Gmjzifhyif [ifhtif;[lIom jyefajzvdkufonf?
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k favmif;oifwef; oGm;av#mufaygh? rif;&J@ cE<mudk,f
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r[kwfbl;? olwdk@u Ekid fiHawmfu wnfaxmifxm;wJh wyfrawmfxJrmS wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh ppfom;awG?
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76

'Drdkua&pD vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm&SdwJh omrefppfwyf qdk&ifawmh rif;ajymwmu rSefcsifreS frSmayghuGm?

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udkwifarmifOD;. ar;cGe;f udk olu csufcsif;jyefrajzEkdif? udkwifarmifOD;u qufajymonf?
a=u;pm;ppfom;awG[m olwdk@udk ay;au|;aewJh txuft&m&Su
d ay;wJhtrdef@twkdif; emcH&w,f?
vkdufvky&f w,f? txuft&m&Su
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'gayr,fh jrefrmEkdifiHu ppfom;awG[m a=u;pm;awGvdkrsK;d jyKrlaew,fqdkwmudk rif;u oufao rjyEkdifbl;
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jyEkid fwmayghuGm? 1962ckEpS f Zlvkdifv (7)&ufae@ ta&;tcif;rSm ppfom;awGu Adkvfae0if;&J@
trde@f udkemcH+yD;awmh tjypfrhw
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qdk&if ppfom;awG[m olwdk@vky&f r,fh wm0efubmvJ qdkwmudk tenf;tusOf;awmh od=urSmbJav? 'gayr,fh
ae0if;&J@ trde@f udk olwkd@ rvGeq
f efEikd fcJhbl; r[kwfvm;? udk,fhEkdifiHu wuUodkvfausmif;om; vli,fawGukd
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f d jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vli,frsm;onf
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d fyif
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77

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TuJhodk@aom vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajctaewGif rdrdwdk@. tem*wf aiGa=u;cdkifvHkr_twGufudkom =unfhaom
vli,frsm;t=um;wGif Adv
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f a&ESifh
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atmif+yD;onfhaemufwGif ar+rdK@ Adv
k favmif;oifwef;ausmif;udk wufa&muf&eftwGuf av#mufxm;cJhonf?
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0ifcGifhpmar;yJGrsm;udk atmifEikd f&eftwGuf olonf pdwfa&m udk,fyg usef;rmoefprG f;aecJhonf? ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufrmS
Adv
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S yk fcsKyfaeaom ppftpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh
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r&Sd&acs? Ttydik f;wGifvnf; olu uif;&Sif;aecJhonf? xdk@a=umifh vli,fAkv
d favmif;oifwef; wufa&muf&eftwGuf
ol ta&G;cHcJh&onf? Tta=umif;udk rdbrsm;u od&do
S Gm;aomtcg tarjzpfolonf ajr}uD;ay:Y vl;vSdrhI
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t}uHtpnfudk pGef@v$wfvdkufonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd =unf;wyfonf ppftpdk;&u jynfolvlxkudk ESyd fuGyf&eftwGuf
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d f ckdif+rJpGm tjrpfwG,f
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dk #if xdkolonf rdrd. vkyaf qmifr_a=umifh
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78

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f nfvSnfhjzm;Ekdif&ef ta=umif;jycsufrsm;
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wpfckrmS - vGwfvyfpmG awG;ac:jcif;a=umifh qxufwdk;yGm;vmaom ol. pdwfEv
S Hk;oef@pifru
_ dk tajccHI &d;k om;
ajzmifrh Sefru
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d fudk y,fzsufEdik fcJhonf qdkonfyifjzpfonf?
wkdif;jynfudk tcsdeu
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79

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80

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81

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82

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vdkw,f? w&m;r#wr_&SdwJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh ighwkd@wawG tm;vHk;[m igwdk@&J@Ekdifiu
H dk jyKjyifajymif;vJ
zd@k twGuf tpGrf;ukef }udK;pm;=u&r,f?
aemufqHk;wGif armifarmif toHwdwfoGm;onf? *k%foa&&Sdaom vli,frsm; rnfuJhokd@ &yfwnfoifha=umif;
udkwifarmifOD;. a0zefcsufudk =um;+yD;aomtcgwGif oli,fcsif;trsm;pku &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfoabmayguf
oGm;=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; armifarmifrSmrl xdkuJhodk@ r[kwfcJhacs? wuUodkvfbJG@&+yD;aemufwGif armifarmifonf
vl0ifr}_ uD;=uyfa&; t&m&Sw
d pfOD;tjzpf tvkyfav#mufxm;cJhonf? ol@oli,fcsif;. taz ppft&m&S}d uD;wpfOD;.
axmufcHay;r_a=umifh xdktvkyu
f dk &oGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? tm%m&Sif ppftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfra_ tmufwGif tpdk;&
0ef}uD;Xmersm;twGif; vmbfpm;r_rsm; t}uD;tus,f jzpfyGm;aecJhonfESifhtnD vl0ifr_ }uD;=uyfa&;t&m&Sd
armifarmifonf 0ifaiGrsm;pGm &&SdcJhonf? armifarmifonf ol. twW}uD;aom &nfreS f;csufudk wrifwum&nf&,
G fI
usifh}uHaqmif&GufcJhayonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif armifarmifuJhodk@aom vli,fvl&,
G f trsm;tjym;&SdrnfrmS
taotcsmyifjzpfonf?
83

udkwifarmifOD;uJhodk@aom udk,fusK;d &Smjcif;rsK;d onf &d;k &dk;&Sif;&Sif;av;yif jzpfaomfvnf; ckdifrm&J&ifhpGm

jyKrlwwfaom pdwfxm;&Sd&ef vdktyfofn? vli,f tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk@u ol.vrf;pOftwkdif; vdkufrvkyEf ikd fcJh=uacs?
TonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH. ynma&;pepf. tm;enf;csufa=umifhvnf; jzpfayonf?

ynma&;pepfudk jyefvSefoHk;oyfjcif;
jrefrmEkdifiH ynma&;pepfwGif q&mq&mrrsm;udka&m ausmif;rsm;udkyg ynma&; toHk;taqmifypPnf;rsm;jzifh
tvHktavmuf axmufyHah y;jcif; r&Sdacs? ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;xJwGif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tqrwef
rsm;jym;aeavh&do
S nf? ausmif;q&mwpfa,mufu udkifwG,fEdik faom ta&twGufxuf tqrwef rsm;jym;ae
avh&do
S nf? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf vpfvsL&_xm;jcif; cH=u&um 4if;wdk@.
ausmif;pmrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ulnD&iS f;jyay;r_rsm; tvHktavmuf r&SdcJhacs? rlvwef;ESifh txufwef;rsm;wGif
ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkonf ocsmF/ odyHE` iS fh t*Fvdyf bmom&yfrsm;wGif tcuftcJawG@cJh&onf? txl;ojzifh
wuUodkvf 0ifcGifh (10)wef; pmar;yJu
G dk atmifEdik f&eftwGuf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tpGr;f ukef}udK;pm;cJh=u&onf?
xdkjy\emudk ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eftwGuf rdbrsm;u 4if;wdk@. om;orD;rsm;udk yk*~vdu usL&Sifrsm; ,lapcJhonf?
om;orD;rsm;udk ynmwwf}uD;rsm; jzpfapcsif=uaomfvnf; aiGa=u; rajyvnf=uaom rdbrsm;onf usL&Sifp&dwf
ay;Ekid f&eftwGuf 4if;wdk@. tdrfwGif;r_ toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk vGerf if;pGm +cdK;+cHac|wm cJh&onf? TonfrmS jrefrm
Ekid fiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd rdom;pk trsm;tjym;wkd@ }uHKawG@cJh=u&aom tjzpfq;dk rsm;yif jzpfonf?
&efukef 0dZmESihf odyH` wuUodkvfwGif owWaA' bmom&yfudk txl;jyKoif=um;aecJhaom udkwifarmifOD; .
yxr ynmoifEpS f +yD;qHk;cgeD;tcsdeu
f jzpfonf? ol. ta':wpfa,mufonf rl}udKausmif;q&mr jzpf+yD; olrxHwGif
usL&Sif jypm;onfh vkyif ef;wpfckudk vnfywfaeol rdwfaqGwpfOD; &Sad vonf? xdk rdwfaqGudk,fYuvnf;
txufwef;ausmif;q&mwpfOD; jzpfonf? ausmif;ydwf&uf pae/ we*FaEGrsm;wGif usL&Sifay;avh&do
S nf? wpfae@wGif
olu udkwifarmifOD;. ta':tm; 'D ausmif;olausmif;om;awG tm;vHk;udk pmjyay;zdk@twGuf usaemf tultnD
vdkw,f? ocsFmeJ@ t*Fvdyf bmom&yfawGudk oifjyay;Ekdifr,fh vlwpfa,muf vdkaew,fAs? wu,fvdk@ 'DvkdrsK;d
ulnDay;Ekdifr,fhol wpfa,mufa,mufudk cifAsm; odw,fq&dk if usaemfol@udk iSm;csif;w,f? ta':jzpfolu
udkwifarmifOD;udk csufcsif;oGm;owd&rdonf? aemufwpfae@wGif ta':u udkwifarmifOD;xH vma&mufum pae/
we*FaEGawGus&if ausmif;om;awG pmjyay;&r,fh tvkyu
f dk pdwf0ifpm;vm;? [kar;onf? rdom;pkudk wbufwvrf;
u ulnDvkdaom udw
k ifarmifOD;onf ol@ta': urf;vSrf;vmaom tvkyu
f dk csufcsif;vufcHvdkufonf?
yxrqHk;ae@wGif olu ocsmFbmom&yfudk oifjyay;&avonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf rdrd od&Sdxm;onfrsm;udk
wyg;olrsm; tvG,fwul em;vnfoabmaygufvmatmif &Sif;vif;ajymjyEkdifprG f;&So
d l jzpfonf? yifudk,fprG f;&nf
wpfckyif? pmoifcef;xJ a&mufvmaomtcg olu ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk wpfcsufa0S@=unfhvkdufonf?
twef;xJ&Sd (10)wef; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;rSm olEiS fh touft&G,f rwdrf;r,drf;yifjzpf+yD; tcsdK@rSm ol@xufyif
touf}uD;aeao;a=umif;udk csufcsif; &dyfpm;rdvdkufonf? udkwifarmifOD;u i,f&,
G fonfhtjyif &kyf&nftm;jzifhvnf;
tawmf =unfhaumif;aoma=umifh ausmif;olrsm;u ol@udk=unfhum +yHK;+yD; wGwfxdk;ae=uonf?
84

olu oifcef;pmwpfckudk ausmufoifyek f;ay:Y pa&;avonf? TwGif ausmif;olwpfOD;u qD;aphwpfaphjzifh

ypfayguf&m xkdq;D aphonf udkwifarmifOD;. OD;acgif;tem;&Sd ausmufoifyek f;udk oGm;a&mufxdreS fonf? ausmif;ol
rsm;u q&mtopfudk prf;vdkaoma=umifh ol.tidkufwGif xdkuJhodk@ jyKvkyfvkdufjcif; jzpfEikd fayonf? qD;aphudk
ypfayguf+yD;onfEiS fh w+ydKifeuf 4if;wdk@u rodcsifa,mifaqmifae=uonf? odk@aomf qD;aphvm&m vrf;a=umif;
bufudk rSef;qrdaom udkwifarmifOD;u csufcsif;vSnfh=unfhvkduf&mwGif tqdkyg ausmif;olrsm; tht
H m;oifhoGm;
=uonf? olu xdkausmif;oltyk fpkudk tvGeyf if wnf=unfaom rsufEmS xm;jzifh pdu
k f=unfhonf? udkwifarmifOD;u
wnf=unfav;eufaom rsufEmS xm;jzifh wpfpHkwpfOD;udk pl;pl;&J&J pdu
k f=unfh+yDqdkv#if vrf;o&J *d%
k f;om;rsm;uyif
ol@rsufvHk;rsm;udk &ifrqkdif&=J uacs? csufcsif;qdkovdkyif ausmif;oltkyfpo
k nf toHwdwfoGm;+yD; wkwfwkwfr#
rv_y&f J=uawmh? 4if;wkd@udk wc%=umatmif pdkuf=unfh+yD;aemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ausmufoifyek f; bufodk@
vSnfhum pmqufoifavonf? xdktcsdeu
f pwifum tqdkygausmif;oltkyfpk tygt0if twef;xJ&Sd ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;onf udkwifarmifOD;tay: av;pm;vmcJh=uonf?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u ol. pmoifjyyHkudk tvGeEf Spfouf=uonf? 4if;wdk@ em;rvnfaom
ocsmFypk >mrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u vG,ful&iS f;vif;oGm;atmif &Sif;jyEkid fprG f;&Sdojzifh ausmif;pmrsm;wGif wdk;wufr_
rsm;pGm &&SdvmcJhonf? csOf;uyf&vG,ful+yD; azmfazmfa&Ga&G&dSolwpfOD; jzpfonfEiS fhtnD ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u
ol@twef;wuf&onfudk ESpf+cdKuf=uonf? &ufumvrsm; =umjrifhvmonfEiS fhtr# pum;ajymaumif;+yD;
[mo^m%f&i$ faom udkwifarmifOD;a=umifh twef;xJwGif aysmf&$if&,farmp&mrsm;jzifh touf0ifvmonfrmS
=unfE;l zG,f&maumif;vSayonf?
Todk@jzifh vuke&f ufwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf ol. yxrqHk;aom vpmudk &vmonf? jrefrmusyfaiG (100)/
tar&duef aiGjzifhqkv
d #if (35) a':vmcef@ &Sad yrnf? xdktcsdeu
f qdkv#if tawmfrsm;aom aiGyrm%yif jzpfonf?
vpmaiG &aoma=umifh tvGepf dwfv_y&f Sm;aeaom udkwifarmifOD;u rnfuJhodk@ vky&f rnfudk pOf;pm;avonf?
wuUodkvf ausmif;om; vli,fwpfOD; jzpfonfhtavsmuf ausmif;odk@ 0wfoGm;&ef t0wftpm; aumif;aumif;rsm;
(odk@r[kwf) tjcm;aom t&mrsm;twGuf rdrdpw
d f}udKuf 0rf;csrf;Ekdifrnf jzpfaomfvnf; olu xdkuJhodk@ rvkycf Jhacs?
rdom;pk0ifrsm;u xdknaecif;udk aumif;rGepf Gm trSwf&aeayao;onf? xdknaeu ol tdrfjyefaemufuscJhonf?
xrif;[if;csufonfhtdk; topfcsyfc|wfrsm; 0,fjyefvmaom udkwifarmifOD;udk awG@aomtcg rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;
th=H ooifhoGm;=uonf? 4if;wkd@ rdom;pkwGif TuJhodk@aom xrif;[if;tdk;rsm; vdktyfaeonfrmS twef=umjrifhcJhay+yD?
xdk@jyif olu pawmfb,f&o
D D; vwfvwfqwfqwfrsm;/ Edk@qD/ o=um;ESifh a&cJwkH;}uD;wpfwHk;udkyg ,laqmifvmcJh
ao;onf? rdom;pk0if tm;vHk;twGuf TuJhodk@ 'umcH au|;arG;onfrSm aysmf&i$ fp&myif? nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;
tljrL;ae=uonf? vdkcsifaewm =umcJh+yDjzpfaom xrif;tdk; [if;td;k topfrsm;udk &&Sdvkdufaoma=umifh taru
0rf;omyDwdjzpfum bmrS rajymEkdifcJhovdk rsuf&nfrsm;yif 0kid f;vmcJhonf? tdk;opfwpfckxJwGif udkwifarmifOD;u
pawmfb,f&/D Ekd@qD/ o=um;ESifh a&cJwdk@udk xnfhar$um rdom;pk0ifrsm;twGuf pawmfb,f&aD zsmf&nf vkyaf y;onf?
4if;wdk@ rdom;pktwGuf aysmf&i$ f=unfE;l zG,f&maumif;aom aEG&moDnaecif;wpfck jzpfcJhayonf?
wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpaf &mufonftxd olu usL&Sifq&mtjzpf vkycf Jhonf? tpdk;&qef@usifa&; ajratmuf
ausmif;om;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0ifywfoufcJhjcif;a=umifh 1972ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (5)&ufae@Y tzrf;cH&onfh
tcgrSomv#if usL&Sifq&mtvkyu
f dk &yfem;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? 1974ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (3)&ufae@ axmifrS
85

jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcsdew
f Gif wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpu
f dk qufwufcJhonf? xdktcsdew
f Gif ol ,cifu pmjyay;cJhaom
(10)wef; ausmif;olrsm;onfvnf; wuUokdvfwGif vma&muf ynmoif=um;ae=u+yDjzpfonf? 4if;wdk@ESifh TuJhodk@
jyefvnfqaHk wG@&onfrmS 0rf;omp&maumif;a=umif;udk olu rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf? wpfae@wGif
wuUokdvfausmif;0if;xJY tqdkyg ausmif;olrsm;u udkwifarmifOD;aemufodk@ vkdufum q&m/ q&m[k
0rf;omtm;&atmf[pfeKwfquf cJ=h uavonf? udkwifarmifOD;twGuf trSwf&p&maumif;aom ae@&ufrsm;yif?
udkwifarmifOD;. b0 tbd"mefxJwGif twWpdwf[laom pum;vHk;rSm vHk;0r&Scd Jhbl;acs? ol.b0wav#muf
vHk;udk =unfhrnfqv
dk #if udkwifarmifOD;onf rdrdudk,fusK;d twGuf w}udrw
f cgom vkyu
f dkifaqmif&GufcJhbl;avonf?
usL&Sifq&mtjzpf vkycf Jhjcif;yifjzpfonf? usL&Sifjyae&if;uwbuf ajratmufausmif;om;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;wGif
yg0ifywfoufcJhjcif;jzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;udkvnf; tusKd;jyKcJhonf? 1974ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (3)&ufae@ axmifu
vGwfvm+yD;onfhaemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf udk,fusK;d &Smjcif; vHk;0rjyKawmhbJ vl@tzG@J tpnf; aumif;usKd;twGuf
udkom ol. aemufqHk;xGufouftxd vkyu
f dkifaqmif&GufoGm;cJhonf? rnfonfh vlrsKd;bmomu qif;oufvmonf
jzpfap/ rnfonfh t&yfa'owGif aexkdifonfjzpfap urBmt&yf&yf&Sd vli,frsm;tm;vHk;onf b0udk wnfaqmuf
Ekid f&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wenf;r[kwf wenf; &&Sv
d m=urnfrmS trSeyf if jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf
udk,fydkiftcsderf sm;udk rdrdtwGufomru b0wav#mufvHk;wGif vl@tzG@J tpnf;aumif;usK;d twGufykrd kt
d av;xm;jyD;
t"du toHk;cs oGm;cJhaom tm&S pHjyvli,fwpfOD;yif jzpfayawmhonf?

86

9
trSefw&m;ukd &SmazGolESifh w&m;r#wr_twGuf wku
d fyJG0ifol
*syefEkdifiH wdkusKd wuUodkvf&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk Ekid fiHaygif;pkHrS bmoma&; q&mrsm;u r=umc%
vma&mufa[majymavh&do
S nf? TwGif pl;prf;pyfpkvdkaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u bmoma&; awG&@J
bmoma&;u bmvJ [lI a[majymoludk ar;jref;avh&cSd Jh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; q&mrsm;uay;aom tajz rsm;
tay: ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u auseyfr_ r&SdcJh=u? wpfae@wGif tdENd,EkdifiH&dS emrnfausmf=um;aom a,m*D }uD;
wpfOD; wdkusKdwuUodkvfudk vma&muf&mwGif tqkdyg ar;cGe;f udk tar;cH&jyefavonf? TwGif olu bmoma&;wdk h.
bmoma&;onf trSefw&m;omjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;ajz}um;oGm;cJhonf? Todk@rSomv#if ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
rsm; tm;vHk;u ol.tajztay: auseyfoGm;cJh=uonf?

+idr;f csrf;r_ &SmazG&mwGif trSefw&m;. tcef;u

ppfyJG eSifh ppfjzpfaponfh t&if;cHta=umif;&if;rsm;teuf wpfckjzpfaom qif;&JrJaG wr_ wdk honf vlrqefqHk;
t&mrsm; jzpfa}umif;/ ,if;wdk hudk tjrpfjzwf acsr_ef;Ekdifrnf qdkv#if +idrf;csrf;a&; &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfa}umif; ukvor*~.
axmifpEk Spf urBmh +idrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHY wifoGif;aom pmwrf;Y qdkxm;cJhayonf? TonfrSm trSef w&m;wpfck
yifavm? udkwifarmifOD;.awG@&Sdcsufrsm;rSmum; tqdkygoHk;oyfcsufEiS fhEd_if;,SOv
f #if wpHw
k &m uJGjym;ae onf? qif;&Jr_
a=umifh qdk;usK;d rsm; jzpfapEkdifonfrmS rSefuefaomfvnf; 4if;udk ppfjzpfymG ;&jcif;. tajccHta=umif;&if; wpf&yf[k
rqdkEdik facs? qif;&Jr_ &Sdaeaomfjim;vnf; vlra_ &;qkdif&m w&m;r#wr_ +rJ+rHaernfqv
dk #if +idr;f csrf;a&; &&SdEdik fayrnf?
pmrwwfr_ yaysmufa&; pDrHcsufjzifh wuUodkvfausmif;om; udkwifarmifOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufyidk f;
aus;vufa'o jzpfaom rJZmawmifajc&Sd &Gmwpf&mG wGif pmoifjyay;cJhonf? rsufarSmufcwfEiS fh E_id f;,SOfv#if tvGef
trif; acwf aemufususefcJh+yD jzpfaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;. aexdkifrp_ epfudk xdktcsdeYf udkwifarmifOD; avhvmcGifh
&&SdcJhonf? 4if;wdk@ xHwGif v#yfppfrD;/ a&ay;a0r_pepf/ uwW&m vrf;/ tkwftrd fESifh tDvufx&Gefepf qufoG,fa&;
pepfwkd@ r&Sd=uonfh tjyif 0ifaiGvnf; tvHktavmuf r&&S=d uacs? 4if;wkd@onf wu,fhudk qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpfonf?
okd@aomfvnf; xdk&GmwGif pdrf;vrf;pdak jyaomopfawm/ vSypGm pD;qif;aeaom jrpfEiS fh v,f,m tp&Sdonfh
rsufpyd om'jzpfaom aus;vuf awmawmifa&ajr &_cif;rsm; &Scd Jhonf? ta&;}uD;qHk;rSmum; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf
obm0ywf0ef;usif xGuf ypPnf;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;/ awmif,mpdkufjcif; (odk@r[kwf) trJvdkufjcif;u &&Sdaom
xGufukerf sm;udkvnf; aumif; auseyfr_ &Sad e=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? &Gmol}uD;/ omref&mG om; [lI cGJjcm;jcif; r&SdbJv#uf
4if;wdk@onf &&Sdaom tusK;d tjrwfrsm;udk tcsif;csif;=um;wGif r#a0,l=uonf? ae@pOfb0Y }uHKawG@&aom
tcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef twGuf 0kid f;0ef;ulnD=uonf? 4if;wdk@. &d;k &m,Ofaus;r_ wGif oem;=uifemr_/
azmfa&Gr_EiS fh &d;k om;yGifhvif;rsm; v$r;f rdk; aeonf? &Gmol&mG om;rsm; tcsif;csif; qufqHaqmif&u
G f &mwGif
trsufa'goESifh trke;f w&m; qdkonfxuf cspfcsif; arwWmudk ydI
k tajccHonf? xkd@a=umifh Todk@aom
vl@todkif;t0kid f;wGif qif;&Jr_ &Sdaeaomfjim;vnf; +idrf;csrf;r_&dSonf [k qdkEkdifayonf?

87

r#a0vdkaom pdwfxm;a=umifh +idr;f csrf;r_udk jzpfapjcif;

vlom;wkd@. aumif;rGeaf omvuQ%mrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u xdk&GmY &SmazGawG@&SdcJhonf? vlr_a&;qdkif&m
w&m;r#wr_. tcsufwpfcsufjzpfonfh r#a0vdkaom pdwfxm;udk avhvmcGifhcJh&onf? r#a0vdkaom pdwfxm;udk
vlom;wdk@u eufepJ Gm cH,lusifh}uH/ jrifhwifay;v#if wyg;olwdk@. cHpm;&r_ a0'emrsm;udk oem;nmwm udk,fcsif;pm
wwfaom pdwfrsm; 4if;wkd@. pdwfESvHk;xJwGif jzpfay:vmayrnf? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh vlom;wdk@wGif avmb
ESifh awmifhwr_ pdwfrsm; avsmhenf;oGm;edkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; rdrd usifvnf&m vlra_ &;0ef;usifay:rlwnfI jzpfwnf
vmaom vdktyfcsufrsm; udk jznfhqnf;Ekdifa&;twGuf woD;yk*v
~ wkdif;wGif vdkcsifpdwfrsm; &Sad eygOD;rnf? r#a0
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pdwfxm; &So
d lonf rdrd. vdkcsifrr_ sm;udkom rubJ tjcm;olrsm;. vdkcsifrr_ sm; udkyg xnfhoGi;f pOf;pm;onf?
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wGif vlom;rsm;onf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;jzifh qufqHaqmif&u
G f ae=uonf[k qdkEdik fonf? Todk hjzpfygu vlra_ &;
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rSefuefaeqJ[k qdkEdik fayonf?
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vlwef; pm;rsm;tm; tnDtr# cGJa0ay;jcif; r&SdonfrSm q,fpEk Spfrsm;pGm=umjrifhoGm;+yD jzpfonfudk vnf;aumif;/
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'kuQa0'emrsm; tay: ukd,fcsif;pmpdwf r&Sda=umif;udk vnf;aumif; tm&yfEdik fiHrsm;wGif 2011ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvu
pwifjzpfyGm;cJhaom vlxktkH uGqENjyr_rsm;Y awG@Ekdifayonf? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
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f pma&;q&m ',fe&D ,f abmfpwifu ueOD;ydkif;wGif vlom;
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_ wdjzifh aexkdifcJh=uaomfvnf;
88

rufarmr_ESifh avmbpdwfwkd@ v$r;f rdk;vmaomtcg T ajcmufjypfuif;tajctae ysufokOf;oGm;&onf[k qdkcJhonf?

vlwef;pm;cJGjcm;r_ r&Sdaom/ r#a0jcif; pdwfxm;udk usifh}uHaom vl@tokdif;t0kdif; udk avhvmcGifh&cJhonfh udkwifarmifOD;
onf ',feD&,f abmfpwif uJ h odk hyif vlom;wkd@. aysmf&i$ frr_ sm;udk wpfpHkw&mtwkdif;twmtxd cHpm;od&dS Ekid fcJh
onf? vlrb
_ 0wdk;wufvmjcif; (odk hr[kwf) acwfrDw
S dk;wufvmjcif; onf qif;&Jr/_ cdk;0Sufr/_ vlowfr/_ r[kwf rrSef
ajymqdkr_ ponfh ,kwfnhHaom vky&f yfrsm;udk jzpfaponf (odk@r[kwf) rsm;jym;vmaponf [lIvnf; ',feD&,fu
rSwfcsufay;cJhjyefonf? vlrb
_ 0wdk;wufvmjcif; (odk hr[kwf) acwfrDw
S dk;wufvmjcif; eSifh pyfvsSOf;Irl
udkwifarmifOD;. &yfwnfcsufrmS
',feD&,f abmfpwif ESifh uJGjym;cJhonf? tjyKjzpfwnfrt
_ jrif&do
S l
udkwifarmifOD;onf vlrb
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jzpfonf? tjcm;&_axmifhu=unfhv#if olonf r#a0vkdaom pdwfxm;udk vnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk@ t&dkif;b0u
xJu pwifjzpfwnf vmonfh ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sad omwefzk;d rsm;udk vnf;aumif; qufvuf xde;f odrf;xm;vkdcJhonf?
ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sad omwefzdk;rsm; qdkonfrSm vl.tm&Hkig;yg;jzifhrl cHpm;od&djS cifrS od&deS kid fygrnf? pdwfjzifh tuJjzwfod&dS
edik faom t&mrsdL;udk qdkvdkonf?

vlrb
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vlrb
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odk@aomfvnf; vlrb
_ 0wkd;wufr_ &Sv
d mapa&; twGuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk aumif;usKd;jzpfaprnfh oGifjyifvuQ%m
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(odk@r[kwf) rnfuJhodk@ acsr_ef;okwfoif&rnfqo
dk nfrmS ar;cGe;f xkwfp&m jzpfvmayonf? aomrwf a[mh(bf).
xifay:ausmf=um;aom e*dkrlvobm0tajctae qdkonfh t,ltqY qdkxm;ouJhokd@yif ordik f;OD;acwf vl htzGJ h
tpnf;Y vlwOD;onf tjcm;vlwOD; odk hr[kwf tjcm;vltrsm;wdk heiS fh pOfqufrjywf ppfcif;aeouJhodk h&yfwnf
&SifoefcJh&jyD; c%wdkif; c%wdkif;Y vlom;onf rvHkjcHKr_udk cHpm;cJh&onf?
xdka=umifh ,ae@acwfumvwGif vlom;onf e*dkrlv obm0tajctaeY qufvufwnf&daS ea&; qdkonf
rSm rawG;0Hhp&m jzpfouJhodk@ vlr_b0wdk;wufr_ r&Sdaom urBmonfvnf; qufvuf wnf+rJraeoifhay? odk@aomf
tay:,Htm;jzifh =unfhv#if vlrb
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aom oGifjyifvuQ%mrsm; avsmhenf; oGm;atmif rjyKvkyfEikd fv#ifrl vlom;wkd@onf e*kdrlv obm0tajctaeYom
&Sad ernfjzpfonf?
TonfrSm vpfbsm;EkdifiH bef*gZD+rdK@&dS jynfoljynfom;wdk@ }uHKawG@cJh&aom taetxm;yif jzpfonf? rmrl0g
*g'gzDu ol. tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrp_ epfudk qef@usifawmfvSeo
f l rnfol@udkrqdk tjrpfjywfEdrS ef if;rnf[k 2011ckEpS f
rwfv (17)&ufae@wGif ajym=um;cJhonf? vuf&dt
S ajctaewGif *g'gzDudk qef@usifonfjzpfap/ 4if;udk axmufcH
onfjzpfap vpfbsm;EkdifiH&Sd jynfolwdk@onf vHk+cHKr_ uif;rJah e&onf? e*dkrlv obm0tajctaeY aexkdifae&
ouJhodk@yif awG@}uHKcHpm;ae&onf? jrefrmEkdifiH&dS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;&m ae&m
89

a'o rsm;wGif aexkdifolrsm;onfvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf? rnfonfh Ekid fiHa&; t,l0g' (okd@r[kwf) Ekid fiHa&; pepf
atmufY &Sad eygap tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_udk usifhoHk; aeor# umvywfvHk; vlxu
k dk A[dkjyKaom vlrb
_ 0wkd;wufr_
b,faomtcgr# jzpfxGe;f vmrnf r[kwfouJhodk@ 'kuQa0'emrsm;rSmvnf; csKyf+idr;f oGm;rnf r[kwfa=umif;udk
udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;pGmem;vnf oabmaygufcJhonf? TonfrmS xm0& trSew
f &m;yif jzpfonf?

twGi;f pdwfjidrf;csrf;r_ eSifh tjyifydkif;jidr;f csrf;r_

vl htzGJ htpnf;Y qdk;0g;r_rsm;udk y,f&mS ;Ekdifapa&;twGuf trSefw&m;udk &SmazG&mwGif twGif;ydkif;udk
aZmif;ay;aom csOf;uyfenf; onf wefb;dk rjzwfekid fajc? qdkvdkonfrSm pdwf. oef@&Sif;pif=u,fr_ jzpfwnfEdik f&ef
usifh}uH&rnf? odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh pdwfudk ,Ofaus;atmifvky&f rnf jzpfonf? Todk@ro
S mv#if rpPwm
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k ifum u jyqdkcJhouJhodk@yif 'kuQa0'emrS aysmf&i$ fro
_ dk@vnf;aumif;/ tcsKyftaESmifb0rS vGwfajrmufonfh b0odk@
vnf;aumif;/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfrr_ S pmempdwf xm;&Sdr_odk@vnf;aumif; ajymif;vJjzpfwnfvmEkid fayrnf? vlom;
wdk@. pdwfEv
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olu qufvufoHk;oyfcJhjyefonf? urBmay:Y +idr;f csrf;a&; jzpfwnfvmatmif jyKvky&f mwGif woD;yk*v
~ wkdif;onf
rdrd. pdwfEv
S Hk;udkoef@pifEdik f&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&SdvmEkdifonfhtajctae a&mufonftxd twGif;ydkif;odk@ aZmif;
ay;aom csOf;uyfenf;udk vufcHusifh}uH&rnf? wdk;csJ@&rnf? tm;ay;tm;ajrmufjyK&ygrnf? odk@aomfvnf; pkpnf;r_
&So
d nfjzpfap/ r&Sdonfjzpfap/ *d%
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enf;udk usifhoHk;&HkrSseiS fh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;ukd &&ef }udK;yrf;rnfqv
dk Ssif vHkavmufr_ &Srd &Sdqkdonfudk qef;ppf&ef vdktyf
ae ayao;onf?
+idrf;csrf;r_ qdkonfudk &_axmifhESprf sKd;u =unfhjrifEdik fonf? yxrwpfrsKd;rSm- +idrf;csrf;r_onf vlwpfOD;
wpfa,muf. pdwfEv
S Hk;twGif;Y jzpfwnfEdik fonf qkdaom tcsufyifjzpfonf? ,if;udk twGif;ydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_[k
qdk}uygpdk h? 'kwd,wpfrsKd; rSm vl@tzG@J tpnf; (odk@r[kwf) Ekid fiH (okd@r[kwf) wurBmvH;k wGif jzpfwnfaeaom
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wnf&daS e ayonf? yxr awG;qcsuf rSm twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_&Sd v#if tjyifykid f; +idrf;csrf;r_ jzpfwnfvmEkid fonf
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S mv#if twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk
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woD;yk*v
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onf? TwGif tqdkyg jzpfpOf wpfckp.
D xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh tjyifydkif;
+idrf;csrf;r_wkd@ t=um;&Sd qufE$,fru
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90

+idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazG&mwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf twGi;f pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udka&m tjyifykdif; +idrf;csrf;r_udkyg

eSpfckvHk;twGuf OD;wnfcsufxm;cJhonf? olonf ueOD;ydkif;uwnf;uyif twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_tay: tm&Hkxm;um
pdwf. oef@pifjcif;udk &SmazGcJhonf? pdwf. oef hpifro
_ nf twGif;ydkif;jidr;f csrf;r_twGuf ta}umif; taxmuftyHh
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_ dk
t&if;jyKI b0 &nfreS f;csufudk wpdu
k frwfrwf pif}u,fpmG &SmazGekid fcJhonf? rdrd. rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk omru tjcm;
olrsm; tay:wGifyg arwWmxm;&SdcJhjcif;a=umifh rESp+f rdK@jcif; [laom pdwfxm;udk wqifhcsif; z,f&Sm;Ekid fcJhonf? ol.
pdwfESvHk;twGi;f wGif trkef;w&m;ESifh &efjidSK;odkr_wdk@ uif;cJhonf? vrf;o&J *k%
d f;0ifrsm;udk olu rkef;wD;ojzifh
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aomt&mtwGuf wpdu
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91

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92

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93

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94

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orRw zm'Deef rm;udk@(pf)u Ekid fiHhordkif;wGif r}uHKpzl; 'kwd,t}udrf orRwtjzpf jyefvnfta&G;cHcJh&onfrmS vnf;
1969 ckEpS fuyif jzpfonf? tif'ked ;D &Sm;Ekid fiHwGif emrnfq;dk jzifh ausmf=um;ol ppftm%m&Sif Adv
k fcsKyf ql[mwdkudk
v$wfawmf u orRwtjzpf a&G;cs,fcef@tyfcJhonfrmS 1968ckEpS fu jzpfonf? tqdkyg orRwESpfOD;pvHk;onf
oufqikd f&m EkdifiH toD;oD;wGif uGejf rLepf ykeu
f eftHkuGrr_ sm;udk ESrd feif;cJhonf[lI emrnfausm=f um;cJh=uonf?
tm%mr&rDwGif tif'kdeD;&Sm;Ekid fiH Adv
k fcsKyf ql[mwkdonf uGejf rLepfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;okwfoif&eftwGuf ppfwyfudk
OD;aqmifcJh+yD; vlaygif; (5)ode;f cef@udk owfjzwfcho
J nf? zdvpfykid fEkdifiHwGif rm;udk@(pf)u rm&S,favm xkwfcJh+yD;onfh
aemufwGif uGejf rLepfjynfol hwyfrawmfopfudk eSrd feif;&ef ppfwyfudk txl;tm%mtyfeiS f;cJhonf? xdkumvtwGif;
Yyif awmifudk&D;,m; EkdifiHwGifvnf; 'kwd, orRwedik fiHudk jzdKcsjyD; OD;aqmiftm%modr;f cJhol Adv
k fcsKyf ywfc|ef[D;onf
orRwtjzpf jyefvnf ta&G;cHcJh&onf? 1966 ckEpS frS 1976 ckEpS frsm;twGif;wGif w&kwfEdik fiH. acgif;aqmif }uD;
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95

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f Gif Adv
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jzpfvmrnfudk jynfolvlxk u rSef;qEkid f=uonf?
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zGJ@pnf;onfrmS rSeaf omfvnf; t+rJwapawmh r[kwfacs? a&G;aumufyGw
J Gif tEkdif&&Sdaom ygwDu v$wfawmfae&m
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96

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97

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98

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99

epfemqHk;&SKH ;r_rsm;tm; tjcm;aom wOD;csif; jynfolrsm;u vSspfvSsL&_xm;orSs umvywfvHk; w&m;rSswaom vl htzGJ h

tpnf;jzpfedkifygrnfavm?
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h Jh
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100

jcm;em;csufrmS tb,fenf;? pmempdwf &Sjd cif; r&Sdjcif;eSifh oufqidk fayonf? vl@ordik f;udk jyef=unfhrnfqv
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101

xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol.rsufEmS ay:wGif t+yHK;w0uf tpOft+rJ &Sad ecJhjcif;jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD; onf trSew
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102

10
tvkyform; ta&;tcif;ESifh
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103

&Sad ea&;rSm tvGefta&;ygaom t&mwpfckjzpfonf? tvkyo

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f rm;rsm;. vkyt
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onf tvGe@f tvGef ta&;ygvSayonf? odk@aomf Tae&mwGif tpdk;&. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk OD;pGm owfrw
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wdk@ oifhwifah vsmufywfpmG aexdkifpm;aomufEdik faprnfh pD;yGm;a&; tajctaersKd;&Sv
d map&ef zefwD;jrifhwifay;&rnf?
oifhwifah vsmufywfaom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersdK; &Sv
d map&ef zefwD;ay;&rnf[k qdk&mwGif tpdk;&onf
pD;yGm;a&; tm%m udk &,l+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfckvHk;Y &Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;&m uudk uef@owfcsKyfcs,f&rnf[lI
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qdk&dk;wpfck&daS yonf? urBmh Ekid fiHaygif;rsm;pGmwk@d &dS qdk;,kwfaom tpdk;&rsm;udk Oyrm=unfhyg? Todk@jzpf&jcif;.
104

t"duta=umif;&if;rSm tpdk;&onf txufwGif az:jyxm;aom wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk a&Smif=uOfum 4if;. tm%m

t&Sdeft0gudk vdktyfonfxufykI
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. tpdwftydkif;wpfcktaejzifh =unfhjrifoHk;oyf&mwGif tpdk;&u EkdifiHa&;tm%mudkom t"duxm; usifh}uH+yD; aiGa&;
a=u;a&; tm%mudk omref Ekid fiHom;rsm;tm; ay;tyfaom pHjyKyHpk Hwpfck &So
d nf? rnfonfh Ekid fiHa&;t,ltqudk
usifhoHk;onf jzpfapumrl tpd;k & onf EkdifiHa&;tm%ma&m pD;yGm;a&;tm%mudkyg vHk;0vuf0g;}uD;tkyx
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wm0efcHrr_ sm; qHk;&_H;&avawmhonf?
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aygif;pkvm&mrSwqifh oufOD;qHydkifpepfodk@ toGiaf jymif;oGm;um tpdk;&u tm%mudk tuef@towfrhJ &,lusifhoHk;
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k yif ta&;ygaom udp&P yfrsm;jzpfonf?
Todk@rSomv#if tqdkyg toif;tzG@J rsm;udk vlxk toif;tzG@J rsm;[k owfrw
S fEdik fayrnf?
jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESifh ywfoufI todynm enf;yg;aev#ifaomf
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105

vky&f yfrsm;ukd aumif;aom vkyf&yfrsm;tjzpf owfrw

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J D;ESH pdu
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vufwavm jzpfysuf aeonfrsm;udk =unfhyg?
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f rm;rsm; qENjy&jcif;. tajccHta=umif;&if;udk
106

csufcsif;yif em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;cJh=uonf? jzpfysufaeaom tajctaersm;udk apmifh=unfh&ef/ tjcm;

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f rm;rsm;udk
tultnDay;&ef twGuf eD;pyfaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif oabmwlnDcJh=uonf?
udkwifarmifOD;onf aumfvmrygaom &Syt
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S nf? vG,ftw
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107

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108

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109

xdk@twlyif udkatmif=unfuvnf; ynma&;wuUodkvf/ udkausmfaZ,su &efukef 0dZmESifh ESifh odyH` wuUodkvf/

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110

ol@twGuf ausmif;wuf&efESifh tcsK@d aom ta&;ygaom a0&m0pP rsm; vkyu

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111

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112

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113

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114

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115

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116

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117

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119

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120

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121

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122

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123

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124

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125

rsm;ESifh tjcm; ypPnf;ypP,rsm;udk &uf&ufa&ma&m ay;vSLvm=uonf? wcsdew

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126

udkwifarmifOD;. nDi,frsm;onf wuUodkvfY jzpfysufonfrsm;udk =um;odae&monfEiS fhtr# pl;pyfod&Sd

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127

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128

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129

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130

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131

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132

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133

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134

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141

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142

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143

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145

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tvkyo
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udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; vGecf JhonfhEpS fu jzpfyGm;cJhaom tvkyo
f rm;ta&;tcif;udk *k%jf yKonfhtaeESifh
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146

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147

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ESpyf wfvnf txdr;f trSwf jyKvky=f urnf[k 4if;wdk@tm; E_d;aqmfvdkufonf?
udkwifarmifOD;. pum;vHk;rsm;onf tm;upm;cef;rtwGif;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;. &ifxJodk@ pl;epf
0ifa&mufoGm;+yD; tm;vHk;u pdwfygtm;& vufckyv
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148

jyefonf? TwGif tvkyo

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rsm;rSm ta,muf(20)xuf ruawmh? 4if;wkd@udk 0kid f;=unfhae=uaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; vufckyf
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149

puf&Hk taemufbufwGif wnf&daS om tif;pdev

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153

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160

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161

Todk@jzifh 4if;wkd@onf autif,l e,fajrtwGif;Y qufvufI ajcusifc&D;ESifvmcJh=uonf? awmxJ

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162

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163

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164

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165

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166

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172

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173

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174

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179

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180

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181

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182

ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tjyif ppfrx

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k fcsKyf}uD; wifOD;ukd zrf;qD; axmifcscJhonf? xdk@jyif Adv
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183

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184

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185

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186

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187

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188

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189

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190

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191

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192

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twl csDwufzkd howWdr&Sw
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193

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csDwuf}u&atmif? [k ajymonf?
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tm;jzifh waxmife;D yg;cef hrsS &So
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194

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195

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196

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197

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198

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199

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200

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201

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202

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203

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205

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207

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215

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216

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220

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231

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