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The break-through evidence from the Harappan excavations that silk had been known
in India as early as 2000 BCE was posted in my blog
http://jayasreesaranathan.blogspot.com/2009/01/was-india-home-for-silk-
production.html
This was no surprise to us because the use of silk-cloths had been mentioned in
many places in Valimiki Ramayana.
It is also difficult to think that the avatara purusha used cloths made of himsic
ways.
"Ahimsa paramO dharma" is the injunction.
Ahimasa is the supreme dharma.
So 'Himsa' is a highly adharmic
Vedic society did not allow himsa, except for the purpose of vedik purpose.
The injunction on where to allow 'himsa' is found only at one place – in the last
verse of Chandoghya upanishad where it is said that one
desirous of moksham is allowed to do 'himsa' only as approved by
scriptures. This is interpreted by scholars and elders as approval
for animal sacrifice in yajnas only.
There is a probability that both the ways of himsic and ahimsic silk making had
existed. But those persons who were inclined on moksha dharma and those who were
following Vedic way of life would not have used himsic silk.
As far as I have enquired with the Vedik scholars whom I have come across, I have
been told that specifications have been given in sastras regarding
every detail of different ceremonies and this also includes the type
of vasthram to be used. It is mentioned at many
places that the cotton vasthram has to be used.
There are little traces of 'silk making' as an industry in Indian until recently.
Sericulture was introduced only 400 years ago.
However, words denoting silk are found in Sanskrit and Tamil texts.
In Kishkindha khandam,
Sampathi describes to the vanaras the abduction of Sita.
He mentions that Sita was wearing superior kausheyam.
“suurya prabhaa iva shaila agre tasyaaH kausheyam uttamam |
asite raakSase bhaati yathaa vaa taDit a.mbude ||” ( 4-58-17)
tasyaaH uttamam kausheyam= her, best, ochry silk sari;
(meaning :- Upper fringe of Seetha's silk sari with golden glitter is upheaved in
the sky, and with the reddish hue of sun in red heat of midday it beamed forth
like a reddish cloud. )
Sits dropped the jewels wrapped in her upper garment of kasuheyam while she was
being abducted.
“teSaam madhye vishaalaakSii kausheyam kanaka prabham |
uttariiyam varaarohaa shubhaani aabharaNaani ca || 3-54-2
mumoca yadi raamaaya sha.mseyuH iti bhaaminii |”
(meaning :- 2, 3a. vishaalaakSii= broad-eyed one; varaarohaa= curvaceous lady;
bhaaminii= lady with resentment; kanaka prabham kausheyam uttariiyam= golden, in
hue, silk sari, upper cloth; shubhaani aabharaNaani ca= auspicious, ornaments,
also; raamaaya= to Rama; shamseyuH yadi= they indicate, if [they may]; iti= thus
[on thinking]; teSaam madhye mumoca= their, amid, released - dropped.
That broad-eyed and curvaceous lady with resentment Seetha, inwrapping her
auspicious ornaments in the upper-fringe of her sari, dropped in the midmost of
those five Vanara-s with a thinking that 'these creatures may perhaps indicate
them to Rama.' [3-54-2, 3a])
(Shaalmali is also found mentioned in Rig veda X-85 where it signifies the garment
worn by the groom while mounting a carriage to go to the bride’s house for
marrying her. This hymn is the basis of Vivaha mantras used in Hindu marriages.)
In this way it can be seen that Kausheya was used in specific places to indicate a
specific meaning. And there was in existence silk-cotton trees too from which silk
was made.
The root of kausheya is kosha or kausha. It means – among other ones – the sheath
covering the silk worm. This is nothing but the 'pupa'. The pupa is called kausha
or kOsha.
The derived meaning of the term kausheya is 'cloth made from the cocoon shell'.
In spite of the prevalence of these words related to silkmoth in Vedic and Tamil
culture, we hardly come across any trace of sericulture in ancient texts.
For example we find a spate of professions and terms related to various jobs done
by ancient Tamils in Purananuru. But there is absolutely no mention of
domesticating silkmoths and cultivating cocoons for drawing silk threads.
Since we come to know from texts that silk clothes were used, we must look at
other ways of making silk.
When Sita wanted to own the golden deer, she rationalized the hunting of it on two
grounds. One was that she wanted to have the rare animal to be her plaything in
the forest.
On the other hand, if the golden deer could not be taken alive, its skin could be
taken to their Treasury in Ayodhya. She said that its skin was a precious looking
one. Such precious and rare looking objects must belong to the Royal treasury. If
the deer could not be caught alive, its skin could be taken to their kingdom when
they returned.
So the practice could have existed of collecting the discarded (or even live)
cocoons in the wild and making silk out of them.
It is possible to assume that the silk strands found in Harappan sites were of
non-violent or ahimsic variety – that is, taken out, after the moth had left.
Silk making from such a source would be laborious and such products must belong to
the Royal family only. That perhaps explains why Ramayana makes a specific mention
of kausheya – how the cloth was made – whenever it describes the cloths of the
Royal persons.
Since specific mention is made of 'kausheya', it can be assumed that silk from
other sources (plant) also could have existed.
Let us now search for clues in Tamil texts to know whether silk was used in
ancient Tamil land. If we look for the words on cloth, we do come across a popular
Tamil term for silk, namely "பட்டு " (pattu).
There are different sources available in Tamil texts, to study what this pattu was
all about.
vEdhagam = vEga vaiikkappatta pon, i.e., very thin sheet of gold made
malleable by heating.
yEdagam = cloth made of fibres drawn from yEdu, or leaf of some vegetation.
Pattu = nEthiram (same as Sanskrit nEthram) which is very soft as the
peacock feathers with the eye. That is, pattu is that cloth which is
very soft to touch and to see, as how the peacock feathers appear.
Looking at this meaning of pattu, I am drawn to look at the 'காடு படு திரவியம் ' –
the wealth of the forests. One of the wealth of the forest is peacock feather!
Nowhere can I locate sericulture or reeling of silk thread from cocoon in the
Tamil texts
But the meaning of Pattu as nethram (peacock's feather) make me wonder whether
Tamils knew some method of making fine cloth using peacock's feather.
There must be some connection to peacock feather, as we have even today the dothis
called 'ம ய ில் க ண் ேவஷ்டி '! This dothi is well known for the soft border that
resembles the eye of the peacock.
paaLidham is a very soft cloth used to cover the top part of the
pandhal (vidhaana seelai)
This shows that silk was made in Tamil lands from cocoon.
Yet the mystery remains if it was made through violent or non-violent ways.
From Adiyaarkku nallar.
A big group of synonyms for thugil has been given by அடியார்க்கு நல்லார் , the
famous 'urai aasiriyar' for Silappadhikaram. The interesting finding is that this
group contains the kausheya (drawn from pupa) cloth and also the cotton cloth.
From the different terms, it is understood that this group contains all the
varieties of cloths made from different sources and made for different purposes
and persons. The very first term that Adiyaarkku nallar has given is 'kOsigam' – (
or pattu as defined by ChoodamaNi nigandu) the Tamil equivalent of kausheyam (made
from cocoon)!
Writing his commentary on this, Adiyaarkku nallar says that the word 'thugil'
thugil'
"ேகாசிகம் (kOsigam)
பீதகம் (peethakam)
பச்சிைல (pacchilai)
அரத்தம் (arattham)
நு ண் துகில் (nuNthugil)
சுண்ணம் (chuNNam)
வடகம் (vadagam )
பஞ்சு (panju)
இரட்டு பாடகம் (irattu paadagam)
ொகாங்கலர் (kOngalar)
ேகாபம் (kOpam )
குறித்தி (kurithi )
கரியல் (kariyal )
ேபடகம் (pEdakam )
ேவதங்கம் (vEdangam)
புநகர் (pungar )
காழகம் (kaazhagam)
ச ில்லி ைக (chilligai )
துரியம் (thuriyam )
பங்கம் (pangam )
தத்தியம் (thatthiyam )
வண்ணைட (vaNNadai )
கவற்றுமடி (kavattrumadi)
திருக்கு (thirukku)
ேதவாங்கு (dEvaangu)
ொபான்ொனழுத்து (ponnezhutthu )
குச்சரி (kucchari)
ேதவகிரி (dEvagiri )
இரஞ்சி (iranJi )
ொவண்ொபாத்தி (veNpotthi )
பணிப்ொபாத்தி (paNippotthi )
This list starts with kOsigam (kausheyam) related to kOsa-kaaram, the term in
Tamil for Silk-moth and peethakam (yellow vasthram) of Sanskrit origin. It also
contains terms suggestive of other sources of cloth making. For instance panju
means cotton, denoting a cotton cloth. But interestingly, the common word for
silk, namely, 'pattu' is not found in this list. Does this mean the term pattu was
not in common use or was not used until Adiyaarkku nallar's times (around 9th
century AD)?
Panju must been a common term and cotton weaving must have been a cottage industry
in ancient Tamil lands.
There is a reference in a புற நானுறு verse about the 'முற்றம் ' where
cotton (panju) was dried.
Another verse says about 'பஞ்சி கைளயாப் புண்ணர்', meaning 'like the
cloth (panji) on a wound, it hurts'
In those days, if it was said, 'பட்ைட உடுத்தான் ', it meant that the
person wore the cloth made of mara-pattai.
(eg:- Raman 'pattai' vudutthan, during his vanavasam.)
From all these the word 'pattu' must have come to stay. We can also
see that mara-p-pattai has been the basis of pattu or vasthram, in
other words, vegetation had been the basis for cloth.
The word Pattam had been in common use in Tamil for cloths.
The அைரஞான் கயிறு (worn around the waist) is also known as pattigai.
If one enquires about how the grand father or great grand father had
used the new vasthram, it will be known that none of them wore
vasthram new or fresh from the weaver's place. They used to wash and
dry it before wearing even for the first time.
Even the strict vediks will not advise you to wear a factory fresh
vEshti but ask you to wash and dry it for wearing for any vedik
ceremony. It happens in marriages and it happens in upanayanam.
In those days vasthrams were made from vegetation, especially from cotton.
In ancient works in Tamil, the term cloth is denoted by 'panju' or 'panji'.
Cotton has been the source of cloth making.
It is like this.
It is a proven fact that all people possess aura. When a person dies,
this aura decays or something of a decaying nature starts setting in.
That is perhaps why death-theettu (impurity due to death)
Since every living organism has this aura, it is assumed that the
plucked cotton ball also has an aura in some decayed form or some decaying aura
still
sticking to it. It then becomes logical to assume that
without removing this impurity, a vEdik would not like to wear it even
if it is a brand new vasthram.
Later, the general purity of the vasthram is ensured with every wash.
That is why a madi vasthram is that which is washed and dried overnight.
Silk of kaushEyam is made from the secretions from the mouth of the silk worm.
The secretions have no aural connection!
That is perhaps why elders in those days would have accepted silk from
silk worm or cocoon after the moth fly had fled,
Remember, the silk cloth is generally not washed at all in those days
In the absence of sericulture in those days, it can be assumed that silk making
must have been a rare activity. And himsa was never part of Vedik precepts.
There is no himsa in obtaining honey. The bees are chased away and the
honey is obtained.
Similarly, no himsa would have been caused in deriving silk from cocoons.
Sanatana dharma, which considers ahimsa as parama dharma can not accept himsic
silk.
But the complete ban to use of silk in vaideeha –related activities such as
marriage and upanayana give rise to an opinion, that himsic silk too must have
existed in those times and hence was avoided.
It must be recalled how the Paramacharyal of Kanchi had always spoken against
hismic silk.
That must give us a clue about the silk that was used by Sita.
That must also give us a clue about why there is no trace of sericulture in the
ancient land of this Bharath.
Conclusion:-
(1) Silk is very much indigenous to India. Making silk from cocoon was known in
Bharath even as early as Ramayana times. What has now been discovered in the
Harappan sites comes as a proof of silk-making that dates back to Rama's times.
The Harappan findings are to be considered as Post-krishna times. The culture was
rich with much greater strides in the pre-Krishna period. Silk is one facet of it.
(2) The knowledge of making silk from coccon must have been present throughout
India, as we find its name in Tamil texts too. The existence of quite many terms
for cloths on the basis of source and the usage factor shows that our ancients
were more knowledgeable in cloth making and it is no surprise that they knew
reeling silk from cocoons.
(3) Sericulture was not practiced as an industry in Bharath, as silk making was
done through non-violent ways. Empty cocoons must have been collected and silk was
reeled from them.
(4) Such non-violent silk was considered precious and was used by the Royals and
for adorning deities.