Remembering Kyemon U Thaung, Collection of Aricles

¿Ó«å®µÑØ åÜ ¿±³·ºå ø¿¬³·ºßª÷
ïçîê ó îððè
®¼åµ ®½úÖË ¬®Í©©º ú °³°µ®-³å
ykHeSdyfxkwfa0rSK rSwfwrf;
pmtkyftrnf
¿Ó«å®µØÑÜå¿±³·ºå ø¿¬³·ºßª÷
ïçîêóîððè
®¼µå®½úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
pDpOf xkwfa0ol
®¼µå®½ ®ÜùÜô³ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¬¦ÙÖË
OD;aomif; pmrlrsm; rlydkif

¿ùæ©·º©·ºð·ºå
xkwfa0ESpf
îððè ½µÛÍ°ºá ¥Ò§Üª ø§¨®¬Þ«¼®º÷
tkyfa&
ëðð
wefzk;d
ó
rsuEf SmzHk; "mwfykH

¿«-³º±«º øDID÷
o±kyfazmf ESifh aumufa-umif; yef;csD

¿»®-Õ¼å¿¯åá ®·ºå¿«-³º½¼µ·ºá ¿®³·ºú°º
pmtkyftvS ESifh pmrsuEf Sm zGJpnf;r+

«¼µÑÜåá ®±Û;³
qufo,
G f&ef
contact@moemaka.org
MoeMaKa, PO Box 320-207, San Francisco,
CA 94132-0207, USA
r m wd u m
pOf tajumif;t7m pmrsufeSm
1? a-u;rkHO;D aomif; (atmifAv) . txky`wWdtusOf; 7
2? ArmhacwfrSonf a-u;rHk/ a-u;rHkrSonf acwfòydifeJ rdk;rcqDodk (armif&pf) 11
3? wHk;ausmfb jzpfygapaom0f (rmrmat;) 13
4? q&matmifAv ESifh usaemfwdkowif;pmoifwef; (cifarmif}uD;=&Srf;jynf) 16
5? owif;pmb0 ESpfaygif; 60 (armifpGr;f &nf) 19
6? usaemfodwJh q&matmifAv (0if;az) 23
7? rd;k rcyifudk avc&v#if (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 26
8? [vdk æ jrefrmhtvif; (atmifAv) 28
9? tmp&dtqlql = 1 (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 31
11? [vdk æ jrefrmhtvif; = 2 (atmifAv) 39
13? [vdk æ jrefrmwdkif;rf (atmifAv) 46
16? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$. zdwf-um;v$m (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 59
17? wdk;wufaom a&S;acwfa[mif;udk vGr;f qGwfrdjcif; (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 61
18? q&mwifrd;k .uAsm cspfp&m (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 64

jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhtwGuf
ppftm%m&SifawGudk oydwfarSmufwJh pme,fZif;eJ rD'D,morm;rsm;udkulnDzdk
'Dpmtkyfudk a&mif;csvdk jzpfap/ tvSLcHvdk jzpfap &&SdwJh0ifaiGeJ
&efyHkaiGtjzpf oH;k pGJrSmjzpfygw,f? pmtkyft&if;tES;D tm;vHk;udk
rdk;rc pme,fZif;tzGJu &if;ESD;vSL'gef;ygw,f?
(rdk;rc7Jh oydwfarSmufpme,fZif;orm;rsm; ulnDrSK7efyHkaiG)

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
¿Ó«å®Øµ ÑÜå¿±³·ºå
1926 ck atmufwdkbm 4 wGif jrefrmjynf anmifOD;òrd ukefonfrsKd;±dk; tz OD;omzef ESifh trd

a':tkyf wdku zGm;jrifonf? i,fpOfu rEWav;òrd pdef yDwmausmif;/ anmifOD;òrd txufwef;ausmif;wGif
ynmoif-um;cJhonf?
1937 ckeSpf ausmif;vufa&; pmapmifrsm;rS pwifI pma&;om;cJh_yD;aemuf q&m}uD;onf Z0e

*sme,f/ '*kef r*~Zif;wkd wGif uAsm/ [mo/ oa&mfpm/ jyZmwf pwJh &o pmayrsm; a&;om;um pmay
avmuodk 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvqef; *sme,fausmfwGif a&;om;yg&SdcJhaom
qD;oD;aºuGcsdef 0wKonf q&m a-u;rHkOD;aomif;. yxrqkH; ykHESdyfazmfjycH&onfh 0wKjzpfonf?
1948 ck wuUodkv0f ifpmar;yGJ atmifonf? Armhacwfowif;pm owif;axmuftjzpf 1947 cku

owif;pmavmuodk 0ifonf? ArmhacwfrSmyif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wdk;jrifhtr+xrf;&onf? 1953 ckESpf
wGif rEWav;òrd rS ukefonf OD;oef;/ a':wifwkd .orD; a':jrjrpdefESifh vufxyfcJh_yD;/ om;orD; 3 OD;
xGef;um;cJhonf? xdkaemuf a':wifwif0if; ESifh xyfrHtdrfaxmifðycJhonf? 1957 ckwGif a-u;rHkowif;pmudk
wnfaxmif_yD; t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfaqmif&GufpOf 1964 wGif yk'fr 5 ESifh axmif 3 ESpf uscH&onf?
axmifrSvGw_f yD;aemuf 1973 ckESpfwGif owif;ESifh pme,fZif;vkyfief; aumfydka&;&Si;f wGif wwd,

taxGaxGrefae*smtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1974 ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufEdkifiHodk ESpfEdkifiH cspf-unfa&;
owif;pm udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf apv$wfjcif;cH&onf? xdk aemuf rqv tpdk;& jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;XmewGif
owif;pmwdkufrsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&aom 'kwd,!$ef-um;a&;rSL;&mxl; cefxm;onf?
10 ESpf tr+xrf;_yD; 1977 ZlvdkifvwGif tar&duefodk xGufcJhonf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD

aqmif&Gufr+rsm;udk tar&duefY 0g'jzef&efapv$wfygvsuf jrefrm zufqpftpdk;& qdk;,kwfr+rsm;udk a[m
-um;um rZl&Djynfe,f 0g&SifwefòrdrS rZl&D owif;pmwGif zufqpfqefusifa&; aqmif;yg;&Siftjzpf vkyfudkif
aeonfudk a'golykefxojzifh OD;ae0if;u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &Sdor#ud,
k fydkifypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f cJhonf?
®¼µå®½ ®ÜùÜô³ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¬¦ÙÖË”« °Ü°Ñº¨µ©º¿ð±²º 7
¿Ó«å®µØÑÜå¿±³·ºå ø¿¬³·ºßª÷ øïçîê ó îððè÷ «ÙôºªÙ»º¶½·ºå
xdkjyif jrefrmpme,fZif;avmuwGif OD;aomif;. pmopf pma[mif;rsm;udk yHkESdyfjcif;rðy&[k trdef

xkwfjyefxm;aoma-umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aysmufqH;k aecJ&h onf?
tar&duef EdkifiHwGif 1978 ckESpfrSpwifI jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm; xkwfa0aom 'Drkdua&pD

*sme,f/ Burma Bulletin, Burma Review ponhf pmapmifrsm;ESihf tar&duef pme,fZif;rsm;jzpfonhf
The Missourian ESifh Readers Digest wdk wGif pmrsm; a&;om;onf? Zmwdajr &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH
pwifaomtcg urBmt&yf&yfrS 'Drdkua&pDpme,fZif;rsm;wGifyif 0ifa&mufa&;cJhonf?
0g&Sifwefòrd vGwfvyfwJh tm&StoH a&'D,dk/ tar&dueftoH a&'D,dk ESifh bDbDpDwdkrSwqifh jrefrmpm

y&dowfESifh jyefquf&ol jzpfonf?
q&m}uD; OD;aomif;onf befaumufòrd acwfòydifowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfESifh a&'D,dkrsm; aqmif;yg;&Sif

tjzpf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;udk vkyfaqmifcJholjzpfonfhtjyif jynfy jrefrmowif;rD'D,mrsm;jzpfaom
acwfòydi/f rdk;rc/ [pfwdkif ESihf Voice of Burma wdkwGif ppftpdk;&qefusifa&;pmrsm;udk uG,fvGefcsdef
txd a-u;rkHOD;aomif;/ atmifAv/ armifcspf ponhf uavmiftrnfrsm;jzihf a&;om;oGm;cJhonf?
jrefrm±ky&f Sif Zmwf!$ef; 4 yk'f/ jrefrm pmtkyf 26 tky/f t*Fvdyf 2 tkyf a&;cJhonf? a-u;rkH OD;aomif;.
xif&Sm;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm owif;pmq&m/ ArmhacwfrS a-u;rkHodk / OD;ae0if;. jymwqkyf/ vufiif;
vufawG Ak'<0g'/ General Ne Win and His Executioners, A Journalist, a General and in
Burma wdk jzpfonf? ruG,fvGefcif aemufqHk;xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrSm acwfòydif. ppf0g'Drsm; wdkufyGJ
pmtkyfjzpf_yD;/ acwfòydif*sme,fwkdufu yHkESdyfjzefcsdcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
urBmhEdkifiHaygif;pHk owif;pmtoif;}uD; The International Press Institute u 1950 ckrS 2000

jynfhESpftwGif; owif;pmwdk vGwfvyfa&;udk &J&J0hH0Hh tr+xrf;cJhol urBmh t&yf&yfrS owif;pmq&m 50
udk owif;pm ol&Jaumif;bGJ ay;&m jrefrmjynfrS a&;0Hhol tjzpf OD;aomif;udk qkcsD;jrifhonf?
owif;pm q&m}uD; a-u;rHk OD;aomif; (atmifAv) onf touf 82 ESpf t&G,fwGif tqkwfa&m*gjzifh
2008 ckESpf/ {_yD 3 &ufae na'opHawmfcsdef 10 em&DcefrSm tar&duefEdkifiH/ zavmf&D'gjynfe,fY
uG,fvGefoGm;onf? _yD;cJhonfh rwfv 10 &ufaerSpwifum tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zavmf&D'gjynfe,f/
zdk avm&ma';òrd&Sd zavmf&D'g ruf'Du,fpifwm (Florida Medical Center) aq;±kHwGif tqkwfa&m*g/
ESvHk;tm;enf;onfha&m*gtwGuf aq;ukor+cH,lae&mrS tqkwfxJa&0ifonfhtajctae ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;
vmum ,refaenu uGefvGefoGm;jcif;jzpfonf?
q&m}uD; OD;aomif; uG,fvGefcsdefY tar&duefEdkifiH zavmf&'D gwGif ZeD; a':wifwif0if;ESihf om;orD;

5 OD; usef&pfcJhonf? Ô
8 ®¼µå®½ ®ÜùÜô³ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¬¦ÙÖË”« °Ü°Ñº¨µ©º¿ð±²º
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
¿¬³·º ß ªÅ³ ©«ôº ¸ ±©·º å °³¯ú³§Ö ñ

¾ôº ¬ ¿¶½¬¿»§Ö ¿ú³«º¿ »§¹¿°á
±©·º å °³¬ªµ§ º ¯ ¼ µú ·º

°¼µ«ºª¼µ«º®©º©§º ªµ§º©©º©Ö¸±´á
«-® ±´Ç«µ¼Ó«²º¸Ò§Üå ¬³å«-®¼§¹©ôºŒ
ª´¨µ¿ùæ¬®³
øïîóíóðé÷

¬®Í©º©ú °³®-³å

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
jrefrmjynf&Jh or%d&Snf owif;pmq&m}uD;/ jrefrmjynf tm%m&Sifacwftquf

quf. rw&m;r_rsm;udk uavmifvufeuf/ owif;pmvufeufjzifh wdkufcdkufol awmfvSef
aom owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m OD;aomif; (atmifAv) uG,fvGefoGm;wJhtwGuf rdk;rc
pme,fZif;tzGJ@u 0rf;enf;a=umif; rSwfwrf;ðyvdkufygw,f?
q&m}uD;[m 1947 ckESpf/ touf 20 ausmfuwnf;u owif;axmufwOD;tjzpf
&yfwnf/ Armacwfowif;pmuae+yD; owif;pmq&m rsK;d aphudkcs/ udk,fwdkif a=u;rkHowif;pm
wdkuf}uD;udk xlaxmif/ ppftm%m&Sifrsm;&J@enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ zdESdyfr_rsm;udk =uH@=uH@cH/ avmu"Hudk
vnf; =uH@=uH@cH/ +yD;awmh 1977 (owif;pmorm;ouf 30 rSm) cspfwJh jrefrmjynfeJ@ ol@
owif;pmavmuudk pGef@cGm+yD; jynfyudkxGufcGmcJh/ jynfyrSm jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&; ±_yfor#udk
azmfxw k wf Jh pmtkyrf sm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;/ toHv$ifhcsufrsm; tqufrjywf a&;om;+y;D owif;pm
orm;wm0efudk udk,fxludk,fx udk,fhajcaxmufay:udk,f&yfvdk@ &yfwnfcJhol jzpfygw,f?
acwfòyid f*sme,f&J@t,f'w D mcsKyt
f jzpfvnf; awmufajymifwJh acgif;}u;D awG a&;om;cJhygw,f?
2007 rSm q&m}uD; owif;pmorm;touf 60 jynfhcJhw,f? jynfwGif;rSm ESpf 30/ jynfyrSm
ESpf 30 owif;pmorm;tjzpf &yfwnfEdkifol[m q&m}uD; OD;aomif; (atmifAv) yJ jzpfyg
w,f?
ß®³¸¿½©º®Í±²º ¿Ó«å®Øµá ¿Ó«å®Øµ®Í±²º ¿½©ºÒ§¼Õ·º »ÖÇ ®¼µå®½¯Ü±¼µÇ

¿®³·ºú°º
rd k ; rc pme,f Z if ; vd k aemuf a yguf ±´Ë©±«º®Í³
pmapmifawGrSmvnf; uavmifvufeufeJ@
0ifxrf;+yD; apwem0efxrf; ulnDvrf;!$ef öµÐ¬ º” ô´¯åµØ á
jyor_awG aqmif&Gufay;cJhygw,f? ae@ae@ ¿«-»§º®¬ × úÍ¯
¼ åØµ »ÖË
nn pm;pm;oGm;oGm ; jrefrmjynf } uD ; eJ @ ¾ôº¿©³¸®Í ¿»³·º©®ú©Ö¸
jref rmjynfom;awG +yD ;awmh jrefrmjynf
pme,fZif;avmu}u;D ppftm%m&Siaf tmuf ¾ðÅ³ ¬½µ ©±«ºªåµØ
u vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pmawG tquf ú§º©²º½©¸Ö ¸Ö ±©·ºå°³±®³åá
rjywfa&;+yD; woufwmvkH; trsm;tusKd; °³¿úå¯ú³©¿ô³«ºúËÖ
twGuf &J0HhajymifajrmufpGm &yfwnfoGm;wJh
awmfveS faom owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m ¾ð§Ö ©Öñ¸
}uD;vdk@ rSwfwrf;wifvdkufygw,f? tm%m&SifawGu armif&pf tzk;d eJ@ tzGm;jzpf
Armacwfuae a=u;rko H @kd qw
kd hJ jynfwiG ;f wJh cifarmifvwfeJ@ cifrsKd;cspfudk olwdk@vkyf
pme,fZif;avmuuae q&m}uD; wpdkuf udkifaewJh owif;pmtvkyfawGuaez,f&mS ;
rwfrwf ,kH=unfcsufudkxlaxmif &yfwnf zdk@twGuf oHtrwf}uD;&mxl;awGeJ@ rufvkH;
csD wuf c J h& mrSm a=u;rk H rS onf acwf ò ydi f / ay;cJhzl; ygw,f? &mxl;awG/ aiGa wGeJ@vJzdk@
acwfòydifrSonf rdk;rc txd owif;pmq&m/ tay;t,lvkyfcJhzl;ygw,f? olwdk@armifESHu
pma&;q&mwOD;&J@ordkif;udk a&;xd;k cJh+yD;jzpfwhJ aiGawG/ &mxl;awGeJ@ tcGifhta&;udkra&G;bJ
OD;aomif;udk jrefrmjynf pme,fZif;orm; tpdk ; &owif; pmvk yf ief ; u Ek wf xGuf + yD ;
rsm;u tav;teuf pHxm; tav;tjrwf pma&;q&mtvkyf/ ausmif;q&mtvkyfudk
ðy&rSm jzpfygw,f? vkyf + yD; udk ,f,kH = unf&mud kom a&G; cs,f
2007 Zl v d k i f v q&m OD ; wif r d k ; &yfwnfoGm;cJh=uyg owJh? tJ'D pum;udk ol
uG,fvGefjcif; 6 vjynfh pmayaqG;aEG;yGJrSm c&D;awG rdkifaygif;rsm;pGm ta0;}uD;u/ tcsdef
q&m}uD; usef;rma&;raumif;wJh= um;u awG ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm t=um}uD; u o,f
vma&muf csD;jrifhcJhygw,f? q&m}uD; tvGef aqmif+yD;awmh armif&pfwdk@twGuf/ rdk;rc
pdwf0ifpm;wJh pmayuAsmawGudk armifpGrf; twGuf opPmpum; vufaqmifay;cJhwmyg?
&nf/ OD;0if;az/ wifarmifoef;wdk@eJ@ cspfcif q&m}uD;udk rdk;rcu ar;awmh ajz=um;
&if;ESD;pGm aqG;aEG;cJh=uwm[m rdk;rc pme,f oGm;wJh pum;wcGef;&Sdygw,f? ol@woufrSm
Zif ; tzG J @ / pmaycspf o l r sm;eJ @ q&m}uD ; *k%ft,lqkH;/ auseyfr_t&SdqkH;eJ@ b,fawmh
y&dowf/ q&mOD;wifrdk; y&dowfwdk@twGuf rS aemifwr&wJh b0[m tck woufvkH;
xm0& trSwfw&yJ jzpfygw,f? &yfwnfcJhwJh owif;pmorm;/ pma&;q&m
olu armif&pftwGuf/ rdk;rc pme,f wa,muf&J@b0yJ wJh?
Zif;tzGJ@ aygufpeav;twGuf o,faqmif a=u;rkHOD; aomif ; (atmifAv) um;
vmwJh pum;vufaqmifwck ay;ygw,f? uG,v f eG af v+y?D a=u;rkOH ;D aomif; (atmifAv)
q&m}uD;eJ @ acwfò ydif/ a&S@qifh aemufqif h ordkif;armfuGef;um; jrefrmjynf ppftm%m
owif;pmvkyfief;vkyfcJh= uwJh OD; cifarmif &SifvGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJESifhtwl wGif&pfyg
vwfeJ@ a':cifrsKd;cspfwdk@ ta=umif;yg? ppf apownf; ? ?Ô
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
©Øµå¿«-³º¾ ¶¦°º§¹¿°¿±³ðº
®³®³¿¬å
rwfv 13 &ufae@uaygh/ usrtdyfwJhab;rSm vufudkifzkef;uav;Ed_;wmeJ@ tvif;

a&mifay:p reuf 7 em&DrcGJcifrSm Edk;vmygw,f? zkef;xJrSmay:aewJhemrnfu OD;aomif; æ
wJh? 'gudkjrifwmeJ@ usr ESvHk;u w'kef;'kef;jrefvm+yD; acgif;wufacgufovdk tDv,fv,f
rl;aemufaemuf a=umufoGm;ygw,f?
OD;aomif;qdkwm atmifAvqdkwJh pma&;q&m/ a=u;rHkowif;pmaxmifcJhvdk@ a=u;rHk
OD;aomif;jzpfvmwJh owif;pm q&m}u;D yg? 1926 waxmifhuk;d &m ESpfq,fah jcmufrmS arG;zGm;cJh
wmqdkawmh touf 82 ESpf &Sd+yDav?
'Dvdk reufapmapmpD;pD; OD;av;aomif; jzpfayr,fh usrwdk@vdk vufprf;a&;om;wJh
wdk@qDu wcgrzS kef;rqufbl;avawmh [mæ ol r sKd ; ud k vnf ; txif rao;ygbl ; ? usr
bmrsm;jzpfygvdrh?f wckcyk Jqdk+yD; a=umufoGm; pmtkyfxkwfjzpfwm OD;av;aomif; ajrmuf
rdwm usr rvGefbl;xifygw,f&Sif/ touf ay;vdk@aygh&Sif? rdwWLul;wmutp vdkufulcJh
uvnf; }uD;+yD? usrxufawmif ESvHk;cGJ& wmyg? usr &if ; ES D; wJ h *D wud pPq d kvnf ;
wm t}udrfydkrsm;ao;w,fvdk@ odxm;&yg zkef;qufar;jref;aqG;aEG;wmrsKd;vkyfygw,f?
w,f? vGecf hw J hJ av;ig;vtwGi;f rSm pm=unfh 'DEkid if Ha&mufwm=um+y?D pma&;q&myDyD
wdkufoGm;&if; acsmfvJ/ ezl;uGJ arhvJaewm rcsrf;omygbl;? udk,hfEdkifiHrSmqdkvnf; }uD;
vrf;oGm;vrf;vmawG@&mS wJh emhprf wa,muf vm&ifawmh txdkuftavsmuf 'kuQa&muf
u 911 ac: aq;±Hkydk@ay;vdk@ uHaumif;ao; rSmygyJ? usr&JhtjrifrSmawmh usrwdk@EdkifiHu
w,f ajym&rSmyg&Sif? vltrsm;pk[m tEkynm&SifawGudk xifay:
OD;aomif;udk &efukef yGJvrf;obifawG wke;f c%rSmom ykd+yD; pdwf0ifpm;=u/ ESpo f uf
rSm ydefuyfuyf/ ayawaw yHkpHrsKd;eJ@ awG@zl; =uwmrsKd;vdk@ qdkcsifwmygy?J ol@acwfukew f m
aeygw,f ? atmif A v/ atmif A v,f /
atmif A avmeJ @ [moaES m awmh v nf ;
oabmwus zwfygw,f? owif;pmq&m ª´®Í®úÍ¿¼ ©³¸
yD y D Ed k i f & muaxmif ; wwf w J h uavmif ùÜª¶µ¼ ¦°ºª³©³
taumif;pm;}uD;rdk@vnf; oabmusw,f?
udk,w fh kid ;f jynfrmS wke;f u 'Dvl}u;D awGavmuf
®¯»ºå§¹¾´å¿ªá
udk,frSrajym&Jwmudk;? 'Dbufola&mufvm ¿±¿±³±´ Ó«³ú·º¿®¸ ¯¼µ©Ö¸
awmhvnf; 'Duae@txd pmtkyfawGa&;ae °«³å»ÖÇ¬²ÜÅ³«¼åµ ñ
wkef;/ xkwfaewkef;/ a[majymay;aewkef;
r[kwv f m;&Si?f rESpfu owif;pmavmuxJ
a&mufwm ESpf 60 jynfhqdk+yD; e,l;a,muf eJ@ oltouf}uD;oGm;wmeJ@ tdky,f vkyfcH=u
'Drku
d a&pDa&;aqmif&Gut f m;ay;aeolrsm;u &wm rsm;ygw,f? pmaycsp=f uowJh/ *Dwcspf
*k%fðyyGJðyvkyfay;cJhygao;w,f? =uowJh/ wu,f[kwfyg&J@vm;? ajymvdkuf
usru OD;av;aomif;vdk@yJ ac:ygw,f? &ifawmh tpm;xdk;r&wJh ynm&Sifcsif;xyfae
ol@ZeD; wifwif0if;uvnf; tifrwef q&m atmifygyJ&Sif?
}uD;udk *±kpdkufygw,f? q&maq;±Hkwuf&wJh uAsmbk&if} uD; vlwkdif ;cspf±dk; q&m
tcgrsm; wifwif0if;udk t&ifuk&ravmuf wifrdk;udk=unhf/ wESpfjynhfaomcg ol@tem;
ygyJ v d k @ zavmf & D 'gjynf e ,f ol wd k @ òrd @ u vmvmaewwfwJh uy`vDawG qGrf;au|;yGJqD
rdwfaqGq&m0efrsm;u rSwfcsufcswm =um; w,f rawG@rdygbl;? vlrrS &Sdawmh 'Dvdkjzpfvm
&zl;ygw,f? OD;av;aomif;u +idrf;csrf;a&; wm rqef;ygbl;av? aoaomol =um&ifarh
tzdk;[m ol&wJh toufi,fwJhZeD;rsKd; rñuH qd k wJ h pum;eJ@ tnD [mud k ; ? zvfr D ; td r f
zl;vdk@yg 'kuQrrnfygb l; vdk@ a&;zl; wJhpm azmifa';&Si;f awG bmawGawmh awG@ae&ao;
vnf; zwfzl;ygw,f? vdk@ ynm&Sif ud k,f pm; ajzomcJh&ygw,f?
pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m &ifhr}uD; tJ'gvnf; wu,fvkyfoifhw,f/ q&m&SdwJh
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
tcsed fuom 'DvdkrsKd; óudvkycf Jh&if q&mvnf;
w,f? eD;pyf&m owif;wifwwfwJhqDawGudk
vdkwm&Sd oHk;Edkifw,f? vSLEdkifw,f? bmvkyfvnf; ta=umif; =um;vdkufygw,f? usr
oifw vnf; nDr wifwif0if; zkef;xJrSm 0rf;enf;
h ,fvdk@vnf; q&m awG;rSm vkyrf mS yJvdk@
atmufarhrdygw,f? a=umif;awG xnfhrdygw,f?
ckqdk pma&;q&m}uD;/ owif;pmq&m owif;awG wduszdk@ q&mpGrf;qD xyf
}u;D a=u;rHkOD;aomif;[m aq;±Hkay:a&mufae ar;=uawmh r[kwfao;ygbl; wJ?h usr ±l;csif
w,f? usr udkzkef;qufwJhtcsdefrSm 4 &uf csifjzpfoGm;wmayg?h rD',D mawGrSm owif;udk
&Sd+yD ajymygw,f? tqkwfxJ a&0ifwmvm;/ ðzwfvdkufay;ygvdk@awmif;yef&wm jzpfEdkifay
r,f h q&muawmf &J @ zk ef ; xJ u 0rf ; enf ;
a=umif ; ajymxm;wm}uD; 'ku Q j zpf a e+yD ?
rwwfEkid fbl; awmif;yefpum;jyef ajym&wm
ayg?h tm;vHk;u q&maomif;udk tav;xm;
vdk@ v_yf&Sm;=uwmygvdk@vnf; ajym&wmaygh
&Sif?
tjzpfuawmh 'gygyJ? 'Dae@ rwfv 15
&ufa e@yg? rae@nu aemuf q H k ; ajymwJ h
a':wifwif0if; pum;uawmh q&maomif;&J@
a&m*gtwGuf tefwD bd kif tdk; wpf ydk ;r$ m;
umuG,faq; 10 &uf ay;xm;r,f? tJ'D
ÑÜå¿±³·ºå ¶§»º¿«³·ºåª³§¹¿°ª¼µÇ aq;wdk;&if jyefaumif;vmr,f/ ckavmavm
«-® Ó«³å«©²ºå« q,f pufeJ@touf±SLae&ygw,f wJh?
¯µ¿©³·ºå¿§å§¹©ôºñ OD;aomif; jyefaumif;vmygapvdk@ usr
«-® ¿¯åcØµ©«º©µ»ºå« =um;uwnf;u qkawmif;ay;ygw,f? usr
«µª³å¨¼µ·º¿ªå°ÜåÒ§Üå aq;±Hw k ufwke;f u ukvm;xdik fav;pD;+yD; vm
ª³¿®åúÍ³©ôºúÍ·º¸á ar;&S m w,f &S if h / pmaycspf ol r sm;vnf ;
°³¿§½-°º±´®-³åª²ºå axmufyhq H kawmif; tm;ay;Edik f&atmif 'Dpm
¿¨³«º§Ø¸¯µ¿©³·ºå ¬³å¿§åÛ¼µ·ºú¿¬³·º udk a&;rdwmygyJ? acgif ; pOfuawmh usr
ùÜ°³«¼µ ¿úå®¼©³§¹§Öñ wHk;ausmfr ta=umif;ajymaecdkufñuHwmeJ@
q&maomif;uvnf; ao+yq D dk+y;D aumif;ae
ESvHk;xJ a&0ifwmvm;/ erdk;eD;,m; ac:wJh ao;wma=umifh wHk;ausmfxD; qdkvnf; b,f
tat;rd&mu qufvmwJh a&m*gawG udk ac:aumif;rSmvJ? tbt&G,frdk@ wHk;ausmfb
q&m0ef}uD;rsm;u t}udwfte,f ukoae jzpfygapvdk@ qkawmif;=upkd@&Jhaemf? ? Ô
ygw,fwJh &Sif?
'Dowif;&+yD;aemuf rGef; rvGJrD e,l; aumufa-umif; yef;csD = rif;ausmfcdkif
a,mufu qHk;oGm;+yDvdk@ zkef;0ifvmygw,f?
usru reufuyJ tajctaeraumif;wJh
owif;&xm;wJ h ta=umif;jyefa jymvdkuf
¯ú³ ¿¬³·ºßª ÛÍ·º̧ «-¿»³º©¼µÇ ±©·ºå°³±·º©»ºå

½·º¿®³·ºÞ«Üå øúÍ®ºå¶§²º÷
q&matmifAv&J@ owif;pmq&mb0oufwrf; ESpf 60 jynhfcJh+yDrdk@ q&mhtwGuf *k%fðy

yGJw&yfukd e,l;a,mufòrd@rSmvnf; usi;f yr,fv@kd jynfol@tjrif pmpOf wm0efcH OD;ausmf0if;u
ta=umif;=um;vmwJhtcg 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfrd+yD;/ q&m atmifAveJ@wuG owif;pm
q&m}uD;wcsKd@eJ@ usaemf awG@qkH odu|rf;cifrifcJh&ykHrsm;ukd jyefajymif;owd&aerdygw,f?
usaemf[m wuUov dk af usmif;om;b0rSm r&G,b f JeJ@ owif;axmufc%jzpfcJhzl;ygw,f?
1958 ckESpf aEGausmif;ydwfcsdef o}uFefrwdkifcifav;rSm &efukefwuUodkvf jrefrmpmXme
uxdu q&m OD;vSa&$ (aemifrE Wav;wuUodkvf ygarmuQcsKyf jzpfvmol) OD;aqmif+yD;/ tzGJ@0if
50 ausmfavmufyg0ifwJh ausmif;om;cspf=unfa&; ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wzGJ@ w±kwfjynfol@
orRwEdkifiH ,leefjynfe,fukd cspf=unfa&;c&D;oGm;a&mufcJhygw,f? tJ'DtzGJ@rSm &efukef
wuUokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (w-u-o) tr_aqmifrsm;/ ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ jynfe,fvlrsKd;pk ausmif;om;toif;tzGJ@ toD;oD;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/
abmvkH;tm;upm;ESifh tEkynmtoif;tzGJ@0if rsm;yg0if=uygw,f? usaemfuawmh wuo
tr_aqmifwOD;taeeJ@ vdkufygoGm;wmjzpfygw,f?
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om; cspf=unfa&; 1967 ck ES pf ES pf OD ; ydk if ; rS m tpdk ; &u
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@[m &efukefuae bwfpf owif;pmynmoif 5 OD;ukd *smref'Drdku&uf
um;}uD;rsm;eJ@ ,leefjynfe,fukd ukef;vrf; wpf orR w Ed k i f i H (*sD 'D t m) bmvif ò rd @
c&D; xGuv f mcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? toGm;c&D; owif; pmoifwef; ausmif; udk apv$ wf yg
rE Wav;rSm c%0if&yfem;pOf/ vlxkowif; w,f? tJ'DtxJrSm usaemfvnf; ygoGm;yg
pmwdkufukd0if+yD; owif;pmq&m}uD;OD;vSeJ@ w,f? usef 4 OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;ausmfqef;
a':trmwdk@ukd awG@qkHE_wfquf=uygw,f? (jrefrmhtoH)/ AkdvfrSL;aomif;xdkuf/ vkyfom;
tJ'DtcsdefrSm vlxkowif;pm t,f'Dwm jynfol@ae@pOf t*FvdyfrS OD;ukdudkav;eJ@ OD;pdk;
wOD;jzpfwJh OD;xGef;az (ol&-&Srf; jynf)u jrifhwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? (AdkvfrSL;}uD; aomif;
usaemhfudk ESpfjynfaxmifausmif;om;vli,f xkduf (+idrf;) 2005 ckESpf Ed0k ifbmrSm uG,fvGef
cspf=unfa&;c&D;pOftwGif; vlxk owif;pm oGm;a=umif; ol@om;u ajymjyvdk@ od&yg
twGuf owif;a&;om;ay;zkd@ wm0efay; w,f)
tyf+yD; uifr&mwvkH;udkyg xnhfay;vdkufyg tJ'D oifwef;ujyefvmawmh jyef=um;
w,f? a&;0ef}uD;Xme&J@ pDpOfcsuft& owif;pm
usaemfwdk@[m avhvma&;c&D;tjyif twwfoifa usmif ; ukd jynf vrf; / pmay
,leefjynfe,f cGefrif;òrd@awmf wuUodkvf Adrmef qkd&efwdkADvm taqmuftODrSm zGifh
e,fajrrSm w±kwfausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ vSpfygw,f? ausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;
,leefvlrsKd;pk wuUodkvfausmif;om;vli,f aomif;xdkuf (aemiftcg pma&;q&m}uD;
rsm;eJ@ o}uFefyGJawmfudv k nf; qif,ifusif;y 'kAdkvfrSL;aomif;xdkuftjzpf xif&Sm;vmol)
+yD; waysmfwyg; a&upm;cJh=uygao;w,f? u wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJh&ygw,f? aemuf
tJ'Dcspf=unfa&; c&D;pOfwav#mufrSm ykdif;rSm ausmif; tkyf} uD;wm0efukd AdkvfrSL;
usaemfwdk@&J@ avhvmawG@&Sdcsuf/ v_yf&Sm;r_ ausmfqef;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;apmjrihf (a=u;rkH) wdk@u
rsm;uk d vlxkowif ;pmwkd ufodk @ ta0;rS wvSnfhpD wm0efv$Jajymif;,lcJh&+yD;/ olwdk@eJ@
ay;pmtoG ifeJ @ owif ;a&;om;ay;yd k@cJh yg wGJzufum usaemfu ausmif;twGif;a&;rSL;
w,f? tJovdke@J usaemf[m vlxkowif;pm tjzpfeJ@ oifwef;trSwfpOf 2 rS 6 txd
&J@ owif;axmuf acwWc%jzpfch&J zl;ygw,f? wm0ef,lcJh&ygw,f?
usaemf bGJ@&+yD;wJhaemuf wuUodkvf owif;pmtwwfoifausmif;rSm 1967
ordkif;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;ody`HXmerSm enf;jyq&m ck ESpf 'DZ if b mvup+yD; owif; pmynm
vky&f if;eJ@/ wuUodkvfrmS zGihv
f pS w
f Jh owif;pm oifwef;trSwfpOf 1 ukd zGifhvSpfoif=um;ay;
'Dyvdkrm oifwef;vnf; wufcJhygw,f? cJhygw,f? oifwef;trSwfpOf 6 txd oif
1963 ckESpfrSm jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme =um;ay;cJh+yD;rS 1973 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm
u vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOfqdkwJh emrnfeJ@ &yfq dkif;oGm;cJhygw,f? oifwef; umvrSm
tpdk;&owif;pm pwifxkwfa0ygw,f? tJ'D w}udrfv#if 8 v/ 9 v/ 10 v toD;oD;
owif;pmrSm usaemftvkyftwGuf pmar;yGJ =umjrif hcJh ygw,f? owif ;pmwdk ufawGrS m
0if a jzawmh t}uD ; wef ;owif ; axmuf vkyfukdifae=uwJh owif;axmuf/ "mwfykH
tvkyfudk&+yD; owif;pmavmuxJ a&muf q&m/ t,f'Dwmponfrsm;tjyif jynfe,f
oGm;ygawmhw,f? jyef = um;a&;Xmersm;eJ @ wjcm;Xmersm;
pme,fZif;vkyfief;rsm;rS yg0ifywfouf vkyf toHvi$ fhXmetawG@tñuHrsm;ukd vma&muf
ukdifaeol 0efxrf;rsm;ukdvnf; vufcH+yD; / a[majymykd @csay;cJ hygw,f? emrnf ausmf
acwfeJ@tnD wdk;wufaewJh owif;pmynm umwGef;q&m OD;azodef;u owif;pmrsm;
oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@rsm;udk ^m%fopf rSm umwGef;ta&;ygykHukd vufawG@qGJjy+yD;
avmif ; avh usif o if = um;ay;cJ h ygw,f ? &Sif;vif;ykd@cscJhwmvnf; txl;pdwf0ifpm;zdk@
oifwef; 6 }udrfrSm pkpkaygif; oifwef;ol/ aumif;ygw,f?
oifwef;om; 200 ausmfukd avhusifhoif q&matmifAv ac: a=u;rkHOD;aomif;
=um;ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? uawmh [dkpOfu i,f&, G fol owif;axmuf
tJ'D owif;pmynmoifwef;awGrSm rsm;eJ @ cif r if & if ; ES D ; ol j zpf a vawmh / ol
owif;pmavmu/ pmayavmuwdk@rS EdkifiH owif;pmavmuxJ ajcpkHypf0ifcJhykH/ owif;
ausmf 0g&ifhq&m}uD;rsm;ukd txl;zdwfac:+yD; axmuftjzpf cufcuf cJc J owif; &S mazG
a[majym oif=um;ydk@csay;apcJhygw,f? 0g&ifh axmufvSrf;&ykH/ owif;a&;om;ykH/ ygvDref
owif;pmq&m}u;D wOD;jzpfwhJ ,lyDOD;boef; v$wfa wmf owif; ,lykH/ bwf*sufzwfykH /
u ol&J@ owif;vdkufenf; owif;tawG@ bwf*sufowif;a&;ykH ponfrsm;ukd ol&J@
tñuH/ owif ;at*sif pD vkyf ief; t00ukd rsm;jym;xl;jcm;vSwJh tawG@tñuHeJ@ ,SOf+yD;
a[majymykd@csay;cJhygw,f? q&m}u;D OD;a,m vli,fowif;orm;awGtwGuf pHðytwk,l
(q&maZ,s)qdk&ifvnf; jyef=um;a&;vkyfief; &atmif apwemjzihf oif=um;ykd@csay;cJhwm
tawG@tñuH/ jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pm ordkif;wdk@ ukd tjrJtrSwf&aeygw,f?
ukd ydk@csay;cJhygw,f? bmomjyef0wKrsm;jzifh tqd k y g owif ; pmq&m}uD ; rsm;&J @
ausmf = um;ol q&m}uD ; '*k e f a &$ r #m;u *k%faus;Zl;um; }uD;rm;vSaypG?
bmomjyefenf;rsm;/ owif;pmq&m}uD; 1972 ck E S p f u u,m;jynf e ,f
Z0eu owif ;a&;om;wnf ;jzwf e nf ; / vdGKifaumf avmyDw a&tm;v#ypf pfpuf±kHESihf
q&m}uD;odef;azjrifhu owif;aqmif;yg; / rd k; jAJ q nfwnf a qmufa &;vk yfi ef; rsm;ukd
oa&mfpma&;enf;rsm;udk oif=um;ykd@csay;cJh oG m ;a&muf a vh v mwJ h c &D ; pOf r S m q&m
=uygw,f? rE Wav; [Hom0wDowif;pm atmifAv tygt0if q&mOD;xif}uD;/ q&m
t,f'DwmcsKyf q&mOD;0if;wif (,ck e0w/ armifaomfu/ q&m OD;odef;azjrihf/ q&m
etz tusOf;axmifxJrSm) qkd&if rE Wav;rS Z0e/ q&m omu'dk;/ q&m OD;av;òrdif/ q&m
&efukefodk@ wul;wuvm+yD; oifwef;om; OD;wifjrpwJh owif;pmq&m}u;D / pma&;q&m
rsm;uk d owif ; pmrsuf ES m tjyif t qif }uD;rsm;eJ@twl usaemfvdkufygoGm;cJh&wm
rdwfuyf/ ykHjyo±kyfazmfacgif;pnf;wyfenf; ukdvnf; jyefvnfowd&aerdygw,f?
rsm;ukd pmawG@vufawG@pHepfwus pdwf&Snf q&matmif A v uk d , f p d w f E S p f j zm
vuf &S nf &S i f; vif ;oif = um;jyoay;cJh y g usef;rmcsrf;ompGmjzifh touf&mausmf&Snf
w,f? I xuf j ruf a omuavmif vuf euf j zih f
jref rmh t oH rS q&mOD ;ausmf + id rf ; u wdkif;jynfESihf vlrsKd;tusKd;ukd qxufxrf;ydk;
a&'D,dk owif;pmynm/ abmvkH;yGJ rsufjrif wdk;I o,fykd;Edkifygapaomf? ?Ô
wdkuf±dkuf toHv$ihfykHwdk@ukd oifj yay;cJhyg
w,f? q&mOD;cif (bDbDpD) uvnf; jynfy
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
±©·ºå°³¾ð ÛÍ°º¿§¹·ºå ¿¶½³«º¯ôº

¿®³·º°Ù®ºåú²º
a=u;rHkOD;aomif; ac: pma&;q&m}uD; atmifAv[m 2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 27 rSm

qdk&if owif;pmq&mb0 oufwrf; 60 wif;wif;jynfh+yDvdk@od&ygw,f? ESpfaygif; 60 qdkwm
enf;enf;aemaem r[kwfygwum;?
vl@oufwrf; 100 qdk&if ESpfaygif; 50 [m vl@oufwrf;&J@w0uf r[kwfygvm;?
vl@ordkif;udk wGuf&ifvnf;ESpf 100 pDudk &mpkvdk@ ydkif;jcm;avh&Sdavawmh ESpfaygif; 50 udk
&mpk0uf ac:=uygw,f? ckqdk&if q&matmifAv&J@ owif;pmq&mb0[m ESpfaygif; 60
qdkawmh &mpkESpfwpfpk&J@ w0ufausmfoufwrf;&SnfwJh ordkif;umv}uD;wckudk jzwfoef;cJhav
+yDvdk@wGuf&ifvnf; wu,fhudk ñuHawmifhñuHcJ oufwrf;r[kwfygvm;?
'DESpf rS m jrefrmEdk ifiH &J @ vG wf vyf a&; oG m ;wuf v d k u f & if owif ; pmq&mb0
oufwrf;[m ESpfaygif; 59 ESpfyg? q&m tawG@tñuH (owif;pm wuUodkvf) rSm 4
atmifAv&J@ owif;pmb0oufwrf;[m ESpf avsmhoGm;rSmayghvdk@ ajymjyw,f? tJ'D
vGwfvyfa&;orkdif;}uD;wckvHk;udk jzwfoef; t,ltqudk vufcHvdkuf+yD; wuUodkvfudk
cJhwJhb0jzpfygw,f? q&m&J@ owif;pmq&m ausmcdik f;vku d w
f ,f? owif;pmavmuxJudk
b0[m 1947 azazmf0g&D 27 u pw,fvdk@ ajcpHkypf0ifvdkufygw,f? 'Dta=umif;awGudk
od&ygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&awmh q&mu q&matmifAv u ArmhacwfrS a=u;rHkodk@
owif;pmq&maygupf ayg?h q&m p+yD;tvkyf qdkwJh pmtkyfrSm a&;cJhyg+yD?
0ifvkyfcJhwmu Armhacwf owif;pmrSmyg? q&matmifAv wuUodkvfudk ausm
t,f'DwmcsKyfu tJ'Dacwfu v#rf;v#rf; cdkif;vdkufwm rSefoGm;ygw,f? wuUodkvfu
awmufjzpfaewJh OD;tkef;cifyg? ocifEkwdk@&J@ oif ray;Ed k i f w J h y nmawG u d k trsm;}uD ;
e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;rSm refae*smvkyfcJhvdk@ qnf ; yl; cG if h ñuH vd k uf ygw,f ? 1947 rS m
e*g;eD OD;tkef;cifvdk@vnf; ausmf=um;cJholyg? owif;pmavmuxJudk 0ifvdkufwmqdkawmh
wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; pwifxlaxmifolawG Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; eJ @ wuG tmZmenf
¶§²º©Ù·ºå°°º»ÖÇ ª«ºðÖª«ºô³ð¹ù°°º§ÙÖ«¼µ
±´¿±«¼µôº¿± ÛÌ”Ö½¸ÓÖ «©³¿©Ùá «ú·º¿½¹·ºå¿¯³·º ¿°³¾ÑÜåÞ«Üå
°°º¿Ó«å°³å¿©ÙúÖË ¬±©º½Øú©³á
¬Öù¹¿©ÙÓ«³å¨Ö«¼µ ¿ú³«ºúÍ¼±Ù³å½Ö¸§¹©ôºñ
ù¹Å³ ±®¼µ·ºåúÖËßÅµ¼½-«º¿§æ®Í³ ¨¼µ·º®¼ª¼µ«º©³§¹§Öñ
xJrSmyg0ifcJhayr,fh ocif tkef;cifvdk@awmh acgi;f aqmifawG usqHk;wmudk aoG;pdrf;&Sif&Sif

trnfrcH,lcJhygbl;? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHa&;orm; jrifvdkuf&w,f? vkyf=uHol vlowform;
}uD;yg? Armhusef;rma&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm acgif; *VKef OD;apm óud;ay;cH&wmawG/ ,leD,H*suf
aqmifwOD;tjzpfeJ@ ajcvsif OD;tkef;cifvdk@ tvHudk av#mcs+yD; =u,fig;yGifh jynfaxmifpk
vnf; ausmf=um;olyg? tJovdk udkvked aD cwf jrefrmEdkifiH tvHawmf}uD;udk tvHwdkifxdyf
aESmif;eJ@ vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;rSm pme,fZif; wifvdkufwmawG/ &efukefòrd@awmf}uD; olykef
eJ@ Edik fiHa&;acgi;f aqmifjzpfol OD;tkef;cifxHrSm awGvuf usqHk; cgeD ; tajctaeawG/ AHk;
q&m atmifAvu wynfhcHcJhygw,f? tajrmufqaH wG yvlysHaewmawG/ jynfwGif;
tJ'Dwke;f u q&matmifAv&J@ touf ppfeJ@ vuf0Jvuf,m0g' ppfyGJudk olao
[m 20 0ef;usifyJ &SdOD;rSmyg? 10 wef; atmif udk,faoE$JcJh=uwmawG/ u&ifacgif;aqmif
+y;D ae+yD? tnmom; (anmifOD;Zmwd) vli,f apmbOD;}uD; ppfa=u;pm;awG&J@ towfcH&
av;[m &efuek q f if;vm+yD; wuUodkvw f uf wm/ tJ'gawG=um;xJudk a&muf&SdoGm;cJhyg
zdk@jyif+yD;ae+yD? ol@q&mu ol@udk wuUodkvf w,f? 'g[m ordkif;&J@A[kdcsufay:rSm xdkifrd
oGm;zdk@ tm;ray;ygbl;? wuUodkvfudk 4 ESpf vdkufwmygyJ?
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
owif;pmq&mqdkwm urBmhowif; / OD;xGef;az/ OD;ykuav;/ ol&d, OD;odrf;armif/
Armhowif;awGudk tjrJxdawG@ae&ol jzpfyg *sme,fausmf OD;cspaf rmif/ vlxk OD;vS/ OD;ode;f
w,f? ordkif;a&pD;xJudkarsmyg&if; EdkifiHa&; azjrihf/ Armhacwf OD;tkef;cif pwJh yk*~dKvf}uD;
oifwef; wufaeovdkvnf; jzpfaeygw,f? rsm;[m owif;pmq&mb0udk t"duxm;
'ga=umifh owif;pmq&mawG[m EdkifiHa&; vkyf&if;u usefwJhb0awGyg vkyf&if;udkif&if;
orm;wyd k i f ;vnf ; jzpf a ewwf y gw,f ? wdk;yGm;vm=uolawG jzpfygw,f?
owif ; pmq&m/ 0ef } uD ; OD ; xG e f ; azu q&matmifAv[m jyZmwfawG/ 0wK
vGwfvyfa&;&atmif igwdk@owif;pmq&m wdkawGvnf; a&;ygw,f? uavmifpGrf;u
awG OD;aqmifcJhwmvdk@ ajymavh&Sdwm[m vnf; oGufvufxufjrufol jzpfygw,f?
rSefoavmufrSefygw,f? owif; pmq&m q&matmifAv[m tnmom; owif;pm
[m a&S@q;Hk u r[kwfawmif a&S@wef; u orm;av; armifaomif;b0uae ajy;&if;
qd k w m jiif ; r&yg? owif ; pmorm;[m v$m;&if; xdyfwef;odk@ xdk;azmufxGufvmcJh
EdkifiHudk EdkifiHa&;rsufpd zGifhay;ae&olvnf; wm jzpf y gw,f ? owif ; pmq&mb0eJ h
jzpfygw,f? owif;pmorm;[m pmayeJ@ xl;c|efovdk pma&;q&mb0eJ@vnf; xl;c|ef
&if;ESD;aewma=umifh pma&;q&m tvkyfudk oljzpfygw,f? jrefrmowif;pmavmurSm
vnf; 0ifvkyfaerdwwfygw,f? owif;pm tdk;a0 OD;ndKjr/ q&m Z0e/ q&m ^m% pwJh
q&m/ Ed ki fi Ha &;orm;/ pma&;q&mqd k+ yD ; owif ; pmynm&S if } uD ; awG &Sd = uygw,f ?
tenf ;qH k ; 3 b0 cG J a e&ol od k @ r[k wf 'gayr,fh pmoma&;wwf+yD; owif;pmwdkuf
aygif;pyfae&olvdk@vnf; qdkEdkiyf gw,f? q&m tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ aiGa=u;pDrHcef@cGJr_rSm nhHzsif;=u
}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;/ 'D; 'kwf OD; bcsKd/ ygw,f? q&m atmifAvuawmh owif;pm
q&mtaeeJ@tjyif pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_bufuyg
ß®³¸¿½©º ÑÜå¿±³·ºåÅ³ xl;c|efolvdk@ q&mhq&m}uD;awGudk,fwdkifu
¿Ó«å®Øµ±©·ºå°³©¼µ«ºÞ«Üå«¼µ csD;rGrf;cH&oljzpfygw,f?
¿¨³·º§¹©ôºñ Armh a cwf OD ; aomif ; [m a=u;rH k
¿½©º®Ü°«º±°ºÞ«Üå¿©Ùá owif;pmwdkuf}uD;udk axmifygw,f? acwfrD
¿½©º®Ü¨µ©ºªµ§º®ÍÕ°»°º¿©Ù pufopf}uD;awG/ acwfrDxkwfvkyfr_pepfawG
±ØµåcØµ®« °Ü®Ø½»ºÇ½ÙÖ§Øµ¬±°º»ÖÇ oH k; ±H k ru pDrH cef@cGJ yH kt opfeJ @ q&mZ0e/
pdefcifa rmif&D/ OD;0if;wif/ aiGOa'gif; pwJh
¯ú³Æð»á °¼»º½·º¿®³·ºúÜá vlawmfawGpkpnf;+yD; ðypkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh
ÑÜåð·ºå©·ºá ¿·ÙÑ¿ù¹·ºå °©Ö¸ twGuf Armhowif;pmavmurSm apmifa&
ª´¿©³º¿©Ù°µ°²ºåÒ§Üå vnf; xdyfwef;/ =oZmvnf; xdyfwef;udk
¶§Õ°µ§-Õ¼å¿¨³·ºª¼µ«º©Ö¸¬©Ù«º a&mufvmcJhygw,f?
ß®³¸±©·ºå°³¿ª³«®Í³ wdki;f jynf&ht
J a&;rSm ta&;t}u;D qHk;u
¿°³·º¿úª²ºå ¨¼§º©»ºåá jynfwGif; +id rf ;csrf; a&;yg? jynfwGif; ppf} uD;
r&yfEdkifvdk@ jrefrmEdkifi[ H m atmufusaemuf
Ó±Æ³ª²ºå ¨¼§© º »ºå«¼µ usEdkifiHb0u cktxd rwufEdkifjzpfaewm
¿ú³«ºª³½Ö¸§¹©ôºñ ud k owif ; pmq&mawG u tod q H k ; yg?
'ga=umifh owif;pmq&mawG[m jynfwGif;
+idrf;csrf;a&;udpPawGudk a&S@wef;wifvdkuf=u
ygw,f? zqyv/ yxp/ rqv pwJh tpdk;& ¨¼µ·ºå« ¿½©ºÒ”§¼Õ·ºö-³»ôº«¼µ
awG[m jynfwGif;ppfrSm yvifxdkifae=uav ÑÜå°Üåú·ºå
awmh owif ; pmq&mawG ud k &ef ol a wG ¬¿®ú¼«»º¶§²º¿¨³·º°µ«¿»
tjzpfowfrSwf+yD; tm;vH;k avmufudkzrf;qD; °³¿©Ù¿úå§¹©ôºñ
axmifcsvdkuf&mrSm q&m atmifAv ac:
¬±Øª”Ì·º¸§¹©ôºñ
a=u;rHkOD ;aomif;vnf; ygoGm;&Sm ygw,f?
rqv Adkvfae0if;u vludkaxmifcs±Hkru °³¬µ§¿º ©Ù ¿Å³©¬µ§º
owif;pmwdkufudkyg jynfolydkifodrf;vdkufyg ¿Å³©¬µ§º ¨Ù«ºª³§¹©ôºñ
w,f? b0ysuf atmif acsr_ef ;cJ hwmygyJ? ö-§»ºá Ñ¿ú³§á ¨¼µ·åº á
owif;pmorm;wdkif;udk vkyfwmyg? ¬¿®ú¼«»ºá Ó±°¿Ó©åª- °©Ö¸
axmifxJrSm OD;aomif;udk rSwfavmuf Û¼µ·º·Ø©«³« ¶®»º®³°³¿°³·º
atmifxm;+yD;rS axmifu xkwf/ &mxl;awG
¬Þ«Üå¬¿±å ®¿úÙå
ay;+yD; acsmhjyefygw,f? 'g Adkvfae0if; xHk;pHyg?
owif;pmq&mppfppfawGuawmh 'grsKd;vkyf ¿©³·ºå©¼µ·ºå ¿úå¿§å§¹©ôºñ
vd k @r&ygbl ;? r=umcif q&maomif ; [m
jynfyudk xGufoGm;cJhygw,f? ydkrdkajAmifuswJh pma&;ae=u&mrSm q&maomif;[m a&S@qHk;
ppftpdk;&ppfppfjzpfwJh e0w/ etzwufvm uygyJ ?
wJhtcgrSmawmh &Sdor#owif;pmq&mb0 ckqdk&if q&maomif;[m touf 80/
tawG@tñuHawG/ qnf;yl;cJhor# pme,fZif; owif;pmouf 60 jynfhcJhyg+yD? jrefrmpme,f
ynmawGudk toHk;cs+yD; uavmifwdkufyJG qif Zif;avmurSm touf 90 ausmf tar
ygw,f? Adkvfae0if; Zmwfvrf;±_yfor#awGeJ@ vl xk a':trmuvG J &if q&maomif; [m
ppfAdkvfawG Zmwfvrf;,kwfor#awGudk azmf 0gt&if h q H k ; owif ; pmq&m}uD ; wyg;yg?
xkwf wdkufcdkufygw,f? touf 80 ausmrf Sm pmtkyfawG a&;aewke;f
xdkif;u acwfòydif*sme,f udk OD;pD;&if; yg? ckvnf; Adkvfcif!Gef@ Zmwfvrf;±_yfor#
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuae pmawGa&;yg awGudk rSwfwrf;xkwfjyzdk@ tm;xkwfaewm
w,f? toHv$ifhygw,f? pmtkyfawG a[m ae@rem; nrem;ygyJ wJh? rem;ao;eJ@ q&m
wtkyf a[mwtkyf xGufvmygw,f? *syef/ a&@? 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf qufvuf wdkufyJG
Oa&my/ xdkif;/ tar&duef/ =opa=w;vs pwJh 0if=uygOD;pdk@?
EdkifiHwumu jrefrmpmapmif t}uD; tao; q&m atmifAv ac: a=u;rHkOD;aomif;
ra&G; awmif;wdkif; a&;ay;ygw,f? ay;wdkif; touf 120 ru a&;&ygapaomf? q&m
^m%fylaZmfc&r,fqdk&if q&maomif;}uD; aomif; vdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ pme,fZif;
[m oef ;ºuG ,f o l a X; jzpf a vmuf y g+yD ? vGwfvyfcGifh tjrefqHk;&ygapaomf? ? Ô
,Hk=unfcsufeJ@xkwf=uwJh pmapmifav;awG
rSm aiGa=u;rzlvHk=uyg? 'ga=umifh jynfyrSm
b,fpma&;q&mrS pmrlc a&S@wef;rwifbJ
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
«-¿»³º±¼©Ö̧ ¯ú³¿¬³·ºßª
ð·ºå¿¦
usaemf vlrSef;olrSef;odwwfwJht&G,fuwnf;u q&matmifAvu owif;axmuf
jzpfa eyg+ yD?
tJ'Dwek ;f u tvGeef mrnf}uD;wJh Armhacwf owif;pmrSmyg? aemufawmh Armhacwf
uxGuf+yD; a=u;rHkowif;pmukd pwifwnfaxmifygw,f? jrefrmowif;pmawGxJrSm
atmhzfquf pufopf}uD;eJ@p±kdufawmh rifusrifeutp odyfaumif;ygw,f?
owif ;axmuf uav;b0uae+yD ; uk d, f yk di f owif ; pm}uD ; wck uk d wcrf ; wem;
wnfaxmifEkdifpGrf;&Sdwm oufoufukdyJ tvGeftm;&auseyfcJhrdygw,f? aemufwcku
udk,fudk,fwdkif tvHeD vuf0J,drf;jzpfygvsuf owif;pmynmtwGuf vuf0Jqef@usifa&;
orm; Armhacwf OD;tkef;cifq DrSm ynmoifcJhwmukdvnf; tHh=ordjyefygw,f? aemuf
ol@pmawGrsKd;pHkukd zwf&ygw,f? pme,fZif;ynmrsKd;pHkrSm u|rf;usifoljzpfaewmukdvnf;
tm;usrdygw,f? q&mhjyZmwfawGuvnf; xdxdrdrd&SdvSygw,f?
q&mOD;aomif;[m woufvHk; tHh=op&mawGeJ@ jynfhESufaecJhwm ckxdygyJ? woufvHk;
owif;pmq&mtjzpf rrSdwfroHkóud;yrf;cJhwm ck owif;pmq&moufwifyJ tESpf 60 jynfhcJh
ayr,fh oufvHkuawmh a'gifa'gifjrnfqJ qkdawmh tHh=o+yD;&if; tHh=o/ tm;us+yD;&if; tm;us
ygyJ cifAsm;?
q&m}uD; OD;aomif; touf&mausmf&Snfygap?
0if;az
a&'D,k*d sme,fvpftjzpf 9 ESpfyJ oufwef;&Sdol

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
®¼µå®½ ®Í³ ¿úå½Ö¸±®Ï

rdk;rcyifudk avc &v#if

aju;rHkOD;aomif;
Ed0k ifbm 5/ 2006
rdk;rc owif;v$monf EdkifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmrsm;avmuwGif wdk;wufzGH@òzd;vmonfudk

awG@&ojzifh =unfEl;rd.? rdrdwdk@. 0goem/ rdrdwdk@ pdwfqENt& jynfya&muf jrefrmtrsm;
wdk@onf pmapmiftrsKd;rsKd; xkw=f u&mwGif rdk;rc owif;v$monf wpwp xdyfwef;ae&modk@
a&muf&Sdavrnfhedrdwfudk jrif&onf?
pmapmif/ r*~Zif;[k trnfudk r,lbJ owif;v$m [k a=unmonfrmS &J&ifhonf?

owif;udk OD;pm;ay;rnf[k jywfom;pGm vrf;pOfcsxm;onf?

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
jynfwGif;Y ppfwyftpdk;&u usL;vGef ESvHk;om;vnf; odrfarG@rS? ESvHk;om; odrfarG@
aom &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk wif;usyfpGm ydwfqdk@ zdk@u pmayuAsm tEkynmawGurS wwfEdkif
xm;onf? jynf wGif ;rS owif ;rSefrsm;udk wm[ka&;cJhonf? uAsmtEkynm zGH@òzd;a&;
rdk;rc rS ydkrdk od=u&avrnf[k ar#mfvifhrd udkvnf; rdk;rcu vkyfaqmifyg[k arwWm&yf
onf? vdkonf?
vuf i if ;tm;jzif h jref r mEd k i f i H o m; rd;k rc xkwfa0olw@dk onf rd;k rc [laom

trsm;wdk@onf urBmt&yf&yfodk@ ysH@ESH@pGm trnfudk toHk ;ðyojzif h pmzwf ol wd k@u
a&muf&Sdae=uonf? olwdk@. owif;rSefrsm; wm0eftrsm;udk ay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? olwdk@
udkvnf; pkaqmif;azmfjy&ef pmzwfy&dowf trS D ; ðyaom rd k ; rcyif w d k @ . obm0ud k
wdk@u vdkvm;=uayrnf? =unfhygav?
rdk;rc owif;v$mu owif;tjzmjzm &k u Q a A'usrf ; wd k @ t& aq;vpf

udkay;&if; ppftpkd;&rsm; zsufojzifh jrefrmpm trnf&dS rdk;rcyifonf csKyH ifrS tyif}uD;txd
®¼µå®½ ¨µ©¿º ð±´©¼µÇ±²º ®¼åµ ®½ Å´¿±³¬®²º«¼µ ¬±Øµå¶§Õ±¶¦·º¸

°³¦©º±´©¼µÇ« ©³ð»º¬®-³å«¼µ ¿§å§¼µ·º½Ù·º¸úÍ¼±²ºñ
±´©¼µÇ ¬®ÍÜå¶§Õ¿±³ ®¼åµ ®½§·º©±
¼µÇ ¾³ð«¼µ Ó«²º¸§¹¿ªñ
onf ysuf p D ;aeonf ud k v nf ; jyef vnf trsKd ; aygif ; 130 rS 300 txd &S d . ?
xG ef ;um;a&;udk tm;xkwf yg&ef wm0ef tedrfhqHk;tyifrSm wpfvufrcef@om edrfhI
tyfESif;vdkonf? yifjrifhwdk@u ay 100 ausmf jrifhonf?
,ae@ jrefrmuAsmpmaywGif um&ef tcsKd@ rdk;rcyifwdk@u vGefpGmaysmhaysmif;

ESifh a&;om;olrsm; vGefpGm &Sm;yg;aeonf? ojzifh jcif;rsm;/ awmif;rsm; &ufvky=f uonf?
wavmu q&m}uD; aZmf*sD . pmayppfwrf; tom;rmaom rdk;rcopfwdk@u tjzLa&mif
wGif jrefrmpmay uAsmavmu. um&ef &Su
d mcdik fcef@ojzifh c&pfuuf±ku
d faom AufwH
ya*;}uD;.ta=umif;udk okawoeðyxm; (Bat) rS tdrfwdkifrsm;txd oHk;=uonf? rd;k rc
onf q d k y gvsuf q&m}uD ; . um&ef opfj zLwdk@rS puU Lvkyfonf? opfa cgufudk
ta=umif; wydk'f wvHk;rS azmfjyjcif; rðyonfh om;a&e,fvkyfief;wGif oHk;&onf? tcsKd@u
wdkifatmif um&efudk y,fow l k@d u y,fae=u y&aq;azmfpyf&mwGif aq;zuf0ifonf?
onf?
xdka&G xdkr# toHk; 0ifaom obm0
q&m}uD ; wuU o d k v f b k e f ; Ek d i f u opfyif.trnfukd ,lxm;olrsm;tzd@k pmrsK;d pHk
OD;aESmufa umif;wd kif; vl wa,muf [m wm0efrsKd;pHkudk xrf;&Guf=u&efom æ ? ? Ô
&mcdkifE_ef; 100 jynfhwJhvl r[kwfao;bl;?
[vdk æ jrefrmhtvif;
w,fvDzke;f qufol - atmifAv
azazmf0g&D 8/ 2007
[vdk æ [vdk æ jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdkufu t,f'DwmcsKyfeJ ajymyg&ap æ

ajymyg cifAsm usaemfu t,f'DwmcsKyfyg
tck tar&duefjynfu ac:aewmyg

ajymygcifAsm æ a=umfjimxnfhcsifvk@d vm; æ ajymygcifAsm? EdkifijH cm;jynfajy; jrefrmawG
&J@a=umfjimawGudkvnf; vufcHzdk@ cGifhðya=umif; txufu rlcsxm;ygw,f
aumif;wmaygh aumif;wmaygh æ aus;Zl;ygyJ

'gayrJh æ oma&;ema&;/ yk*~dKvfa&;/ vlr_a&; a=umfjimawGudkom vufcHzdk@ rlcsxm;
ygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh a=umfjimcudk æ tar&duefa':vmeJ@ wdwdusus wifóuday;rS
azmfjyEdkifygr,f
w±kwf,GrfpuULeJ ay;&ifaum vufcHrSmvm;

ydkaumif; æ ydkvG,fayghcifAsm
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
aus;Zl;ygyJ? æ 'gayr,fh vlr+a&; a-umfjim
rxnfhEdkifygbl;? igu touf &Spfq,fausmf_yD?
usef;rma&;u odyf aumif;w,f/ ema&;a-umfjim
rxnfhEdkifygb;l ? aemufxyfvnf; rde;f rwa,muf ¬ôºùÜ©³½-Õ§º®-³å±³ ¦©ºú©Ö¸
&zdk rvG,fawmh r*Fvmowif;vnf; rxnfhEdkifyg ¬©Ù·ºå«¼°*¦¼µ·º®Í³ §¹§¹©ôºá
bl;? 'Dae owif;pmxJygwJh aqmif;yg;uav;udk ïçéè ½µ« ¬¨´å¬®¼»Ç§º ¹á
óudufvdkqufwmyg? axmufcHa-umif; aqmif;yg; ¬ÖùÜ »³®²º î ½µ«¼µ
a&;csifvdkyg ¶®»º®³¶§²º®Í³ ¾ôº±´®Í
aus;Zl ;wif y gw,f æ usaemf wk d @
§ØµÛÍ¼§º¶½·ºå®¶§Õú©Ö¸ñ
owif;pmu 'dk@wm0efta&; oHk;yg;/ jynfol@
oabmxm; æ EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; °³¿§°¼°°º”cØµå¬®¼»ºÇ§¹ñ
OD;wnfcsufawGudk æ
'gawGawmh &GwfraeygeJ? pme,fZif;rSef

or# rsufESmzH;k u zwf&wm tzefw&m awaeyg rSe f ygw,f usaemf h ud k rif ; eJ @ igeJ @
_yD? 'Da e owif ;pmrS m a':atmif qef;pk- unf ajymyg cifAsm
EdkA,fq&k wJhaiGudk EdkifiHawmftpd;k &udk tcGefaqmif
oihfa-umif; aqmif;yg;udk óudufvdk yg? 'gxuf ighemrnfu OD;aomif; wJh/ rif; -um;zl;rSm
b,fol a&;wmvJ yg? a-u;rHk t,f'DwmcsKyfavuGm
0rf;enf;ygw,f/ a&;oludk rodygbl;? r=um;zl;yg cifAsm? usaemfi,fi,fu
pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;±H;k uvmwJh aqmif;yg;yg wnf ; u a=u;rH kz wfy gw,f ? t,f' Dw m
OD;aomif;vdk@ wcgrS r=um;zl;ygcifAsm
{uE trnfrazmf0hHwhJ AdkvfcsKyf rif;wyg;
ua&;wmeJ wlygw,f æ q&mom*'d;k a&;wm &efukefrSm pmtkyf 24 tkyf a&;cJhw,fuGm?
vm;vdk pma&;q&m atmifAv/ a-u;rHk OD;aomif; qdkwm
r[kwfygbl;/ q&m'dk;u touf}uD; igaygh
vS yg+yD ? q&muawmf u paumh a ps;rS m a=omf od+yD od+yD æ t,f'DwmcsKyf
qdkif}uD;awGydkifawmh q&m}uD; pma&;zdk@ rvdk rsm;omzwf &wJ h twG if ; ud pP zd k if rS m ygyg
awmhygbl;? æ 'gayr,fh q&m}uD;u t+idrf w,f ? 1978 ck u txl ; trd e f @yg? tJ 'D
raeEdkiaf wmh AdaE<maq;q&mvkyfaew,f æ emrnf 2 ckudk jrefrmjynfrSm b,folrS yHkESdyf
rD;,yfa&m*g tukaumif;w,fvdk@ emrnf jcif;rðy&wJh? pmaypdppf±Hk;trdef@yg? 'Dawmh
}uD;ygw,f OD;u axmufcHaqmif;yg;a&;r,f qdkayr,fh
vufrcHEdkifygbl;? aus;Zl;wifygw,f
udk ,f hv l pum;ajym&wm tm;r&bl; ?
'Dawmh rif;eJ igeJ ajymyg&ap æ igu q&m'dk;eJ a[h a[h æ zkef;rjzwfygeJOD;uG? aqG;aEG;
&G,fwlvl? toufu &Spfq,f? owif;pmvkyf yg&apOD;? a':pk&J 0ifaiGudk 0ifaiGceG f aumufoifhwm
oufu ajcmufq,f&Sd_yD? rif;u csmwdwfyJudk; trSefayghuG
jrefrmEdkifiHudk rcspfvdk@ EdkifiHjcm;om; at;at; æ trsm;}uD; ygvm; tcGe f

vifeJ@ om;awG ay;wmaygh awmfE+ef;xm;u b,favmuf&SdovJuG
0ifaiG wpfodef;ausmf&if tjrifhqHk;
ol&JcifyGef;u aotHhrl;rl;rSm jrefrmjynf 0ifaiGcGefE_ef;xm;u udk;q,fhudk; '\r udk;
vm_yD; r,m;vufrSm aoyg&apvdk toem;cHwm &mcdkifE_ef; &Sdygw,f
jrefrmtpd;k &u jynf0ifcGifh ray;bl;uG? om;awG
vnf; Armjynfudk tpkd;&u t0ifrcHbl;uG tyg; æ t[Gwf t[Gwf æ [Gwf [Gwf
'gawGukd usaemfrodbl;? bmyJjzpfjzpf [Gwf
a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m jrefrmhajray:ae [vd@k æ [vdk æ [vdk æ tar&duef
+yD; jrefrmhxrif;udk pm;ae&if 0ifaiGceG f aqmif u q&m}uD; bmvdk @ w,fvDzkef; udkj zwf
xkdufwmaygh? Edk ifiHj cm;rSm tvkyfvkyfwJh vdkufwmvJ [vdk@ æ [vdk æ [vdk æ
jrefrmEdkifiHom;trsm;[m 0ifaiGcGef oH;k q,f jref r mh t vif ; u ajymaeygw,f æ
&mcdkiEf e_ ;f aqmif&ygw,f? 0ifaiGrsm;&ifawmh jrefrmhtvif;u ajymaeygw,f æ ? ? Ô
tcsKd;tqydkay;&wm Oya' &Sdygw,f
o±kyfazmfyef;csD = armif&pf
EkdifijH cm;rSm jrefrmawG aiGxm;wm rSefuefr+
r&Sdwmudk igu vufcHygw,f? 'gayrifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
a&$ref;eJ 0ef}uD;awGtm;vHk; olwdk &xm;wJh EkdifiH
jcm;oHk;aiGawGudk om;orD;rsm;trnfeJ t*Fvef
b%fa wG rSm aiGtyf_yD; pD; yGm;aomif;usef;vdk
_Adwdo#tpd;k &u ta&;,lwm rif; r-um;vdkufbl;
vm;? aemuf_yD; OD;ae0if;&JorufeJ ajr;awGudk
ao'%fay;awmh cspfvifeJ om;cspfwdktwGuf
qGpfZmvefrSm&SdwJh OD;ae0if;&J v#Kd0Suf EkdifiHjcm;aiG
pm&if;awG tm;vHk;udk orD;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
oef;a&$udk ay;&w,fqdkwmaum od&Jvm;
usaemfbmrS r=um;ygcifAsm;
Edk owif;a&;awmh bmawGa&;ovJvdk

wyfrawmf pdwf"mwfppfq ifa&;u
ay; wmudkyJ a&;ygw,f
at;av æ rif; u owif ; pm}uD ; &J

t,f'Dwmqdkawmh em;&Gufrvdkb;l aygh? aeygOD; æ
a':pk&J 0ifaiGu b,favmufvJuG
tar&d u ef a ':vm woef ; eJ @
av;odef; oHk;aomif; &Sdygw,f
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
tmp&dtqlql (1)
aju;rHkOD;aomif;
rwf 19/ 2007
øïçìé ½µ ¿¦¿¦³ºð¹úÜª îé ú«º¿»Ç« ±©·ºå¿¨³«º ú³¨´åúúÍ¼3 ÛÍ°º¿§¹·ºå

êð ¯«º©¼µ«º °³¿§ð»º¨®ºå°Ñº §²³ú·ºÛ¼µÇ¿±³«º°¼µÇ½Ö¸ú¿±³ ¯ú³¸ ¯ú³®-³å÷
Armhacwf OD;tkef;cifonf wifarmif. q&m&if;wOD; jzpfonf?
olonf tpdk;& tjrwfcGef±Hk; t&m&Sdb0/ usef;rma&;vkdufpm;&if; ajcvsif OD;tkef;cif

trnfESifh OD;aZmf0dwfudk yGJxkwfcJh&mrS vlodrsm;vmonf? e*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufudk OD;pD;pOfwGif
xif&Sm;aom pma&;q&mr}uD; '*Hkcifcifav;ESifh ta=umif;ygaomtcgrS pmayavmuwGif
w[kefxdk;wufvmonf? vG wfvyfp zqyv tpdk ;&acwfwG if t}uD; qHk ; owif;pm
Armhacwfudk xkwfa0&if; EkdifiHa&;=oZm wufvmonf?
e*g;eDpmayrS pwif &if;ESD;cJhol ocifEk wifarmif. udk,fawG@t&rl OD;tkef;cif
yif ol. yifudkp±dkufudk rod&Sm? OD;tkef;cif onf 'Drdkua&pD0g'DwOD; jzpfojzifh Armhacwf
wpHkwckðyv#if +yD;rS 'Dvluawmh vkyfjyef wGif tar&dueftm;a0zefaom aqmif;yg;
+yD [k aumufcsufcsavh&Sdonf? rsm;a&;onf ud k [ef @wm;r_ rðyonf rS m
OD;tkef;cifESifh a':cifcifav;wkd@onf ud k ,f a wG @jzpf onf ? w±kw fj zLta&;wG if
udk,fydkifyHkEdyS fwku d f axmif=uonf? q&m}uD; jref r mh a jray: usL;ausmf o l w±k wf j zL
a&$Oa'gif;. bmomjyef0wKrsm;udk yHkESdyf&m ppfwyf. ydkif&Sif tar&dueftpdk;&udk wdkuf
atmifjrifonf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; jzpfyGm; =updk@/ &efukef tar&duefoH±Hk;udk zsuf&ef
aomtcg t*F v d y f t pd k ; &. ppf 0 g'jzef @ csDwuf=updk@ [k jyif;xefpGm aqmif;yg;a&;
pmapmifrsm; yHkESdyfcJhonf? urBmh&efol [l onfudk wcGef;rS0ifI rpGufcJhay?
aom zufqpftE W&m,fudkzJ@G aom pmtkyu f kd Armjynf uGejf rLepfnDvmcHwGif twGi;f
xkwfa0onf? 'Drdkua&pD r[mrdwfwyfrsm; a&;rSL; ocifpdk;tm; ðzwfcsojzifh pOfòydifygwD
udkaxmufcHonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; e,fcsJ@ axmifa omtcg Armhacwfu ocifpdk; .
orm;tjzpf wjynfvHk;u qef@usifaecsdef tvHeDygwDudk tm;ay;onf? tvHeDygwD
jzpfojzifh t*Fvdyftpdk;&xHrS aiGvufcHonf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tom;ay; azmfjyonf?
[k rsufapmif;xkd;=uonf? OD;tkef;cifu aiGa=u;yg ulnDonf? ode;f az
*syefacwfwGif *syeftpdk;&. 0g'jzef@ eJ@ oef;xGef;wdk@u r±dk;om;wm igu twGif;
owif;pm Armhacwfudk yHkESdyfay;onf? ppf+yD; oduG [k olu ajymonf?
onfESifh Armhacwfudk udk,fydkiftjzpf rSwfyHk tvHeDygwD v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wpwp }uD;
wifum qufxkwfonf? rifusrifeaumif; vmaomtcg acgif;aqmiftrsm; tzrf;cH&
+yD; owif;xl;OD;ojzifh owif;pm atmifjrif onf? axmifwGif;a&mufaomf tvHeDwdk@
ygvsuf tar&duefoH±Hk;rS uGefj rLepfqef@ onf ao&Jwm tvHeD aqmifyk'fEiS fh tpm
usifa&; owif;aqmif;yg;wdk@udk rodrom iwfcH wdkufyGJq if= uonf? trS ef wu,f
yH kE Sd yfo jzif h rsufa pmif ; xd k;=ujyefo nf? tpmiwfcHojzifh aoEdkifonfhtajctae
aqmif;yg;&Sif OD;xGe;f az (xGe;f ae@pOf) uvnf; a&mufaomtcg axmift&m&Sdrsm;u 0ef}u;D
vuf0Jqef@usiaf &; pmrsm;udk jyif;xefpGma&; csKyfxH tpD&ifcH= uonf? ig; yg; oDvjrJol
ojzihf uGefjrLepfwdk@u Armhacwfowif;pm
rsm;udk rD;±d_@yGJrsm; usi;f yonftxd wdkufcdkuf ß®³¶§²º«Ù»º¶®Ô»°º²Üª³½Ø©Ù·º
cHcJh&onf? ¬©Ù·ºå¿úå®ÍÔå ±½·º°¼µå¬³å
±k&mS ;oH±;kH 0efxrf;wOD; uae'gY Ekid if aH &;
cdkv_HcGifhawmif;aomtcg yxrtr_jzpfojzifh
¶¦Õ©º½-±¶¦·º¸ °ÑºÒ”§¼Õ·º§¹©Ü
urBmausmu f m pmtkyrf sm; ±ky&f iS rf sm;xGuv
f m ¿¨³·º¿±³¬½¹ ß®³¸¿½©º«
onf? &efuek Yf xd±k yk &f iS jf yaomtcg uGefjrL ±½·º°¼µåÄ¬ªØ»Ü§¹©Ü«¼µ
epfwdk@cJaygufrnf a=umufojzifh =unfhol ¬³å¿§å±²ºñ ¬ªØ»Ü§¹©Ü
r&Sd? xdkpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomjyefIxkwf ª×§ºúÍ³å®×®-³å«¼µ ¬±³å¿§å
ojzifh Armhacwf OD;tke;f ciftrnfukd I Choose ¿¦³º¶§±²ºñ
Freedom - OD;tke;f cif[k oa&mf=uonf?

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
ocifEku rao=uygapESifh? aoavmufatmif tm;enf; ¿¨³·º©Ù·ºå
csdefrSm axmifjyifyef;jcHwckxJudk o,foGm;csxm;+yD; aqGrsKd; ¬°³·©º½Ø©µ¼«º§ÙÖÄ
awGudk ajymvdkuf [k E_wfrdef@ay;xm;onf?
®¿±®úÍ·º
yxracgif;aqmiftm; yef;jcHwGif;oGm;xm;onfESifh
tvHeDygwDu OD;tkef;cifxH tultnDawmif;onf? owif; ª´»³®-³å«¼µ
pmydk@aomum;ESifh csucf sif;oGm;o,fI Armhacwfwku d t
f ay: ¿¨³·º«
xyfodk@wifum q&m0efESifh ukay;onf? tpm0if+yD; usef;rm °Ù»ºÇ§°º¨³åªµ¼«ºá
vmrS ygwDXmecsKyfodk@oGm;um wdkufyGJ0if=ujyefonf? ,if; ß®³¸¿½©º«±ôº3
odk@ axmifwGif;tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJ. raor&Sif vlemrsm;udk «µ±¿§åª¼µ«º¶¦·º¸óó
axmifu pGef@ypfxm;vkduf/ Armhacwfuo,fI ukoay;
vdkufjzifh/ Armhacwfu ukay;&oltvHeDtrsm; wdk;vmum rd w f a qG trsm;&onf ?
tvHeDwdk@ ydkrdkv_yf&Sm;vmEkdif=uonf? tcsKd@tvHeDwdk@u òrd@awmf rsuEf mS zHk; vl}uD;rsm;
Armhacwfudk olwdk@owif;pm[kyif ac:oHrsm; =um;&onf? ES i f h rsuf ES m od j zpf & onf ?
pHkaxmufrsm;u 0ef}uD;csKyfxH Armhacwf. ulaeyHkrsm; Oa&my pm;yGJxdkifenf;udk
udk tpD&ifcHaomtcg ocifEku 'Dvl vkyfjyef+yD [kom vnf;oifa[h [k OD;tHk;cif
qdkonf/ tpkd;&u ta&;r,l? OD; tkef; cifuvnf; ol. u ajymonf?
u,fwifr_rsm;udk owif;a&;om;r_rðybJ csKdxm;cJhonf? wae@ t,f'D wmcef;
wifarmifwa,muf ArmhacwfY tvkyfav#mufpOfu wG i f OD ; tk e f ; cif & S d a epOf
t,f'Dwmu Armhacwftay: b,fvdkjrifovJ[k ar;onf? rd wf a qG wOD ; u ywf um;
w,loef vuf0Jqef@usifa&; a&;om;onfudk róudufyg azmif wdef t opf 0,f vm
[k ajzpOfu OD ;tk ef;cif &S da eygvsuf tvk yfc ef@onf udk onf udk jyonf? wifarmif
axmufI ol. udk,fydkifvrf;pOfrSm vGwfvyfaom 'Drdkua& u prf ; oyf a &;om;&ef
pD0g'[k qdkoifhonf? azmif wdefudk ,lzGifhpOfwGif
touf 19 ESpfom&Sdaom wifarmiftm; owif; OD; tk ef ; cif u vuf um+yD ;
axmufcef@pOfu ol.0g'udk rajym? owif;udk wdkwdkESifh azmifwdefudk ydwfaponf?
jynfhpHkatmif a&;om;enf;udkom zdI oifay;onf? owif; azmifwdef/ em&D/ uifr&m
wyk'fudk q,f}udrfr# jyefa&;um wifjyaponftxd oifjy topf q dk wm ydk if&S if udk ,f
onf? wdik u f udik w f , G jf y&w,fuG?
tawG@tñuH A[kokw pHkap&ef owif;axmufopfrsm; wdk@u,l+yD;prf;awmh rawmf
ESifh owif;axmuf}uD;rsm; a&m,SufI w±kwfa[mfw,f wqysufv#if rsufESmysuf
pm;yGJrsm;udk wufaponf? xrif;cHG@ay;aom a[mfw,fr,f &wwfw,fuG [k qHk;r.?
rsm;udk owif;axmuf} uD;rsm;u vufo&rf;=uonfudk OD ; tk ef; cifu tao;
jrif&aomtcg awmom;wifarmif ausmcsrf;rdcJh&onf? tzGu J av;rsm;udkyif tao;
wif;jynfh owif;axmufjzpfvmaomtcg &efukefòrd@ pdwfoifay;aomfvnf; wdkuf
awmfrS vlwef;pm; toD;oD;ESifh &if;ESD;aponf? &efukefjrif;yGJ om;rsm; trSm;ðyrdapumrl
toif;0ifwkd@ESifh tu|rf;0ifap&ef 0ifa=u;}uD;aom toif; rnfol@udkrS tvkyfðzwfjcif;
0if uGif ;od k@vnf ; owif;pmwdkufp&dwfESifh oGm;aponf ? tjypfwifjcif; ðyavhr&Sday?
wifarmifa&;ojzifh toa&zsurf _ avsmaf =u; aemufqHk;wGifrS owif;axmufwdk@udk
ESpfodef; '%f±dkufcH&onfudkyif tjypfrwif rsufESmrl+yD; cifAsm;wdk@u bmawGrsm; ar;
ay? =ucsifwmvJ [k aigufief;I ajymonf?
OD;tkef;cifonf ta&;ñuv H #if oufvkH rnfolurS rajz&JbJ toHwdwfoGm;onf?
aumif;onf [k q&mndKjru a&;onf? jzwfj zwf [k toHus,f us,f xG uf
1958 ckESpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. ppf vmonf? OD;tkef;cifu vSefxm;aom 'l;udk
tpdk;& tm%m&aecsed fu wae@wGif owif; oH r S e f y k w f o nf ? Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; ae0if ; u
axmuftm;vH;k udk zdwaf c:I owif;pm&Sif;yGJ rsufvHk;jyL;um OD;tkef;ciftm; OD;wnfIar;
usif;yonf? EkdifiHjcm; owif;axmufrsm;yg .? cifAsm;uaum bmrsm; ar;csiw f mvJ
owif;axmuf 40 ausmf wufonf? zdwf OD;tkef;cifu 'l;ukd qufykwf&if; ajz
ac:aomtcsdefxuf em&D0ufcef@ apmum onf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[kyifrac: Adkvfae0if; æ
ppf±H k;Y pk= uonf? cef;rwGi f wem&Dcef @ usKyfwdk@rSm bmrS ar;p&mr&dSbl;? cifAsm;wdk@
xkdifrdaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}u;D ae0if; ra&muf ppfwyfu ajymp&m&Sdw,f qdk+ yD ; zdwfwm
av? usKyfwkd@rSm tcsdefukefvS+yD? ajymp&m&Sd
ÑÜå¬µ»ºå½·º±²º &if ajymyg? r&Sd&if jyefr,f
±©;¼¿«³·ºå±²º¸¶§·º Adkvfae0if;onf 0kef;ueJ xdkif&mrSx
¬Ó«ØF³Ðº¿«³·ºå±²ºá um OD;tkef;ciftm; aphaph=unfhonf? OD;tke;f
©½-Ü©Ù·º §µ»ºå¿»±²º¸ cifu wjzwfjzwf 'l;ykwf&if; jyef=unfhonf?
±½·º°¼µå©¼µÇ¬³å¦®ºåú»º ol w d k @ &if q d k i f a e=uonf r S m rd epf
§µª¼§º©¼µÇ« tenf;i,fyif =um.?
aemufqHk;wGif pifjrifhay:rS ppfAdkvf}uD;
¿ú”Ì©¼öØµ¿°©Ü§ú¼ðµ”Ðº«¼µ u t±H_;ay;&onf? pifjrifhay:rS v#ifjrefpGm
ð¼µ·ºå¨³å±¶¦·º¸ qif;ajy;&onf? 'l;ykwo f o
H nfom wzsyzf syf
¿¶§å¿§¹«º®úÍ¼¶¦°º¿»°Ñº óóó usef&pfonf?
Adkvfae0if; ppf±Hk;wGif;rS xGufoGm;onf
vmbJ wynfhppfAdkvfrsm;uom oGm;jzJI udk wynfhppfAdkvfrsm;uvnf; a=umif;usKd;
{nfhcHae=uonf? &Sif; rjyEkdifbJ wyfrawmf. owif; pm&Sif;
wem&D cG Ja usmf =umaomtcgwG i frS vif;yGJ}uD; yGJysufoGm;&awmhonf?
Adkvfae0if; pifay:wufvmonf? OD;tkef;cif xkdyGJonf Adkvfa e0if; . yxrqHk;ESifh
u ykqdk;udk 'l;ay:vSefum ajcESpfacsmif;udk aemufqHk; owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJyifwnf;?
wifysOfcsdwfI xdkifonf? xdkyaGJ emufwGif Adkvfae0if;onf owif;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf rsm;pGm aemuf pm&Sif;vif;yGJ rvkyf0Hh&Smawmh+yD?
usrdonfudk &Suf[efwlonf? pifjrifhay: Y OD;tkef;cifonf owWdaumif;onfhjyif
wynfph pfAkvd rf sm;udk trsK;d rsK;d qly}l urd ;f armif; t=uH^m%faumif;onf? wcsDwGif ykef;ae
onf? owif;axmufwdk@tm; E_wfqufjcif; onfh ocifpdk; wdk@tm;zrf; &ef ykvdyfwdk@u
yifrðybJ ol aemufus&jcif;onf wynfhppf a&$wd*HkapwDy&d0k%fudk 0dkif;xm;ojzifh ajy;
Adkvfrsm;.tjypfjzpf[ef jyZmwfcif;jyonf? aygufr&Sd j zpf aepOf pdk ; }uD ; oD v&Sif [ef
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
ïçìè ½µ ®©ºª ïî ú«º¿»Ç« ¦¯§ª ¬°¼µåú

¯¼µúôÍ ºª°º©°µ« ±©·ºå°³©¼« µ º í ½µ«¼µ
½-Õ¼åc¼µ«º¦-«º¯Üå½Ö¸±¶¦·¸º ±©·ºå°³©¼µÇÛÍ·º¸
¿«-¿¬åú»º ¶§»ºÓ«³åð»ºÞ«Üå½»ºÇ«³ óóó
±kyfzsufI qif;oGm;+yD[k ArmhcwfrS owif;rSm;a&;umul.?

owif;t& ykvdyfwdk@wyf±kyfrS pdk;wdk@ ajy;aygufyGifhcJh&onf?
pma&;vnf;aumif;onf? q&m a&$wdkif!Gef@. e*g;eDaw;rS
jrefrmwjynfvHk; b0ifudkxdaprnfh EdkifiHa&;=oZm t}uD;qHk;jzpf
aom pmom;wdk@onf OD;tkef;cif ESihf ocifEkw@dk . vufoHrsm; jzpf=u
onf?
rGJwJhol vSL'gef;Ekdifrnf/ ausmif;aqmufum bk&m;ygwnf æ

bdk;bkd;atmifeJ@ &SiftZa*g% rwJh udef;qkdufrnf æ æ
bmoma&mif æ omomema&mif æ xGef;vif;ajymifrnf æ
vlrGJawGu raES; acwfrD olaX;jzpfawmhrnf æ
e*g;eDwefcdk;eJ@ trsKd;*k%fwufaprnf æ
owif;pmq&mtrsm;wd@k onf &efou l x kd ;kd ESu&f mwGif aqmify'k f

wckudk tydkif,lI a&;om;=uonf?
xGef; ae@pOfowif;pm t,f'Dwm}uD; OD;xGef;azurl pGyfpGJcsuf
aqmifyk'fwckESifh EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfudk xdk;ESufcJhonf? OD;xGef;az
onf rlvu [Hom0wDowif;pm t,f'DwmESifh owif;pmq&m
toif; OuUÏjzpfcJhonf? 1948 ck rwfv 12 &ufae@u zqyv
tpdk;& qdk&S,fvpfwpku owif;pmwdkuf 3 ckudk csKd;±dkufzsufqD;cJh
ojzihf owif; pmwd k@ ES if h ausat;&ef jyef = um;0ef } uD; cef @um
olaumif;ðycJhonf? zqyvtpdk;& 0ef}uD;tzGJ@Y 4 ESpfcef@ aqmif
&Guf+yD;aemuf 0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ekonf tm%m&Siq f efonf[k a=unm
um &mxl;rSxGuf+yD; 1953 ckESpfwGif xGef; ae@pOfudk xkwfum
wdkufcdkufonf? ol. owif;pmwGif OD;Ek owif;a&;wkdif; b0&Sif
rif;w&m;}uD; [k 0daooeESifh xdk;ESuf.?
jrefrmowif;pmavmuwGif rxdwxd uvdaom owif;
acgi;f pOfwyfenf;/ owif;a&;enf;udk OD;tH;k jrifu
h Armhacwf t,f'Dwm
b0wGif pwifwDxGifcJhonf? ? Ô

tmp&dtqlql (2)
aju;rHkOD;aomif;
{_yD 8/ 2007

t,f'Dwm OD;ndKjronf owif;pmavmu ra&mufrDuyif uavmifxufcJhol jzpf.?

wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0u or*~tmabmf tdk;a0r*~Zif;Y i&JacG;}uD; vGwfae+yD [k
ausmif;tm%mydkifrsm;tm; oa&mfpma&;cJhojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; v_y&f mS ;r_ ta&;awmfyHk}u;D
ay:cJhonf?
wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;udk OD;wnfI oa&mfaom xdkaqmif;yg;udk or*~ tmabmf
r*~Zif;Yazmfjyaomtcg ausmif;om; armifodef;wifa&;onf[k od&Sdygvsuf rnfola&;
oenf;[k tm%mydkifwdk@u ppfar;onf? OuUX udkatmifqef;u uavmif&Sif. trnfudk
rajzojzifh ausmif;xkwaf oma=umifh oydwfarSmuf=uonf? xdkrS ausmif;om;wkduyf /GJ tvkyf
orm;wkdufyGJ/ v,form;wkdufyGJwdk@ qufwkduf qif=uojzifh ol. pmonf vGwfvyfa&;
wkdufyGJrsm;. y%mr jzpfvmcJhonf?
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
ol@. uavmifudkrl t*Fvdyftpkd;&u udk rdbrsm;xHrS awmif;yefI vufxyfcJh
zdESdyfr_rðybJ ol@tm; Ekdiif Hjcm;odk@ ynmoifqk onf ? wk d ; wd k ; wd w f wd w f vuf x yf y G J ud k
yif ay;.? tar&duef csDum*dkòrd@ taemuf owif;axmufwOD;u teH@&ojzifh vku d o f mG ;
ajrmufwuUodkvfrS owif;pmynm r[m +yD; "mwfyHk±kdufonfudkcH&onf? owdk@om;
0dZmbGJ@ &cJh.? jrefrmxJrS yxrqHk; acwfrD }uD; onf r*F vmyGJ rSz,fc GmI owif ; pm
ynmwwf jzpfvm.? t,f'w D mxH tjrefa&mufvmonf? &efuek f
&efukef jyefvmaomtcg q&mZ0e. wuUov kd f owif;pmynmoifwef; ygarmuQ
Z0e owif ;pmES if h a ygif ;um wbmom }uD;jzpfcJhol q&m}uD;u wynfht,f'Dwm
xl;jcm;aom owif;pm tdk;a0 udk wnf tm; oufoufnmnm a&;yg[k awmif;yef
axmifcJhonf? q&mZ0euJhodk@yif [mo onf?
ajymifaom aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonf? wynft h ,f'w D mu q&m}u;D &J@owif;
tdk;a0onf vlwkd@oduQmudk av;pm; udk q&m}uD;yJ óudufovdka&;ay;yg[k cGifhay;
aom owif ; pm jzpf o nf ? wpHk w OD; .
¦¯§ª¬¦ÙÖÇ¿½¹·ºå¿¯³·º
*k%foa&udk xdyg;apaom owif;a&;rdv#if
xdkyk*~dKvftm; uefawmhyGJ/ tHk;yGJESifh vlod ÑÜå¿¬³·º¯»ºå«
&Sif=um;uefawmhI awmif;yefavh&Sdonf? ±©·ºå°³¿úå±³åÓ«§Øµ«¼µ
rHk&Gme,fom; OD;ndKjronf jrefrmha&S;±dk; ®¿«-»§º±¶¦·º¸
pOfvm"avhxHk;pHudk ,Hk=unfoljzpf.? ewfyGJ ”±©·ºå°³¿©Ù« ¯¼©ºªÆ¼ª¼µ
rsm;udkvnf; ESpfpOf usif;yylaZmfavh&Sdonf? Å¼µ¿§¹·º«§ºá ùÜ¿§¹·º«§ºÛÍ·º”Å
¸ µ
raorD wGif udk,h fvl wd k@&,f ref ; OD; ydef
®¼»ºÇ½Ù»ºå¿§å±²ºñ
wH w m;rS m ud k , f h t wG u f ewf uG e f ; wck
aqmuf=uyg? aemifvmaemifom;awGtzdk@ onf? eHeuf 8 em&D r*FvmyGJudk ausmcdkif;+yD;
vlpGrf;aumif; Aswf0d AswWwdk@vdk pmayvlpGrf; owif;pmwdkufodk@ 9 em&D a&mufvmcsdefrS
aumif;tjzpf yl aZmfyoEkd ifwmaygh [k nae 5 em&D txd ol. jzpf&yf owif;udk
rSmcJh&Sm.? xd k i f a &;&S m onf ? aq;aygh v d y f w xk y f
vlom;wdk@ oduQmwefzdk;udk aumif;pGm vufzuf&nfcsKdcg; wcGuf+yD;wcGuf aomuf
od&Smonf? w}udrfwGif &efukef rsufESm}uD; &if; owif;a&;&Smonf? aemufqk;H wGif ae0if
avmurS yk*~dKvf}uD;wcsKd@onf Ak'<bmom +yDjzpfojzifh rif;wdk@ óuu
d o
f vdk a&;=uygumG
"rR o wf t & tyd k r ,m; ,l E k d i f o nf [ k vdk@ vufav#mhum r*Fvmr¾yfodk@ jyef
a=unmum w&m;Oya'0if r,m;òyd i f oGm;&Smonf?
vufxyfyGJrsm; usif;y=uonf? wuUodkvf wcsD w G i f zqyvtzG J @ acgif ; aqmif
ausmif;tky}f u;D wOD;onfyif qif;&Jaom rdb OD;atmifqef;u owif;pm a&;om;=uyHkudk
wdk@udk tojymuefawmhI owdk@orD;i,fudk rauseyfojzifh owif;pmawGu qdwfvZd
awmif;cH+yD; vufxyfonf? vdk [dak ygifuyf/ 'DaygifuyfESifh [k rdef@cGef;ay;
xkdyGJawmf}uD;wGif tkd;a0t,f'DwmcsKyf onf ? [aumif æ atmifqef; &J@/ wdk @
}uD; OD;ndKjrvnf; ig0h rf;ylqm raeom [k owif;pmawGu aygifruyfv#if tm;vHk;
qduk m 'vbufrS owd@k orD;i,fuav;wOD; 'k uQa &muf aerSm aygh uG [k ed'gef; ysKd ; I
qdwfvZdÉdum aqmif;yg;&Snf}uD;ESihf jyefa&;onf? trsKd;om;
acgif;aqmif OD;atmifqef;udk oli,fcsif;ajym pum;rsm;ESifh
oa&mfonfudk y&dowfu aumif;csD;ay;=u.?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ bk&ifcH [l;bwf &ef@pf/ tvHeo D cifpdk;/
*VKefOD;apm ponf om;aumifrsm;udk ajymifajrmuf&J0hHpGm
xkd;ESufcJhaom c|efjraom uavmif}uD;onf rdrd&ifbwfudk
rdrd zmomxd k;I r&onfudk woufvHk ; rauseyf[k ol u
0rf;enf;yrf;enf; ajymnnf;avh&Sd&Smonf?
ppftpkd;& wufvmonfESifh yxrqHk; axmifoGif;cH&ol
rsm;rS m owif ; pm q&mrsm; jzpf = u&onf ? axmif xJ Y
wOD;wnf; cGJcsKyfcH&aom ae&Sif;OD;avm±ku H dk a&'D,kdem;axmifcGifh
ay;xm;onf? OD;avm±Hko&d onfh urBmhowif;rsm;udk oauFw
ESifh &Jabmfrsm;odk@ ydk@ay;onf? xdkowif;rsm;udk tajcðyum
vufa&;owif;pm wapmifudk xkwf=uonf?
OD;ndKjru Adkvfae0if; w&m;a[maeaom yHk}uD;udk yHkESdyf
owif;pmrSny, f u
l m rD;awGavmifae+yD? wdk@±d_@wm atmifjrif
w,f [k rdef@cGef;ay;ae[ef oa&mfonf?
vufxyf+yD;p a':cifaroef;. "mwfyHkudk jrefrmjynfwGif
aemufqk;H awG@aom a&eHwGi;f }uD; [k yHpk ma&;I xdrpd mG avSmif
onf?
OD;ndKjronf OD;Ek OD;pD;aom yxp tzGJ@0ifum Zmwd rHk&Gm
bufrS a&G; aumufyGJ0if&m vlxku vufcHtm;ay;I a&G;
aumufwifa jrmuf= uojzifh trwfrif;wOD;vnf; jzpfvm
onf? olpum;ajymv#if wvHk;+y;D rS wvH;k ajz;av;pGm ajymavh
&Sdonf? pum; wvHk;ESifh wvHk; usD;wn tdyfysH&onf [k
avSmif=uapumrl ol. v$wfawmf rdef@cGef;rsm;onf ynmom;
ygonf?
uAsm^m%fvnf; yGifhvef;ol jzpfonf? ol. uAsmwdk@
onf &Gmom;oHk; aus;&Gmajym pum;vHk;rsm;udk um&efoGif;
xm;ojzifh xd rd vSy.?
aemufydk;awG rsm;jym;vdk@
rsufpdrsm; ±_yfayG æ
ref;cifa=umifhav? ?
ol aov#if æ
ewfajyrSm ewfawG ±l;r,f
xl;wJh ol@pef;? ? Ô

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
[Jvdk æ jrefrmhtvif; (2)

w,fvDzke;f qufol - atmifAv
{_yD 16/ 2007
[Jvdk [Jvdk [Jvdk jrefrmhtvif;uvm;Asm æ t,f'DwmeJ pum;ajymyg&ap æ

[kwfuJh ajymygcifAsm æ toHudk rSwfrdygw,f? tar&duefu jynfajy;}uD; q&m
atmifAv toHygvm; ajymyg ajymyg
cifAsm; rSm;aeygvm;? jynfajy;r[kwfygbl; æ jynfESifcH pma&;q&myg

xm;ygav xm;yg? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u em;zGifhxm;&r,fvdk@ !$ef=um;xm;ygw,f
ajymor#udk av;av;eufeuf em;axmifygr,f? 'gxuf q&mhtoH}uD;u tufwuf ygvm;?
tat;rdvdk@vm;
o}uFefus_yDav? touf}uD;ayr,fh tuGufaumif;awmh 0if_yD; atmfrdwmaygh? csKyfrSL;}uD;up_yD;

puFmyloGm;_yD; aq;ukawmh æ
aq;ukoGm;wdkif; vrf;ñuHae
uawmf}uD;awG pdef0,fxGuf-u æ wJh um&ef rvSb;l vm;?
toHtus,fqHk;oHcsyfuawmh 'Dy, J if;rSm t&yfom;ESp&f mausmfowfr}+ uD;aygh æ
ukvor*~}uD;u zrf;wJhtcg æ
rSe&f mudkom ajzmifhcsufay;-u/
pD&ifcsuf}uD; csvdrfhrSm æ
ao'%fonfom rkcs rkcs wJh redyfbl;vm;? 'g[m twdwfedrdwfAs
cifAsm;wdk@ b,fvdkyJ oHcsyfxdk;ayr,fh
edrw
d f rjzpfEdkiyf gb;l ? tar&duef *syef a&muf
ae=uwJh Armjynfajy;awGu olwdk@a&muf
ù¹¿§¸¹ ù¹¿§¸¹ ±Þ«Ú»®º Ü
&ma'o ±H k ; yd w f & uf r S m usif ; y=uawmh ¿»¶§²º¿©³º±Ù³å®ôº¿ªñ
w&m;r0if bl ;? ,ck ESpf jrefrmouU& mZf ú»º«µ»º®Í³« §´ªÙ»ºå©ôºñ
1367 ck rS 1368 odk@ ul;wJh o}uFefyGJu ¬ú§º¨Ö®Í³ ®Üå®úÍ¼ ¿ú®úÍ¼
{+yDv 13 &ufae@rSm od=um;rif;}uD; vljynf ¿»Ó«ú©³á ¬½µ ¬ªµ§”cº µåØ ®Í³
qif;rS tcgawmf uswm cØµåªµª·º«°Ò§Üå
t,f ' D w mcsKyf } uD ; &J toH u w,f _ yD ;
®Í»º®Í»ºª³Ó«©ôºñ
pmyguvm;æ? æ? {uEW cifAsm;udk aejynfa wmf ©§º»ôº¿¶®úôºá úÖÈ³»úôºá
o}uFefyGJu zdwfpm&xm;w,f xifygw,f ±©·ºå°³©µ¼«ºúôº§¹
'gayhg 'gayhg o}uFefrD aejynfawmf ¬¶®ÖªÏ§º°°º þ³©º¬³åú©ôºñ
oGm;r,fa v? &efukefrSmu ylvGef; w,f? ¬Öô³å«Ù»ºåúÍ¼©ôº¿ª óóó
t&yfxJrSm rD;r&Sd a&r&Sd ae=u&wm? tck
tvkyf±Hk;rSm ±Hk;vkvifup+yD; rSefrSefvm=u
w,f? wyfe,fajr&,f/ &JXme&,f/ owif;pm xifovdkpdwfóudufusif;ywJh bk&if[m t±l;wJh?
wkduf&,fyg tjrJv#yfppf "mwftm; &w,f? jrefrm&mZ0ifrSm om,m0wDrif;ESifh yk*Hrif;wdk onf
tJ,m;uGef;&Sdw,fav? tJ tJ ysOf;rem;rSm EdkifiHudktkyfcsKyfae&if; ±l;oGyfoGm;-uojzifh eef;rS
vnf; v#yfppftjrJ&awmh {nfh&dyfomawGrSm cs&onfh xHk; &Sdw,fvdk yk*H0efaxmufrif; OD;wif
tJ,m;uGef;awG tjrJ&Sdw,f ðypkaom jrefrmrif;wdk tkyfcsKyfyHk pmwrf;usrf;rSm
a&;cJhw,f
tif; tif; æ ZdrfygyJvm; c&pfESpf 1837 rS 1846 txd 9 ESpf eef;pH
ZdrfayghAs? apmapmu o}uFef q,f aom om,m0wDrif;ESifh 1846 rS 1853 xd 7 ESpf
&ufusr,fqdkvdk@? æ rdef;ru olygvdkuf& eef;pHol yk*Hrif;wdkonf ykvi fay:Y eef;pH&if; ±l;oGyf
atmif ajymay;ygqdkaewm? tckawmh jyif oGm;-uw,f? yk*Hrif;u taysmfrufvdk o}uFefyGJ
vdkufw,f ig;&ufxJ o}uFefusrSm wJh? awmfudk 42 &uf qufwdk ufusif;ywma-umifh
bk&ifawmh ±l;&Sm_yDvdk qHk;jzwf_yD; ðzwfcsw,f/
o}uFe fqdk wm uscsifwd kif ; usvdk &wm axmifoGif;w,fvdk ordkif;uqdkw,fAs
r[kwfbl;? jyuQ'defawmf quftzGJ u wGufcsuf_yD; [J [J 'Dvdkqdkawmh &Sifbk&if±l;wm
usif;y&wm EdkifiHom;awG Zdrfuswmaygh? [J [J usaemf
EdkifiHwckrSm t}uD;tuJu tm%m ajymw,fvdk@ ra&;eJ@aemf
t&SdqHk;qdkawmh etzOuUÏ}uD;u o}uFef
awmfusapvdk@ trdef@ay;EdkifrSmaygh pd wfc syg ra&;ygbl; ? 'D ae cifAsm;ud k
zke;f qufwm puFmyl EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; a*smh±;dk u
ukef;abmifrif;rsm;acwfuawmh &Sifbk&if ESpf jynf axmif pD ;yG m;a&;wd k; csJ r,f qd kwmud k
u o}uFefudk xifovdk uscGifhrðybl;? o}uFefudk odcsifvdkyg
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
puFmyleJ@ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;csJ@wmudkawmh q&mwdk@ twdkuftcHawGu a0zefjypfwifvdk@
r&ygbl;? csKyfrSL;}uD;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG wu,fhudk awmf=uygw,f? cifAsm;wdk@uyg csD;usL;
avmufatmif awmf=uygw,f? puFmylu jrefrmoJawG 0,fr,fAs? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;awGu
tvum;v$ifhypf&wJhoJudk a&mif;&w,fqdkawmh awmfaywmaygh? t*Fvdyf tar&duef
pD;yGm;a&;yg&*lawGxuf omaywmaygh
tif; æ 'Dvdkqdk&if puFmylu|ef;}uD;udk jrefrmoJeJ csJzdk pDrH[efwlyg&J ? jrefrmjynf e,fedrdwf

usOf;roGm;aybl;vm;
bmyJjzpfjzpf? oJukd a&$jzpfatmif EdkifiHjcm;oHk;aiGjzpfatmif a&mif;Edkifwmu 'DurBmrSm
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}u;D oef;a&$ wa,muf xJ&dwS ,fqdkwm cifAsm;wdk@ rjiif;Edkifygb;l ? cs;D usL;xdu k o
f ludk
csD;usL;ygAsm
usKyfuawmh pdwfylwwfw,fAsKd? csKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk umjyefapmfum;cJh

wJh 0Éfjyef_yD;vnfrSmudk pdk;&drfw,f
oJa&mif;wmeJ@ rqvacwfeJ@ bmqdkifvdk@vJAs?
qdkifygaomfaumAsm? oJawGa&mif;vdk ArmjynfrSm oJukefoGm;v#if æ cifAsm;wdk OuU@}uD;

AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ ewf&Gm æ a,mifvdk a,mifvdk rmvu psmefºuG_yD; t0DpdodkoGm;wJhtcgrSm
jrKyfESHzdk oJr&Sdawmh&if oGm;avol}uD;vdk a&ar#m_yD; ig;pm;aºuG;cH&r,fav æ [Jvdk [Jvdk æ
w,fvDzkef;vdkif; jywfoGm;jyefygvm;? ?Ô
o±kyfazmf yef;csD = armif&pf

tmp&dtqlql (3)
aju;rHkOD;aomif;
ar 9/ 2007
q&marmifxif
owWdqdk bmr&Sdaomfvnf;/
rdkufygbd ighudk,f? ?
acG;rSefv#if vl rrSwfygbl;/
±dkuw
f wfol Adkvf? ?
rl;w,fa[h &J&ifhqdk/
ratudk aumfqJ? ?
vufxdwfudk tazmfxm;wJh/
awmom;wJhyJ? ?
q&marmifxifonf ola&;cJhonfh òrd@tkyfrif;qdk bHk±HkuAsmwyk'ftwdkif; pma&;q&m

vlrdkuf}uD; jzpfonf? ynmu }uD;vSojzihf rnfol@udkrqdk xkdol. txufrS acgif;iHk@Iom
=unfhavh&Sdoljzpfonf? omreftodrdwfaqGrsm;tzdk@ rodom? pmayudpPESifh qufqHolrsm;
udkrl q&mu txufpD;ESifhom qufqHavh&Sdojzifh q&mhtay: emvdkcHcufjzpfae&olrsm;
&Sdco
Jh nf? wifarmifwa,mufrSm q&mu ±dkufESufqHk;raom }urd f'%fudk ausmuke;f I cH&&Sm
olrsm;pm&if;Y xdyfqHk;rS ae&mudk &&SdcJh&Sm.?
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
tpkd;& jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme t&m&Sd pm;yGJwGif pmjyifaeaom OD; ausmfu
}uD; OD;xifzwfonf ArmhacwfESifh jcHcsif;uyf ºuGyg xkdifyg [k ysLiSmpGm zdwfonf? q&m
aeonfh 0if;odk@ ajymif;vmonf? aqG&dyf u OD;ausmftm; rsufESmudk aphaph=unfh+yD;
rsKd;&dyfruif;aom q&muawmfu xrif; ±_r0r*~Zif;wdkufqdk+yD; qdkif;bkwfuav;u
[if;csufaumif;vS+ yD; apwem}uD;ojzifh i,fi,fav;ygvm;? jrydk;xnfwdkufudk uyf
wifarmif onf pm;aomufcsdef wdkif; vdkvdk zGifh&wmygvm; [k ar;onf?
oGm;a&mufrdaom uyfpm;wa,muf jzpf ykHESdyfpufu atmufxyfrSm xm;yg
vmcJhonf? xdkpOfu owif;axmufrw S qifh w,f? pmpDcef; u txufxyfrSmyg [k
t,f 'D w m pma&;q&mayguf p eb0od k @ OD;ausmfu ±dkaopGm ajz&Smonf? rnfodk@
vSrf;aeol wifarmiftzdk@ q&m. a0zefjypf ajzonfjzpfap/ q&mu ol. 0oDtwdkif;
wifqHk;rr_udk jyif;xefpGm cHcJh&onf? q&mu OD;ausmftm; qufwdkufa0zefawmh
wifarmif a&;or# pmwdk@. ta=umif; onf?
t&m/ zG J@oDr_ ESif h um&efomru owfyHk usKyf u pma&;q&myg? jrifwmeJ @
nhHzsi;f onfupI q&muqlonfudk acgi;f iHk@ odygw,f? cifAsm;u ydk;xnfqdkifu r*~Zif;
IcHcJh&onf? q&mtm; ckcHjiif;qdk&ef tajccH xkwfwmqdkawmh cifAsm;u ydk; xnfynm
rjynfhojzifh q&m a0zefr_rsm;udk tjrJwap &ufuef;ynmrSm xl;c|efygvrd rhf ,f? 'gayr,fh
=unfompGm ðyH;&$ifpGmrSwfom;em,lavh&Sd pmaya&;&mawmh em;vnf[ef rwlygbl;?
onfuykd if ±kyfuu dk pyf+zD;+z;D eJ@ tnmom; usKyfpmta=umif; vnf; em;rvnfygb l;?
[k Oy"d±kyfudkyif q&m oa&mfavh&Sd.? usKyfpmu (wifarmiftm; vufndK;xdk;I)
q&murnfo@kd qakd pumrl taE 0W gou d 'Daumifvdk ckrS oifykef;}u;D wufaewJh pma&;
wynfhuav;wifarmifu q&m. pmrsm;udk q&meJ@ E_dif;,SOfvdk@ rjzpfbl;
rsm;rsm;zwfvdkonf? q&m pmrsm;rsm; a&;
jzpfapvdkojzifh ñuHavwdkif; pmayatmif ©·º¿®³·º¿úå±®Ï °³©¼µÇÄ
oG,fvkyfrdonf? pmayavmuwGif t&Sdef ¬¿Ó«³·ºå¬ú³á ¦ÙÖË±Ü®×ÛÍ·º¸
t[kef}uD;pGm wufvmaom ±_r0r*~Zif; «³ú»º ±³®«
wGif q&m.pmrsm;udk yHkESdyf&ef urf;vSrf;
aomtcg t,f'Dwm OD;ausmfu armifxif
±©º§Øµ²¸Ø¦-·ºå±²º«°3
&J@pmudk usaemf tvGefó udufygw,f [k ¯ú³«¯´±²º«¼µ
pum;&onf? ¿½¹·ºå·ØµÇ3 ½Ø½Ö¸ú±²ºñ
q&mtm; wifjyaomtcg q&mu pm ¯ú³¬³å ½µ½Ø¶··ºå¯¼µú»º
wyk'f a&;onf? OD;ausmfu q&mudk zl;ajrmf ¬¿¶½½Ø ®¶§²º± ¸ ¶¦·º¸
vdkojzifh vufzuf&nfyGJESifh {nfhcHyg&ap[k ¯ú³ ¿ð¦»º®®× -³å«¼µ ¬¶®Ö©¿°
zdwfojzifh q&mESifhtwl uyfpm;wynfhyg
ESpfa,mufom; AdkvfcsKyfaps; ±_r0wdkufokd@
Ó«²º±³°Ù³ Ò§ØÕåúÌ·” º°Ù³
oGm;=uonf? ±_r0wdkufwGif;0ifrdonfESifh ®Í©º±³å»³ô´¿ª¸úÍ¼±²º«§µ¼ ·º
q&mu ESmacgif;±_H@onfudk owdðyrdojzifh cµ§«
º «µ¼ °§ºÒ¦åÜ Ò¦åÜ »ÖÇ ¬²³±³å”Åµ
wifarmifrmS raewwfrxdik w f wf jzpfr&d &Sm.?

OD;ausmfu rsufESmaouav;ESifh rSef vlom;ukd rawG@zl;ojzifh jyefI aqG;aEG;rd
ygw,fq&m [k acgif;iHk@0efcHonfudkvnf; onf?
q&muvufrcH? odk@aomf q&mu jyefav#mh OD;ausmfonf qufvuf pmjyifaeqJ&Sd
onf? avcsKdaoG;onf/ txufpD;ESifh æ onfudk awG@&onf? q&mu jiif;cJhaom
usKyfajymor#udk cifAsm;u rSefygw,f vufzuf&nfyGJudk jyef,lI wifarmiftm;
vdkupf &mrvdkygbl;av/ a[m'DrSm usKyfpmrl? wkduf&Smonf?
aoaocsmcsm zwf = unf h yg? usKyf pmu awmif;yefyg&ap udkwifarmif&,f
wjcm;pmawGeJ@ rwlbl;/ wyk'f w&m wef [k y%mrysKd;+yD; q&m}uD;udkawmh ±_r0udk
w,f? cifAsm;&J@ r*~Zif;u ay;Edik f&ifay;/ ray; b,ftcgrS ryifhcJhygeJ@Asm? ol@pmawGudkom
Edkif&ifvnf; wjym;rSray;eJ@ tcrJhoHk;Edkif ±_r0u tjrJ&yg&ap/ 'gayrJh ol@pmrla wG
w,f cifAsm;yJ ,lcJhyg? ol wefzdk;jzwfoavmuf
q&mhpmwefzdk;udk odygw,fq &m ay;cJhyg [k arwWm&yf&Smonf?
[k ajymI OD;ausmu f usyfw&mtoifh xnfh ±_r0ESifh q&marmifxifwdk@ qufqHa&;
xm;aom pmtdwfi,fudk ouf}uD; 0g}uD; rSm m acsmarmoG m;cJh aomfvnf; q&m.
±³å®ô³å«¼µ ½-°ºªÍ±¶¦·º¸
ªôºô³«¼µ±³ «µ»ºå3ªµ§º«¼µ·º¿»úÍ³¿±³ ·¾Ä®¼±³å°µ«¼µ
°°ºÞ«ÜåÛÍ·º¸¬©´ð·ºª³¿±³ »ôº½-ÖËö-§»º°°º©§º«
¿½-®×»ºå¦-«º¯ÜåÓ«±²º«¼µ ¿Ó««ÙÖ°Ù³¿úå¨³å±²ºñ
¨¼µð©t”ÕÞ«Üå©Ù·º ö-§»º¦«º¯°º©µÇ¨
¼ «º ¯¼µå±Ù®åº ¿±³ ©ú³å½Ø«¼µ
¯ú³« ¦Ù·º¸Å¿¦³º¨µ©º¨³å±²ºñ
q&mawmf}uD;rsm;udk uyfvSLouJhodk@ ylaZmf xl ; jcm;aom p±d k uf ud k OD ; ausmf enf ; wl

&Smonf? q&m.pmudk jrwfEdk;olrsm;ESifh ta=umif;qHk
olxufuJaom &efvdku|J r[mynm wdkif; aqG;aEG;rd=uonf?
ausmf}u;D rSm xdyw
f kdufr&Sdojzifh qufvufI urBmwnfrnfh jrefrmpmaywyk'fjzpf
wzufowf &efð y&ef rvG,faoma=umifh onf [k ynm&Sifu csD;usL;=uonfh q&m
ajy+idrf;vdkuo
f nf? wynfh}u;D wifarmiftm; . ib0wK}uD;rS vGefrif;pGm }uD;rm;aom
ighudk um;qdyfvdkufydk@uGm rdef@=um;onf? a'gotkd;}uD;udk cGJjcrf;=unfhrd=uonf?
wifarmifu q&mtm; um;qdyfodk@ ydk@I udk,fh =urRmudk udk,frzefwD; Edkif &S m
bwfpfum;ay: ae&mcs+yD;rS tajctaeudk aom Armjynf&Sd ibrsm;odk@ [k q&m.
od&ef ±_r0odk@ jyefI vSnfhcJh.? &nf !$ef; csufuyif em=unf; oH xGufa e
wifarmifonf ol. q&mta=umif; onf?
zefw&maw odoljzpfojzifh rqef;ygay? om;r,m;udk cspfvSojzifh v,f,mudk
,ckyGJY ol. woufwGif OD;ausmfuJhodk@ omuk e f ; I vk y f u d k i f a e&S m aom ib.
&[E Wmwdk@wr# cE WDyg&rD&ifhaom ykxkZOf rd om;pk ud k ppf } uD ; ES ifh twl 0ifvmaom
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
e,fcsJ@ *syef ppfwyfu acsr_ef;zsufqD;=uonfudk a=uuGJpGm a&;xm;onf? xdk 0wK}uD;wGif
*syefzufqpfwdk@xuf qdk;oGrf;aomw&m;cHudk q&mu zGifh[azmfxkwfxm;onf?
(wdk@Arm) tpnf;t±Hk;odk@ 0ifa=u; wrwfay;um ocifjzpfvmol òzd;wkyfonf zufqpf
*syefwdk@xuf qdk;,kwfoljzpfojzifh ibrdom;pk. b0ysuf&onf[k ZmwfuGufwGif;Y q&m
u vufndK;xdk;jyxm;onf? òzd;wkyfonf ibrdom;pkudkomru w±kwf ukvm; qif;&Jom;
wdk@udkyg 'kuQay;onfjzpfa=umif; q&mu em=unf;pGma&;onf? odk@aomf òz;d wky. f ta=umif;
udk wduspGm tus,fcsJ@I a&;om;jcif;rðybJ a&SmifcJhonf?
òzd;wkyfonf tjcm;olr[kwf jrefrmwdk@tm; t*Fvdyfwdk@vufatmufrS vGwfajrmuf
&ef tm;xkwf&if; *syefwdk@ESifhaygif;I om;aumifrsm;tjzpf qufooljzpfonf? ibwdk@
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf *syefudkjyefwkdufolvnf; jzpfonf? òzd;wkyfonf tjcm;olr[kwf/
ocifrsm;/ bDtdkifat wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfrsm; jzpf=uonf[k
q&mu tus,fra&;bJ w&m;cHazmfcJhonf? ibwdk@udk *syefwdk@tm;qufoI nOf;qJol
rsm;onf 0wKyxryHkESdyfaom 1947 ckES pfu ibwdk@tm; u,fwif&S if }uD;rsm;tjzpf
tm%m&&Sdpðyaeonfudk q&mu &J0hHpGma&;zGJ@onf?
xdka=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHY Ekdiif Hom;ibwkd@udk nOf;qJow
l @dk u u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf ae&m
,ljyefonfudk }uD;rm;aom &efòid;odkrdaoma=umifh tjrJwap a'goxGufaeaoma=umifh
avaygufqdk;aom ynmausmf}uD; jzpf&&Smonf[k q&m.pmudk jrwfEdk;olrsm;u ,lqrd
=uonf?
umva&G@vsm;aomtcg q&marmifxifu ol.&efòid;udk avmued,mrw&m;ESifh
ajz&Sm[efwlonf? pmayavmuESifh qufoG,fa&;Y wpwp acsmarG@vmonf? ±_r0
ESpfvnf xreJyGJrsm;wGif aysmf&$ifpGm wufa&mufonfudk jrifawG@&aya=umif;? ? Ô

[Jvdk æ jrefrmwdkif;rf
atmifAv
Zlvdkif 31/ 2007
[Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ

[Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ
[Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ trdef@&SdygcifAsm æ jrefrmwdkif;owif;pmu t,f'DwmcsKyf ajymaeyg
w,f
[Jvdk æ usaemfu æ t,f'DwmcsKyfrif;eJ ajymcsifwmyg

[kwfuJh usaemfu t,f'DwmcsKyfyg vl}uD;rif;u b,fuygvJcifAsm æ owif;ay;csif
vdk@ygvm; trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk axmufcHa=umif; aqmif;yg;a&;vdkvdk@vm;
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
usaemfu t,f'DwmcsKyf}uD;udk AsL;csif
vdkyg Û¼µ·º·Ø©«³« ¬³”Ð³úÍ·º¿©Ù«
a=omf usaemfhudkawG@qHkar;jref;csifvkd@ ®-«ºªØµå«¼µ ¿ù¹«º¿¨³«ºÒ§Üå
qd k y gawmh ? vl } uD ;rif ; &J @ w,f v D zk e f ; u °³»ôºÆ·ºå¿©Ù«¼µ
tar&duefu qdkwmudk odygw,f? rdwfaqG Ó«²º¸”c×°¼°°ºÓ«©ôºñ ½·ºß-³å©¼”Çµ
}uD;u e,l;a,mufwdik f;uvm;/ a0gvpf x&d
¾ôºªµ¼ ÛÍ¼§« º Ù§º ÛÍ¼§«
º §Ù º
uvm;
±©·ºå°³¯ú³¿©ÙÓ«ØªÏ·º
usaemf u rd k ; rcowif ; pmu owif ; ½·ºß-³å©¼µÇ¬¿Ó«³·ºå«¼µ
a*smufcsKyf atmifAvyg? atmifAv,fav «®Y³«±¼¿¬³·º
a=omf q&mygvm;/ odyg+yD/ odyg+yD/ ¦Ù·º¸½-Û¼µ·º©ôºª¼µÇ §²³¿§å©³§¹
usaemfhudk ar;p&m&Sdw,fq dkwmudk ajzyg
r,f? tck usaemfwdk@tpdk;&u rlajymif;ae æ aemuf+ yD; w±kwftpdk;&uqdkv#if
ygw,f? EdkifiHom;wdkif; rdrdwdk@oabmxm;udk ukv or*~rSm jrefrmtpdk;&udk wdkufcdkufr,f
yGifhvif;pGm ajymcGifhay;xm;ygw,f? q&mar; qdk&if w±kwftpdk;&u r[mrdwfjrefrmzuf
or#udk ajzygr,f? trsKd;om;nDvmcH} uD; u&yfwnf r,fvd k@ AD wdk tm%moH k; rS mudk
atmifjrifaewJhta=umif;/ ynma&;vlr_a&; t}udrf}udrf a=unmaeygw,f? wzufu
awG wdk;wufaewJhta=umif; ar;csiw f mar; vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHu xGuo f r# obm0"mwf
ygq&m aiG@udk 0,fr,fvdk@ a=unmw,fav? 'g[m
jrefrmtpdk;&&J@ EdkifiHjcm;qufqHr_ atmifjrif
yxr ar;csifwmu EdkifiHjcm;a&;&mudpP wmudk oufaojyaewmaygh
a&;&mudk ar;csifwmyg
ar;ygq&m ar;yg ajzygr,f xm;yawmh xm;yawmh? 'gxuf Zlvdkif 23
&ufaeu jrefrmwdkif;owif;pmrSm 'def;rwfjynf
ukvor*~tzGJcsKyf}uD;ua&m/ EdkifiHwum c&D;oGm;ukr% ` Dwcku EdkifiHjcm;wd;k &pfc&D;onfawG
uyg jrefrmEdkifiHtpd;k & 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&;udk vSy_yD; ysLiSmwJh jrefrmEdkifiHudk vma&muf-uygqdkwJh
tppftrSef vkyfaqmifzdk vkdvm;-uw,fqkw d JhudpP a-umfjimta-umif;udk ar;yg&ap
jrefrmtpdk;&u tppftrSef 'Drdkua& ar;ygq&m ar;yg? tJ'Da=umfjimudk
pDajymif;vJa&;udk vkyfaeygw,f? jy\em Edkiif jH cm;oHk;aiGay;+yD; usaemfwdk@ owif;pmrSm
u EdkifiHtrsm;u jrefrmho,HZmwudk vdkcsif azmfjyapwmuvJ atmifyGJygyJ q&ma&@ æ
vd k@ zdt m;ay;aewmyg? jrefr mtpd k ; &udk
usL;bm;/ ajrmufudk;&D;,m;/ tD&ef/ ±k&S wd@k u 'gjzifh a-umfjimxnfhwJh 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;
axmufcH tm;ay;aeygw,f? q&mvnf; Ewhsnahtrellik &J ta-umif;udk cifAsm;od&J
qif0Sm pwJh w±kwo f wif;pOfawGukd zwf&rSm vm;
yg? w±kwftpdk;&uqdk&if jrefrmtpdk;&rSm rpPwm Ewhsnahtrellik u pD;yGm;a&;
Edkif iHa&;jy\em r&Sd / &Sd wJ htenf ;i,fudk orm;wOD;eJ@ wlygw,f? avmuGwfaumif;
ud,k zh f momajz&Si;f aew,fv@kd a=unmygw,f? wJh jrefrmjynf&@J tvSudkzJ@G +yD; vma&muf=uyg
vdk@ zdwfwmudku jrefrm*k%fusufoa& wdk;wmaygh q&m æ
t,f'DwmcsKyf}uD; befaumufu owif;pmawGudk rzwfbl;xifw,f æ

pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimudk xdkif;awGu remvdkvdk@ a&;wmjzpfygvdrfhr,fq&m
pD;yGm ;a&;r[kwfbl; qdkwm t,f' DwmcsKyf}uD; rodao;bl;xifw,f? pD;yGm;a&;r[kwfbl;

owif;pmynmpGrf;tifjywJh a-umfjimwJh? EdkifiHwumu tm%m&SifawGu rsufvHk;udk a'gufaxmuf_yD;
pme,fZif;awGudk -unfh±+pdppf-uw,f? cifAsm;wdk b,fvdk ESdyfuGyf ESdyfuGyf owif;pmq&mawG }uHv#if
cifAsm;wdkta-umif;udk urBmuodatmif zGifhcsEdkifw,fvdk ynmay;wmyg [k tzGJ . ajymqdkcGifh&Sdol
rpPwm Pia Bertelsen u a-unmyHkESdyf_yD;aemufwaerSm atyDowif;axmuftm; ajymjyowJæ h
c&D;oGm;rsm;vm=uygvdk@ zdwfw,fqdkwm[m EdkifiHa&; rjzpfEdkifygbl;q&m
a-umfjimol rpPwm Ewhsnahtrellik qdkwJh 'de;f rwfpmvH;k u brf;pum;eJ a&;wmwJh tJ'DpmvHk;

udk jrefrmbmomjyefv#if vlowform;}u;D oef;a&$ Killer Than Shwe vdk t"dy`m,f&w,fwJh?
vlowform;}uD; oef;a&$u zdwfw,fvdk t"dy`m,f&w,fav
jzpfrSjzpf&yavq&m/ a[h a[h æ t,f'Dwmwa,muf 'def;rwftbd"mef ,lcJhprf;?
=unfhprf; autdkifu p+yD; =unfhprf; bmw,fuG vlowform;[kwfvm;/ 'kuQygyJ wdk@wawG
tm;vHk; axmifxJoGm;=u&rSmyguvm;
[Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ [Jvdk w,fvDzke;f jywfoGm;_y?D [,f æ [,f æ [,f æ ylvdkufwm

"mwfvdkufw,fa[h w,fvDzkef;udk csufcsif;jzwfyg atmfya&wma& Ô
o±kyfazmf yef;csD = armif&pf

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
tmp&dtqlql (4)
aju;rHkOD;aomif;
-o*kwf 15/ 2007

Edkifi.
H aus;Zl;&Sif}uD; ocifbaomif;
um;vfrwfufpfonf uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;udk arG;zGm;ay;ol jzpfouJhodk@

ocifbaomif;onf wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; ocifygwDudk arG;zGm;ay;ol jzpfonf? tu,fIom
ynm^m%f}u;D uJaom ocifbaomif;trnf&dS pma&;q&m}u;D ay:xGe;f r_r&Scd hv J #if ocifygwD
ESifh wdk@Arm0g' ay:xGef;rnfr[kwfojzifh jrefrmh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrSm aESmifhaES;=uef@=um
EkdifcJhayrnf?
ocifbaomif;onf a&S;jrefrmacgif;aqmif OD;xGef;&Sdef (abyk&Sdef) ausmif;xGuf rsKd;cspf
}uD;jzpfonf? olwnfaxmifaom ocifygwDonf vuf0Jvrf;pOf =oZm}uD;aomygwDjzpf
vmcJhapumrl ocifbaomif;onf uGefjrLepfwOD; r[kwfcJhay? qdk&S,fvpfwOD;yif r[kwfcJh?
qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHaxmifv#if a&eHqD vl}uD;ESpfOD;wdk@ bD,mcGuf udk,fpDudkifum
awmifrS &m&Si fvufrSwfeJ @ 0,f= u&vdrfh zdk;pdef}uD;acwfa[mif;rS aw;rsm;udk wyk'f+yD;
r,f[k 1952 ckESpfu Armhacwfowif;pm wyk'f qdkoD=uonfudk=unfhum t,f'Dwm
aqmif;yg;wyk'fwGif a&;om;cJhonf? xdpk Ofu wifarmif aysmf&$if=unfEl;cJh&onf? Zmwf
Armhacwft,f'Dwm wifarmifu q&mh uGu0f ifaom Edkiif Ha&;udpu P dk aw;a[mif;rsm;
tqdu k rvGeb f l;vm;/ usaemfwk@d Eidk if HrSm a&eH toHoGif;um aqmif;yg;a&;=uonf?
vHkavmufpGm xGufygw,f? a&eHqDudk &m&Sif jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; OD;xGef;azu &mxl;
vk y f& wJ h a cwf ud k ra&muf Ed k if y gbl ; [k rS xG u f v mpOf u 0ef } uD ; csKyf O D ; Ek t m;
apm'u wufcJhrdonf? tm%m&Sifqefonfqkdum OD;Ektm; b0&Sif
rif;u i,fygao;w,f/ apmihf=unfhyg/ rif;w&m;}uD;[k bGJ@ay;+yD; aqmif;yg;rsm;
wae@rSm t±l;waumifaumifu vufwnfh a&;um a0zefonf?
prf;+yD; qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH axmifwJhacwfudk xkcd g yifwkid af qmif;yg;&Sif ocifbaomif;
ñuH&ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DawmhrS iga&;wm rvGef u Armh a cwf w G i f ae@pOf a &;om;aom
bl;qdkwm awG@&ygvdrhfr,f [k q&mu aqmif;yg;ukd OD; zdk; pdef} uD; . emrnfausmf
&,farm&if; edrw d zf wfco
hJ nf? e,fcs@J t*Fvdyf Zmwf y G J Z mwf vrf ; rS aw;Zmwf v rf ; ES i f h
udk wdkufxkwfcJhaom ocifygwD/ wdk@Arm ajymifajrmufpGm acgif;pOfwyfum a&;om;
tpnf ; t±H k ; . zcif } uD ; u wae@wG i f avonf?
vGwfvyfaom ArmjynfwGif EdkifiHa&;vuf zdk;pdef}uD;. csif;uav;za0;ZmwfwGif
wnfhprf;olrsm; ay:avrnf jrefrmrsm;wdk@ csif ; uav;za0;onf bk & if h o rD ; awmf
tcuftcJawG@=u&rnfwdk@udk wifóudjrifcJh ra=u;rHkESifh arwWmr#rd=uonf? ewf zrf;pm;
onf? ojzifh ra=u;rHku rdrdcspfolr[kwf[k jiif;qdk
xdktcsdefu Armha cwf OD;tkef; cifu aomtcg rif;csif;wdk@u za0;tm; ±dkufESuf
vnf; rd;k óu;d trnfEiS fh ae@pOfvdkvdk aqmif;yg; ES d yf p uf = uonf ? xd k t cg csif ; uav;u
a&;av&m ocifbaomif;ESifh OD;tkef;cifwk@d u zcifbk&if}uD;xH toem;cHum jrefrmpum;
olwdk@pmrsm;wGif olwdk@acwfu aw;oDcsif; rwwfwwwfESifh awmif;yefaom idkcsif;udk
uav;rsm; xnfhoGif;a&;om;avh&Sdonf? ocifbaomif;u ol.yifwdkifaqmif;yg;.
acgif;pOftjzpf toHk;jyonf?
yvdkif;udk vG,fumav/ t±dkif;rsKd;EG,f
¶§»ºÓ«³å¿úåð»ºÞ«Üå ÑÜå¨Ù»åº ¿¦«
ygbk&mh/ apmfum;w,fqdkwm eifr,Hkvdkuf
ú³¨´å®Í¨Ù«ºª³°Ñº« ygeJ@/ wifyHk±_yfaxG; [laom idkcsif;aw;rS
ð»ºÞ«Üå½-Õ§ºÑÜåÛµ¬³å yxrtydk'fwGif ,mawmtv,f/ igajym
¬³Ð”³úÍ·º¯»º±²º¯µ¼«³ r,f a&$&Sifbk&if&J@/ eif qifjcifrSmvm; æ
ÑÜåÛµ¬³å ¾ðúÍ·º®·ºå©ú³åÞ«ÜåÅµ [k id k o nf u d k , l u m igajymr,f [k
¾ÙÖË¿§åÒ§Üå ¿¯³·ºå§¹å®-³å¿úå«³ acgif;pOfwyfum 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ektm; EdkifiHa&;
a0zefcsufrsm;udk vl±dkif;uav; csif;za0;.
¿ð¦»º±²ºñ
av,lavodr;f ESifh eifwcGef; igwcGef; toH;k ðy
uma&;om;onfrSm xdrdvSonf? tcsuf
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
tvuf qifajcaumif;aom ta=umif;t&m
udk zGJ@oDr_vSyaom a&;[efESifh a&;aom ”ô³¿©³¬ªôºá ·¹¿¶§³®ôº
a=umifh pmzwfy&dowfwdk@u pGJruf=uonf? ¿úÌ”úÍ·º¾µú·ºúÖËá
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku ol@tm; b0&Sifrif; »·º ¯·º¶½·º®³Í ª³å Åµ
w&m;}uD;[k ac:a0:um a0zefaom 0ef}uD;
a[mif; OD;xGef;az. a0zefpmrsm;udk zwf&
·¼µ±²º«¼µô´«³
wkdif; vufrcHEdkifbJ a'goxGufavh&Sdonf[k ·” ¹¿¶§³®ôº” Åµ ¿½¹·ºå°Ñº©§º«³
=um;od&onf? ocifbaomif;. igajymr,f ð»ºÞ«Üå½-Õ§ºÑÜåÛµ¬³å Û¼µ·º·Ø¿úå
[k a&;om;aom a0zefcsuf aqmif;yg;rsm; ¿ð¦»º½-«º®-³å«¼µ ª´”c¼µ·ºå«¿ªå
udkrl oa&mfpmtjzpf t&om,lum zwf±_ ½-·ºå¦¿ðåÄ ¿ªô´¿ª±¼®ºåÛÍ·º¸
avh&Sdonf [k od&onf? 0ef }uD; csKyftm; »·º©½Ù»åº ·¹©½Ù»åº ¬±Øµå¶§Õ«³
a0zef j ypf wif a om pmcsif ; twl wl &o
ajrmufatmif a&;Edkifojzifh ydkrdkxda&muf
¿úå±³å±²º®Í³ ¨¼®¼ªÍ±²ºñ
onf? ocifbaomif;uvnf; ol.aqmif;
yg;wGif csif;uav;za0;ESif h vufpGJ awmf q&m}uD; Thomas Hardy a&;om;aom
vlysuf}uD; awmifvHk;ausmfwdk@ pum;ajym Tess of the D'Urbervillies 0wK}uD;udk
[efa&;om;&if; pufckwfoHvm; rdk;oHvm; q&m}uD; u yef; om rpmO trnfESifh
a[h/ pufckwfoHyJ/ rdk;oHyJa[hponfjzifh qDavsmfatmif jyefqdkcJhonf?
aw;a[mif;rsm;ud k qdk nnf ; ajym=u[ef rpmO 0wK}uD;udk tnmpum; tnm
a&;ojzifh ydkrdktouf0ifonf? av tnm[efESifh a&;om;xm;&m zGirfh ajym
ocif b aomif ; bmomjyef c J h a om ygu bmomjyefpmay[k r,HkEdkifavmuf
wdki f;jynf&efol jyZmwf rSm a&csKd ;qdyf wck atmif jrefrmqefaom 0wK}uD; jzpfonf?
onf vl xk t m; tE W &m,f ð yEk d i f a tmif q&m}uD;. taumif;qHk; *E0if0wKjzpf±Hk
,dk,Gif;aeonf? xdktrSefw&m;udk azmfxkwf omru jrefrmpmayavmu.taumif;qH;k
rdolwOD;tm; rdrdwdk@ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkuf 0wK}uD;wckvnf; jzpfaeav+yD?
rnfpdk;&GH@olrsm;u 0dkif;y,f=u/ &efðy=uyHkudk Zmwfaqmifrif;orD;uav; O u ol.
Zmwfvrf;zGJ@xm;onf? zcifu&dk mS azG&ef ayyifuek f;&Gmxdyrf S bHkqidk fo@dk
xd k j yZmwf w G i f tazmf r ygaom 0if o G m ;aomtcg t&uf a &mif ; aeol
wa,mufwnf ;onf tiftm;t}uD; qHk; tzGm;tdku vdkifpifoGif;vdk@ ydkwmuav;udk
jzpfonf [laom pmydk'fwckudk q&mESifh taysmf a omuf = uwmyg awmf ± d k @ [k
aqG;aEG;zl;onf? &Sif;ygw,fuG/ ESpfa,muf atmf[pf&mrS nnf;ES,fat toHuav;
qdk t,ltq uGJEkid fao;w,fav [k q&m bmav;ay;+yD; 0ifyg[,f [k ajym&SmyHk/
u ajz.? ,pfrsKd; wdk@ t&ufzrf; vmrnf a=umuf&GH@
ocif b aomif; a&;or#pmwdk @onf ojzifh vdk ifpifoGi f; vdk @ ydkwmuav;udk
vG,fu&l Sif;vif;aom aus;vufawm&GmoHk; taysmfaomuf=uwmygawmf±dk@ [k ajcoH
jrefr mpmpum;rsm;ES i fh zG J @qd k a vh& Sd onf ? =um;wdkif; *gxm&GwfqdkouJodk@ &GwfqdkyHkudk
1981 ckESpfu t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m uAsm tao;pdwf a&;om;ouJhodk@ pmydk'fwdkif;rSm
touf0ifatmif a&;om;xm;onf? a=umifh ol@udkawG@wmeJ@ ol&J@ rsufvHk;udk
ocifbaomif;onf b0pHkonf/ ol@ ud k ,f h vufe J @ azmufr ,f vd k @ qH k ; jzwf + yD ;
tm; aiG'*F g;twk nyfyHkvkyfonf[k ykvdyf &efukefwòrd@vHk; &Smwmaygh/ ql;avbk&m;
wdk@u ±dk;pGyfum zrf;qD;ppfaq;onfudkvnf; ajc&if; rSmawG @awmh ol u ajy;w,fa v/
cH&zl;onf? bm&rvJ udk,fu Av}uD;wmyJ[m aemuf
apwemuvnf; }uD;onf Armhacwf uvdkufawmh yef;jcHxJrSm rdw,fav/ ol@
wGif aqmif;yg;a&;&ef olu ab;wGJygaom tay:u cGpD;rdjyefawmhvnf; ol ematmif
armfawmfqdkifu,fESifh vmavh&Sdonf? olu rvkyf&ufygbl; [k aemufa=umif;jyefzl;
ql;avbk&m;vrf;wGif aexdkif+y;D wifarmifu onf?
vwWmvrf;wGif aeonf? tvkyfodrf;wdkif; ocifbaomif;ESifh tzGJ@wdk@onf wdk@Arm
xrif;au|;&ef ol. armfawmfqdkifu,fab; oDcsif; ESifh EdkifiHðypmwrf; rsm;ESifh v_H@aqmf
wGJESifhwifac:um vwWmvrf;odk@ ydk@ay;avh&Sd pnf;±Hk;r_t& ocifvli,ftrsm;wdk@ tòrd@òrd@
onf ? xd k t csd e f u armf a wmf q d k i f u ,f wGif ay:xGe;f vmapumrl i,f&, G folrsm;om
ab;wGJacwfukef+yD jzpfonf/ olu acgif; jzpfojzifh =oZmpuf odrfi,fae.? xdktcsdef
¶®»º®³Û¼µ··º ¬
Ø ³å ¬¼Û¼ô l ¶§²º»ôº©½µ¬¶¦°º®Í ½Ù¨ Ö Ù«º¿úå ±¼µÇ®Åµ©º
©ÙÖ¿»¿úå ¯Øµå¶¦©ºú»º §¹ªÜ®»º¿úÙå¿«³«º§ÙÖ«-·ºå§ú»º °Ü°Ñº¿±³¬½¹
ª´Þ«Üå§¼µ·åº Û¼µ··º ¿Ø úå¬¦ÙÖË®-³åÛÍ·¸º ±©·ºå°³©¼µÇ« ½ÙÖ¿úå©ÙÖ¿úå«¼°«* ¼µ
¶§·ºå¨»º°³Ù ¶··ºå½Øµ¿»Ó«°Ñº©Ù·º ±½·º©¼µÇ« ¶§©º±³å±²ºª ¸ ®ºå°Ñº«¼µ
½-®¿§åÛ¼·µ º±¶¦·º¸ Û¼µ··º ¿Ø úå¿ª³«Ä ¿¾åª´ ¶¦°º±Ù³å¶§»º±²ºñ
aygif; aygif;ao;onf/ wifarmifu ab;wGJ wGif t*Fvdyt f pdk;&u jrefrmEdik fiHudk 'dkiftmcD
ay:wGif ikwfww k x
f ikd fum pD;eif;avh&do
S nfukd pepfxuf jrifhrm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;opfay;
±kyfajymiftjzpf owif;pmavmuom;wdk@ &eftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; tdENd,jynfe,f
uomru &efukefol &efukefom;wdk@uyg wcktjzpfrS cGJxGufa&;/ odk@r[kwf wGJaea&;
wifarmifwdk@ q&mwynfhudk avSmif=uonf qHk;jzwf&ef ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJ usif;y&ef
udk cHcJh&onf? pDpOfaomtcg vl}uD;ydkif; Edik fiaH &;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh
ae@pOfvdk c±kacgufqGJ/ =uufom;yvm owif;pmwdk@u cGJa&;wGJa&; udpPudk jyif;xef
wm ponfjzifh wynfhudk au|;avh&Sdonf? pGm jiif;cHkae=upOfwGif ocifwdk@u jywfom;
pmynm tod ^ m%f } uD ; rm;aomf v nf ; onfhvrf;pOfudk csray;Edkifojzifh EdkifiHa&;
ypPnf;OpPm pkaqmif;rdrnfhol r[kwfygay? avmu. ab;vl jzpfoGm;jyefonf?
aiGvdrfr_vnf; usL;vGef&ef 0efrav;? 1931 ckESpfu &efukefwuUodkvfor*~wGif
&Jabmf&if; ocifpdk;u udk,fu oHvsif OD;babESifh a'gufwmAarmfwdk@ cGJa&;wGJa&;
bDtdkpD ±Hk;pma&;uav;b0rSm/ uspfuspfyg pum;ppfxdk;yGu J ku
d sif;ypOfu ocifbaomif;
atmif pkxm;wJh aiGuav;oHk;&mudk olu u y&dowftjzpf pifjrifhay:odk@ wufcJhonf?
oHk;ypfvdkuw f ,fav/ 'Dawmh rcHcsifvGef;wm wGJa&;udk rJay;=ur,fqdkv#if t*Fvdyfu|ef
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
tjzpf usef&pf=u&rSmaygh/ cGJa&;udk rJay;=u [pfwvmESifh E_dif;pmr,fqdkv#if usaemfu
v#ifvnf; rxl;ygbl;/ t*Fvdyf&J@ oabmuf trsm;}uD ; omwmaygh ? [pf wvmygwD
jzpfae&rSmygyJ [k wifjyonf? wnfaxmifwkef;u wa,mufxJ &Sd&Smw,f/
owdk;rif;zsm;acwfu olcdk;iwufjym; yduk q
f u H av; rjzpfpavmuf &Spjf ym;avmuf
vdk owWd&Sd =uzdk @vd kygonf ? iwufj ym;udk eJ@ axmif cJh w,f [k ocifb aomif; u
zrf;rdwJhtcgrSm bk&ifu æ um;pifwuf+yD; tm;wufoa&m rdef@cGef;ay;cJhonf?
owf&rvm;/ vnfacsmif;ukdcGJ+yD; owf&r uHtm;avsmfpGm tcGifhtvrf;wckudk
vm;/ b,fvdkaocsifovJ/ aoenf;udk a&G; olwdk@ awG@=uonf?
ayawmh armifrif;vdk@ ar;ygw,f? 'Dawmh cGJa&;wGJa&; ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJr0if[k
iwufjym;u æ usKyf bmrS rvdkcsifbl;/ rlvu qHk;jzwfcJhapumrl =um; a&G;aumufyGJ
cifAsm;}u;D &J@ab;rSmxdkiaf ewJh rdzk&m;}u;D udkyJ wckESifh ñuóH uu d af omtcg ocifbaomif;u
vdkcsifw,fvdk@ ajymwma=umifh ol&J@owWdudk 0ifa&muftm;prf;&mrS ocifygwDv_yf&Sm;r_
od&Sd +yD; olaumif;ðyjcif; cH&ygw,f? ArmawG rsm; pwifEdkifcJhonf?
owWd&Sd=uyg/ cGJa&; wGJ a&; rvdkcsif=uygeJ@ a&$bdkòrd@ ta&S@ydkif;rJqENe,frS trwfrif;
vGwv f yfa&;udw k udk =f uygpojzifh a[majym OD;okwqdo k ul G,v f eG fojzifh =um;a&G;aumuf
cJhonf? yGJusif;y&m ocifbaomif; 0ifa&muf ta&G;
ol. vrf;pOfonf rSefuefaomfvnf; cH&ef qHk;jzwf=uavonf/ 1933 ck Edk0ifbm
vlxk}uD;w&yfvHk; cGJa&; wGJa&; jy\emudk vxJwGif ocifbaomif;ESifhtwl ocifApdef/
om pdwf0ifpm;ae=uojzifh em;r0ifcJ h=u ocifxGe;f a&$ESifh ocifode;f armifwk@d yg &efukef
jyefay? rS a&$bdkodk@vdkufvm=u+yD; a&$bdkrS trmcH
pnf;±Hk;a&;t&Sdefjrifh&eftwGuf nDvmcH ocifwOD;jzpfol ocifAcef@tdrfwGif ocif
wckukd ocifbaomif;u ol.aetdrf A[ef; ygwD±Hk;zGifhum a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pnf;±Hk;
a&wm&Snfvrf; trSwf 33 wGif 1933 ck =uavonf? ocifygwDvrf;pOfudk a&$bdkòrd@
Zlvdkifv 4-5-6 &ufrsm;wGif usif ;y&m e,fwGif a[majympnf;±Hk;=uonf?
ocifodef;[ef/ ocifAwif/ ocifApdef/ ocif
vSabmf/ ocifodef;armifESifh udktkef;cifwdk@ ±½·º¬¦ÙÖË®Í³
om wufojzifh ocifbaomif;yg 6 OD;om «-¿»³º©¿ô³«º¬¶§·º
wufa&muf=uonf? ½·ºß-³å©¼µÇ ë ¿ô³«º«
tjrwfawmfcGef±Hk;rS pma&;udktkef;cifu »Ø¿¾å®Í³úÍ¼¿»Ò§Ü®¼µÇ
nDvmcHwufapumrl ocifemrnfudk ,lol
r[kwfojzifh a'gifa'gifrnf ocif 5 OD;om
¬³å©«ºú§¹©ôºñ
&Sad eonf? Å°º©ª³ÛÍ·º¸Û¼×·ºå°³®ôº¯¼µªÏ·º
ocifb aomif;url pdwfrysufyga y/ «-¿»³º« ¬®-³åÞ«Üå±³©³¿§¹¸ñ
tckvdk &Jabmfrsm;udk awG@&wmrdk@ 0rf;om Å°º© ª³
tm;wufjzpf&ygw,f/ ociftzGJ@rSm usaemf §¹©Ü©²º¿¨³·º©µ»ºå«
wa,muftjyif cifAsm;wdk@ 5 a,mufu ©¿ô³«º¨Ö úÍ¼ú³Í ©ôºñ
eH a b;rS m &S d a e+yD r d k @ tm;wuf & ygw,f ?
a[majymcsufudk ta=umif;ðyI a&$bdk
¿¨³·º¿ú”ÌË°Ñº©·Ù º
ta&;ydkifu yk'fr 144 t& a&$bdkc±dkifrS xGuf
cGmay;&rnf[k ESifxkwfaomtcg olwdk@u ª®ºå©¿ªÏ³«ºªåØµ ”
tm%mzDqef=uojzifh ykvdyfwdk@u zrf;qD; Ã±½·º®-Õ¼å¿Å¸ ©¼µÇß®³á
vdkuf+yD; axmif'%f 4 v tjypfay;onf? ª³®²º¸¿¾å ¿¶§å¿©ÙËá
csufcsif;yif rE Wav;axmif/ jrif;jcHaxmif/ ¬¿®«¿®Ùå ¿¨³·º«¿«Îå”£
o&ufò rd@axmifESifh &efukefaxmifodk@ a&$@ Å´¿±³ ¿”ä«å¿Ó«³º±Ø®-³å«¼µ
vdu k o f nf? axmifa&$@pOfwiG f vrf;wav#muf
¿¬³ºÅ°ºÓ«±²ºñ
vHk; ocifrsKd;a[h wdk@Arm/ vmrnfhab;
ajy;awG @ / taruarG ; axmif u au|; ¨¼µ®Ï®«¿±å ¬°³·©º½Ø©¼µ«º§ÙÖ
[laom aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udk atmf[pf=u ¯·ºÛ”ÖÌÓ«¿±å±²ºñ
onf? xdkr#ruao; tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJ qifEJ$
=uao;onf/ ocifwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_owif; uawmh rif;yJ a&G;+yD;zdwfuGm [k ajym+yD;
rsm;udk &efukefòrd@ owif;pmrsm;u tom; igraorD olwdk@udk E_wfqufcJhcsifw,f[k
ay;um azmfjy=uonf? TwGifrS ocifygwD wnf=unfpGmajym&Sm.?
udk jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;u od&Sdvm=u+yD; vli,f aiGvdyfudk ppf=unfhaomtcg zlvHkonf/
rsm;. wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; ocifygwD} uD; ydkv#Honf? ol@tvdkt& crf;em;aom npm
ay:aygufvmcJh&onf? EdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&; pm;yGJwckudk w±kwf[dkw,fwckY usif;yay;
wdkufyGJwGif ta&;ygpGm 0ifa&muftm;xkwf cJhonf? a&$yGJvm{nfhonfawmfwdk@u ykvif;
EdkifcJh.? rsm; ygvm=uojzihf E_wfqufyGJrSm pnfum;
ocif b aomif ; a[mcJ h onf h twd k i f ; onf/ aysmf=uonf/ aemuf vGrf;=uonf/
Adkvfae0if;ac:ol t±l;wa,mufu jrefrmh awmfawmfESifh r+yD;Edkif?
vrf;pOfq&dk S,fvpfygwD axmifco Jh jzifh a&eHqD rdrdaoawmhrnfxifojzifh yGJusif;yap
&Sm;onfudk jrefrmrsm; vufa wG@jrifcJh=u aomq&monf touf j yif ; onf ? v
&.? tenf ; i,f = umaomtcg ql ; avyef ; jcH
1976 ckESpfu qdk&S,fvpftpdk;& jyef=um; axmihfwGif awG@&onf? ig raoao;bl;
a&;Xme 'k!$efrSL; wifarmif.±Hk;odk@ ocif uG[kajym+yD; wifarmif. ydkufqHtdwfudk
baomif;wa,muf 0ifvmonf? a&eHqD qGJ=unfhI awG@or# ,loGm;onf? tck ig
&Sm;wm jrif+yDvm;a[h [k pum;emxd;k +yD; bdkifusjyef+yD [k ajymcJhonf?
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk pm;ðrH@jyefonf? xdk @aemuf q&mudk rawG @&awmh + yD?
0vifpGm pum;ajym+yD;aemuf q&mu wifarmifu tar&duefodk@ vGifhvmrS 1981
tdwfwGif;rS aiGpuULwvdyfudk xkwfI tyf ck {+yD 21 &ufae@u EdkifiHom;wdk@ESifh pmay
onf? rif;&J@ t"du tvkyfu {nfhcHyJGawG avmu. acgif;aqmif}uD; b0ul;&Smav
pDpOfwJhtvkyfqdkwm igodygw,f? 'Dawmh onf[k od&.? ? Ô
ightwGuf E_wfqufnpmpm;yGJwck pDpOfay;
uGm [kapcdik ;f onf? olzw d v f kad om Edik if aH &; aumufa-umif; yef;csD = aersKd;aq;
vl}uD;rsm;pm&if;udk ay;onf? pmayavmu
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
tmp&d tqlql = 5
aju;rHkOD;aomif;
pufwifbm 13/ 2007

bmoma&;pmayq&m}uD; OD;Ek
wifarmifwa,muf ArmhacwfY t,f'Dwmaygufpe &mxl;udk&pOfu vkyfief;}uD;

wckudkvkyfcGifh&ojzifh vGefpGmauseyfchJrdonf? vli,fyDyD rmewufcJhrdao;onf?
wifarmifonf oloGm;av&mY pmtkyfwpftkyf tjrJaqmifavh&Sd.? oef@&Sif;&ef puUL
ndK zHk;avh&Sdonf? wae@wGif Armhacwft,f'DwmcsKyf OD;tkef;cifu qGJI=unfhonf? zwfvdk
onfqdkojzifh iSm;vdkuf&onf? 3 tkyfcef@iSm;rdaomtcg rif;ESifhig pmtkyftóudufwlw,f?
'Dawmh rif;0,for# ighzdk@wtkyfyg ESpftkyf0,fuGm [k wm0efay;onf? ol@rSm pmtkyfqdkif
oGm;csdef r&Sd?
OD;tke;f cifuvnf; olóuu d af ompmtkyf a&G;cs,f 0,f,l&onf? vrf;pOf}uD; 2 ckudk
udk 0ef} uD ;csKyfOD ;Ekt m; iSm;&avh &S dojzif h r#watmif a&G ; &onf ? waeuke fonf ?
aemufyidk f;wGif wifarmif0,for# 3 tkyf0,f jynfol@pmtkyfqdkifodk@ ppfwyfrS AdkvfrSL;}uD;
&onf? pmtkyf qdki fwGif owif; pmwdk uf rsm; pwnf;csum avyef;&if; owif;pkavh
twGuf pm&if;zGiu fh m0,fap&mwGif wifarmif &So
d jzifh wifarmifrSm owd}u;D pGm xm;&ao;
twGuf pmtkyfzdk;udkyg wdkufuay;ojzihf onf? Ad kvfrS L;}uD; rsm;onf tzrf; tqD;
wifarmiftzdk@ pmtkyfzdk;rukefbJ tacsmif vuf oGuf= uonfrdk@ pGef @pm;vkyfaqmif&
zwf&onf? aomt=um;Y wcgw&HwGif q&m}uD;u ol
aiGoufomonfxuf t,f'DwmcsKyf cHwGif;rawG@aompmtkyfudk 0,frdv#if ql
}uD;ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyfwdk@tm; OD;aESmuftpm onf? pdk;}uD;. pmwdk@rSm pmwdkawmif;aomf
quf&onfh tcGifhta&;udk vGefpGm auseyfrd vnf; qlylaigufief;oHu pl;&Sonf? jyif;xef
onf? onf?
wifarmifY OD;tkef;cifa&m/ OD;Ekwdk@yg q&m}uD; tqlcH&apumrl tE&m,f
rodaom v#Kd@0Sufcsufwck &Sdae.? olwdk@ }uD;apumrl aysmfcJhonf? ,ckwzef 0ef}uD;
twGuf pmtkyf0,f&ef wm0efruspOf uyif csKyftwGuf pmawmfquf &mxl; xrf;&
yk*~dKvf(}uD;)wOD;twGuf pmtkyft0,fawmf aomtcg ydkIaysmrf donf? EdkifiH.acgi;f aqmif
&mxl;udk wifarmifu &&Sdxm;+yD; jzpfae }uD; 3 OD ; 0ef }uD ; csKyf/ ol ykef Ad kvf csKyfES if h
onf? t,f'DwmcsKyf}u;D wdk@tm; OD;aESmufaq;&ol
tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD awmcdkonfESifh tjzpf rdrdpdwfxJrS wdwfwqdwf rmewufrd
vufeufpkaqmif;&onfhtjyif ocifpdk;zwf onf?
&ef pmtkyf tjrJrjywf&ef pDpOf=u&onf? pifppftm;jzifh pmtkyf0,f+yD; OD; EkxH
wif a rmif u ygwD 0ify g&ap[k a jympOf u ydk@&onfu ydkIaysmf.? OD;Eku pma=umif;
acgif;&rf;aom q&m}uD;u òrd@ay:rSm pmtkyf aya=umif;aumufcsuðf yavh&o dS jzifh pmpum;
0,fIydk@ap&ef &JeDausmf0if;/ &JeDxGef;pdefwdk@u ajymcGifhñuH&onfrSm t&omyif?
wifarmiftm; wm0efay;onfudk oabm wifarmifonf OD;Ek. pmayy&dowf
wlonf? jzpfonf? 0ef}uD;csKyt f jzpfxuf pma&;q&m
qufom;u vpOf aiG 300 rS 500 }uD;tjzpf ydkI =unfndKonf? OD;Ek. pmtkyf
usyf t xd wif a rmif vuf o d k @ ay;onf ? rSefor#udkzwfum auseyfaeol jzpfonf?
q&m}uD ;u olzwf csif a om pmtk yfrsm; OD;Ek. pma&;enf;udkvnf; ESpfoufonf?
pm&if;udk a&;xm;onfhpm&Gufudk ay;onf? 1950 ck jynfawmfomyef;wdkif pmtkyf
awmwGif;odk@pmtkyfrsm;ydk@&ef qufom; Y ausmif;om;rsm;udk wm0ef}u;D wck tyfyg&
trsm;&So d jzihfvG,u f o
l nf? odk@aomf pmtkyf ap[k arwWm&yf&mwGif rif;wdk@usKyfwdk@&J@
a&G;&onfrSm rvG,fay? ocifausmfpdef. jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk a&rsufESmjyifvdk r+idrf
jynfol@pmay pmtkyfqdkifoGm;um ±k&Sjynf roufj zpf aewJ hb 0u ajrrsuf ESm jyif vdk
xGuf vuf0Jpme,fZif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;I wnfwHhcdkifjrJwJhb0udka&mufatmif wnf
0,f&onf? xdk@jyif ociftke;f jrifh. &efausmf aqmufay;=uyg [k zGJ@oDyHkudk twk,l&ef
pmtkyfqdkifrSm w±k wf eD pme,fZif ;rsm;udk rSwfom;oif=um;avh&Sdonf?
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
,if;od@k rdrdu txif}u;D aeaom q&m}u;D u EdkifiHjcm;Y usaemf u aemuf
a[majymcsuf pmwrf;wckudkzwf&ojzihf wifarmifonf wae@eH e uf a pmrS m qnf
b0ifqdk@oGm;cJhrdonf? abmif±;kd rSm ±d;k &mewfrif;rsm;
tar&duefajrmufydkif; tDvDEdGKufwuUodkvf jrefrm udk yla Zmf wJh ewf uEMm;yGJ
odoiftzGJ@ . 1988 ck pmwrf;zwfyGJY OD;Eku æ usif;yygw,f? rdk; xdefxdef
usaemf ewfudk,Hk=unfygw,f? udk,fawG@rdk@ av;av; vif;wmeJ@ rdk;awG tHk@vm+yD;
eufeuf ,Hkygw,f? usaemfh&J@a,muQr}uD;[m ol&J@tdrfrSm aerxGufawmhb J rdk; onf;
ewftek f;oD;qGJ+yD;ylaZmfzk@d arhavsmrh w d ma=umifh umvtwef xefpmG &Gmcsygw,f? qnf}u;D
=um udk,fvufrtDromjzpf+yD; a&m*gpHkpGJuyf+yD; aorvdk a&v#Hvdk@ ,dkayguf}uD;ydwf
jzpf c J h z l ; ygw,f ? rd w f a qG w OD ; u owd a y;wma=umif h oGm;rS tif*sifeD,mawGu
ewfuawmfyifh+yD; ewfar;awmhrS tdrfapmihfewfu zrf;pm; ±dk;&menf;udk ,Hk=unfoGm;
wmudk od&ygw,f? a[m=um;csuft& ewftkef;oD;qGJ+yD; =uygw,f
ylaZmfvdkufwmeJ@ csufcsif; usef;rmwmudk jrif&ygw,f æ OD ; Ek o nf vG e f p G m ±k d ;
'gwif ruygbl;? 1955 ck u usaemf wdk @tpk d; &u om;ojzifh rdrd,Hk=unfcsuf
rdwDvme,frSm awmifykvkqnf}uD; aqmufygw,f? qnf ud k yGi f h vif ; pG m ajymcJ h .?
}uD;+yD;vdk@zGifhyGJvkyfzdk@ csdef;owf+yD; pDpOfygw,f? &efukefu wifarmiftzdk@ qÏoH*g,em
0ef}uD;awG/ t&m&SdawGeJ@ tylydkif;a'ou v,form;awGudk wif rif;w&m;}uD;u Todk@
zdwfxm;ygw,f? &ufcsdef;eD;rS tif*sifeD,mrsm;u zGifhyGJ aom a[majymr_ rðyoif[ h k
a&$@yg&apvdk@ usaemfhxH wifjyygw,f? ta=umif;u qnf}uD; ,lqojzifh b0ifrus jzpf
wae&mrSm pdrfh,dkaeygw,fvdk@ ajymygw,f æ aecJh.?
zmax;zdk@ajymawmh ckwavm rdk;acgifwma=umifh aemuf w csD tD vD E d G K uf
qnfrSma&r&SdbJ a&cef;aevdk@jzpf&wm a&jynfhv#if tvdk wuU odk vf jref rmodoif
tavsmuf ,dkpdrfhwm ydwfygr,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tif*sifeD,m tzG J @ . 1987 ck pmwrf ;
awG&J@jy\emudk ajz&Sif;zdk@pOf;pm;&ygw,f? enf;&Sdw,fqdk zwfyJw G Gif a[majymjyefao;
wm usaemfujrifwma=umifh zGifhyGJudk&ufra&$@ygeJ@ trdef@ay; onf? xdkpmwrf;zwfyGJwGif
awmhu rsufvHk;jyL; rsufqHjyL; jyefoGm;&Smygw,f æ wif a rmif u jref r mjynf
owif;vGwf vyfcGifhpmwrf;
zwf & oj zif h p mzw f y G J .
rif;om;}uD; OD;Ek.pmudk em;
ESifhqwfqwf =um;&onf?
xdkpOfu OD;Ek. pmwrf;
rSm olawmfaumif;wdk@tusifh
aumif;ojzifh ewfbHkjA[Rm
bHkY pHpm;&yHkudk ajymonf?
rd r d . 0J , mwG i f ewf o rD ;
wzuf 500 pDðypk=u&onfh
a-u;rHkO;D aomif; ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek ta=umif;udk zGJ@.?
xdkta=umif;udkvnf; OD;Ekurajymoifh urB m }uD ; ta=umif ; rS owW 0 gwd k @
[k wifarmifu ,lqonf? npmpm;yGJY ta=umif;udk em;vnf=uap&ef &Sif;vif;pGm
tar&duef trsKd;orD;wOD;u æ a&;xm;onf? &yfjypf&Spfyg; ²²²
rif;wdk@ewfbHkrSm ewforD; 1000 u (1) i&J/
ewfom; wa,mufudk azsmfajz=u&awmh (2) wd&p>mef/
ewforD;jzpf&&if trsKd;orD;wdk@tcGihfta&; (3) +ydwWm/
ew d y gvm; [k pum;emxd k ; onf u d k (4) tonowfbHk/
wifarmifu cHcJh&onf? (5)omoemawmf ES i fh a0;uG mvS rf ;
TtawG@tñuHrsm;t& OD;Ek. pmrsm; aoma'oY vljzpfaeol/
udk udk;uG,faeaom wifarmiftzdk@ OD;acgif; (6) omomjcm;jzpfaeol/
xJY txHk;}uD;wck jzpfaecJh onf? (7) w&m;awmfudk em,lEdkif&ef udk,f
awmfao;onf? uHaumif;.? vGefcJh t*F grjynfhol/
aomvu OD;Eka&;aom i&Jqdk csKdeJ@vm; (8) omomemawmf uif;ycsdefY vljzpf
AsKd@ pmtkyfudk rdwfaqGwOD;u vufaqmif rd ol[laom tjypf 8 yg;&yfvGwfygu xdk
ay;onf? 1963 ckESpfu a&=unftdkifwGif vlom;onf qufIusihyf gu &[EmrS bk&m;
tusOf;uspOfu a&;onf[k qdkonf? txd u|wfvGwfEkdifonf[k &Sif;jyonf? Ak'<
vlaumif;vlqdk;wdk@. tqdk;taumif; omomjrefrmwdk@ ukov dk fxl;yHkudk !$ejf yxm;
ðyrlcsufrsm;udk igpum;ESifh a&;xm;onfh onf?
0wKwdkrsm;rSm touf0ifvSaoma=umif h Ak'<omom0ifwdk@tzdk@ æ
pmtkyfqHk;rS &yfEdkifonf? 1? owfjzwfvdkpdwf
2? cdk;0Sufvdkpdwf
¬ªØ»Ü«Ù»º¶®Ô»°º§¹©Ü 3? umrr_ rSm;,Gif;vdkpdwf
¿©³½¼µ±²ºÛÍ·º¸ 4? vdrfajymvdkpdwf
ª«º»«º°µ¿¯³·ºåú±²º¸¬¶§·º 5? ao&nft&uf aomufvdkpdwf
uif;jywfv#if pif=u,fol aomwmyef
±½·º°¼µå¦©ºú»º jzpfae+yD? bk&m; &[Emtjzpf u|wfvGwf
°³¬µ§º ¬¶®Ö®¶§©ºú»º atmif tm;xkwfEdkifav+yD[k &Sif;jyonf??
°Ü°ÑºÓ«ú±²ºñ wifarmiftzdk@ OD;Eku om"uðyaom
©·º¿®³·º« 0wKrsm;ESifh &Sif; jycsufrsm;udk zwf&aom
§¹©Üð·º§¹ú¿°Åµ¿¶§³°Ñº« a=umifh rdrd. b0tem*wfta&;twGuf
¿½¹·ºåú®ºå¿±³ ¯ú³Þ«Üå« }uD;pGm tm;wufrdonf?
Ak't
< bd"rRmudk tJvykd AJ sK@d [k t&yfom;
”Ò®¼ÕË¿§æ®Í³ °³¬µ§ºðôº3§¼µÇ¿°ú»º pum;ajymum a&;om;a[m=um;cJhaom
úÖ»Ü¿«-³ºð·ºåá úÖ»Ü¨Ù»ºå°¼»º©¼µÇ« aus;Zl;um; }u;D rm;vSojzifh wifarmifonf
©·º¿®³·º¬³å ©³ð»º¿§å±²º«¼µ OD;Ektm; tjrJwap &Sdcdk;aerdygawmh.? ? Ô
±¿¾³©´±²ºñ

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
Adv
k fcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$. zdwf-um;v$m
aju;rHkOD;aomif;
atmufwdkbm 7/ 2007
+ird 0f yfyjd ym;r_twGuf tm;xkw&f mrS jynfoEl iS hw

f yfrawmfw@kd wOD;udw k OD; wk@H jyef±du
k Ef u
S f
cJrh d=uonftxd jy\emwufc&Jh onfudk etztpdk;& wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}u;D
oef;a&$ rvdkvm;onfrSm trSefjzpfayonf?
EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;u txiftjrifvGJrSm;=uavojzifh ukvor*~udk,fpm;vS,f}uD;
vma&mufajz&Sif;&onfudkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;u rvdkvm;cJhay?
,if;uJhodk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; rvdkvm;tyfaomjzpf&yfrsm; ray:aygufap&eftwGuf
EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ ppftpdk;&toGifrS a&G;aumufwifajrmufaom
jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;utkyfcsKyfaom ygvDreftpdk;&odk@ ajymif;vJa&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;
ajrykHtpDtpOfudk tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifcJhayonf?
a&G;aumufwifajrmufaom jynfolwdk@utkyfcsKyfaom ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpHepfudk yDjyif
pGmwnfaxmif&ef tao;pdwftm;xkwfco Jh nfrmS ESpfaygif; 14 ESpfwkid fwdkif =umjrifhcaJh yonf?
,cktcg tajccHOya'a&;om;&ef tm;xkwcf aJh om trsKd;om;nDvmcH}u;D rSm atmifjrif
pGmESifh vkH;0+yD;pD;cJhav+yD? EdkifiHa&;ajrykHopft& EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH Oya'opf}uD;.
vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm; tao;pdwf EdkifiHawmfopfwGif 'kwd, orRw 3 OD;
vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk trsKd;om;nDvmcH}uD; &Sdrnf? wOD;udk ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
u wduspGm a&;om;!$e=f um;xm;&SdcJhav+yD? (oef; a&$ )u cef@xm;rnf? usef 2 OD ;udk
EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOf ajrykH}uD;t& a&;qGJae v$wfawmf 2 &yfu a&G;cs,f cef@xm;&rnf?
aom 'Drd kua&pD tajccH Oya'opf} uD; udk EdkifiHawmforRw&mxl;udk txl;zGJ@pnf;
taqmwvsif a&;om;ae=u+yD jzpfonf? xm;aom trwfrif ;rsm;ESi fh wyfrawmf
xdkOya'}u;D wGifyg0ifrnfh tcsut f vufrsm; ppfO;D pD;csKyf udk,pf m;vS,yf g0ifaomaumfrwD
rSm 1947 cku AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;pD;a&; u a&G;cs,f&rnf?
qGJaom yxrzG J@pnf;ykH} uD;xuf omvGef xdkrnfaom 'Drdkua&pDygvDrefpepfodk@
onfudk awG@&SdEdkif=uayonf? ajymif;vJa&;udk jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd EdkifiHa&;
1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif jynfol@ tiftm; tm;vkH;wdk@u yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
v$wfawmfESifh trsKd;om;v$waf wmf 2 &yfom =u&ef Adkvcf sKyrf SL;}u;D oef;a&$u tEl;t!Gwf
&SdcJhonf? ,ck 2007 ck Oya'wGif wdkif;ESifh zdwf=um;aeyga=umif;?
jynfe,frsm;twGuf oD;jcm;v$wfawmfrsm; 1990 jynfha&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf
ay;rnfjzpfojzifh v$wfawmfaygi;f 17 ck&Sdrnf ,SOfòydifcJhaom wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwf
jzpfonf? a&;ygwD/ em*awmifwef; wdk;wufa&;ygwD/
tkyfcsKyfa&;wGiv f nf; wdkif;ESifh jynfe,f trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf udk,fpm;vS,f
14 ck/ jynfaxmifpke,fajr 2 ck/ udk,fydkif qdkaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qkH
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif; 1 ck ESifh a'o 5 ck cGJjcm; umaqG;aEG;=u+y;D 'Dru kd a&pDEkid if o
H pfxal xmif
tkyfcsKyf=u&rnf jzpfonf? =u&ef wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
v$wfawmf zG J@pnf ;ykH rS m jynfol@v$ wf oef;a&$u tEl;t!Gwf zdw=f um;aeyga=umif;?
awmftrwf 330 ESifh trsKd;om;v$wfawmf 1990 jynfha &G ;aumuf yGJwGif olEdkif
wGif trwf 168 ck &Sdonf? trwfae&m onf/ igEdkifonf[k rpifacsmufudk a&El;ae
tpk p k 498 ae&mwd k @ ud k jynf o l w d k @ u olrsm;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ tpdk;&tm;
vGwv f yfpGm a&G;aumufwifajrmuf=u&rnf jynfyrSzd tm;ay;&ef v_H@aqmfolrsm;tm;
jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u vufcHawG@qkHrnf
jynf ol wd k @u a&G ;cs,f wif a jr m uf & r[kwf[kvnf; od&Sd&ayonf? ? Ô
aom trwfrif; 496 OD;wdk@udk xdef;ausmif;
&eftwGuf wyfrawmfrS ppft&m&Sd 166 udk o±kyfazmf yef;csD = armif&pf
v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif wufa&muf
twlxdkifap&rnf?
xd k t &m&S d 166 OD ; ud k wyf r awmf
ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; (oef;a&$) u
a&G;cs,fapv$wfrnf jzpfonf? trwfOD;a&
. 4 ykH 1 ykHaom ppft&m&Sd 166 OD;wdk@u
trwfrif;rsm;tm; ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pD
usifhokH;&ef/ vrf;!$ef&efom jzpfonf?
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
wdk;wufaom a&S;acwfa[mif;udk vGrf;qGwfrdjcif;

aju;rHkOD;aomif;
atmufwdkbm 11/ 2007
ta&;tcif;a=umifh jrefrmusyfaiG puULaps; usqif;oGm;onf? aygufaps;rSm tar&duef

aiG wa':vmudk jrefrmusyfpuUL 1400 &Sdae+yD[k owif;udkzwfvdkuf&ojzifh rif;ESifhjynfol
nD!Gwfaom 'Drdkua&pDacwfa[mif;udk jyefI=unfhrdonf?
1952 ckESpfu EdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@a&mif;csaom ukefpnfwefzdk;rSm jrefrmusyfaiG 129

ukaÉ&Sd+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS 0,f,laom ukefwefzdk; rSm jrefrmusyfaiG 66 ukaÉom &Sdonf?
jynfwGif;ppfjzpfaeygvsuf ydk@ukefrsm; wdk;wuf ydk@Edkifaoma=umifh jrefrmusyfaiG.wefzdk;rSm
rsm;aomtm;jzifh wa':vmvsif 4d 67jym;/ 6 usyfatmuf tjrJ&Sdojzifh urBmay:wGif
cdkifrmr_t&SdqkH; aiGpuULwck jzpfaecJhonf?
1962 cku awmfvSefa&;tpdk;& trnf cJhonf? EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&; qlòzd;vmcJhonf?
jzifh tm%modrf;pOfu tpdk;&a&$wdkufawmf pD;u&uf/ EdkifvGefpaom jrefrmjzpf ukefpnf
wGif Edik fiHjcm;okH;aiG &efyakH iGpm&if;rSm a&$ tyg rsm;udk tm&SEdkifiHrsm;odk@ wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifcJh
t0if usyf 821 oef;zdk; &SdcJhonf? ppftpdk;& avonf? udk&;D ,m;ppfa=umifh owWKaps;rsm;
rsm;acwfwGif a&$wdkufawmf &efykHaiG pm&if;yg jrifh+yD; 0,ftm;aumif;vmaomtcg oHjzL
aysmufoGm;.? ponfh owWKtrsm; xkwfvkyfaom jrefrm
EdkifiHonf ºuG,f0vmcJhonf?
'Drdkua&pDacwfu pD;yGm;a&;cdkifvkHonf
rSm rd k;ay:uusvmonfr[kwf? vlxku vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udk wdk;csJ@onf?
a&G;aumufwifajrmufvdkufaom tpdk;&u usyf 45 odef;wef &efukefblwmopf}uD;udk
tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh jzpfxGef;&.? wnfaqmufcJhonf? ppftwGi;f u csK;d cJhonfh
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf e,frsm;odk@oGm; tif;0wHwm;udk jyifqifwnfaqmufcho J nf?
a&mufwdkif; EdkifiHom;wdk@ vdktyfonfrsm;udk pDrHudef;wdk@onf 3 vcef@apmI +yD;pD;avh&Sd
ïçêî ½µ« ¿©³ºªÍ»º¿úå¬°¼µåú¬®²º¶¦·º¸ ¬³”Ð³±¼®ºå°Ñº«

¬°¼µåú¿úÌ©” ¼µ«º¿©³º©Ù·º Û¼µ·º·Ø¶½³å±µØå¿·Ù ú»º§µØ¿·Ù°³ú·ºå®Í³
¿ú”Ì ¬§¹¬ð·º «-§º èîï ±»ºå¦¼µåúÍ¼½¸± Ö ²ºñ °°º¬°¼µåú®-³å¿½©º©Ù·º
¿ú”Ì©¼µ«º¿©³º ú»º§µØ¿·Ù°³ú·ºå§¹ ¿§-³«º±Ù³åÄñ
udk,fawG@rsufjrif avhvmonf? e,fwdk@Y onf? a&$ref;ar trnfESifh &efukef rE Wav;

vdktyfaeonfyh nma&;twGuf rlvwef;rsm; ae@csif; / ncsif;ayguf &xm;ajy;EdkifvmcJh
wdk;csJ@zGifhvSpfa&;/ usef;rma&;twGuf aq;±kH onf? r*Fvm'kHavqdyf}uD;udk topfwnf
rsm;wdk;wufzGiv fh Spfa&;/ aus;&Gm aq;ay;cef; aqmufco hJ nf? xdpk Ofu xdik ;f Edik if H befaumuf
rsm; zGifhvSpaf &;udk OD;pm;ay;um vkyaf qmifcJh avqdyf/ tD*spfedkifiH udkif±dkavqdyfwdk@xuf
onf? jrefrmavqdyfu omvGefaumif;rGefonf
txd zGH@òzd;cJhavonf?
rlvwef;ausmif;opfrsm; zGifhvSpfEdkif&ef
2 ESptf wGi;f rlvwef;ausmif;q&m 2 aomif; tm&SwGif pufr_vufr_ acgif;axmifvm
&&Sdr_ pDrHudef;/ aus;&Gmwdk@Y olemðyaq;cef; aom jref r mjynf u a&S @ wqif h wuf & ef
rsm;zGifhvSpf+yD; 0rf;qGJq&mrrsm; cef@xm;a&; ajcvSrf;opf vSr;f cJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;rS ynm&Sif
ponfh pDrHudef;rsm;udk csrSwfvkyf aqmifcJh rsm;udkzdwfum t=uHawmif;onf? +Adwdo#
onf? ynm&Sif 5 OD; tar&duefrS 2 OD; wdk@tm;
jrefrmho,HZmwrsm;udk tajcðyI t=uHay;
pufrv_ ufr0_ ef}u;D OD;ausm+f idr;f / ul;oef; iSm;&rf;cJhonf?
a&mif;0,fa&;0ef}u;D OD;&m&Spfw@dk .tm;xkwf ynm&Sifwdk@u -
r_t& pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm; wdk;wufvm 1? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;/

®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
2? qnfajrmif;/
3? qdyfurf;eJ@a&a=umif;
4? rD;&xm;
5? ava=umif;
6? a=u;eef;
7? pufr_vufr_
8? owWK
9? v#yfppf
10? opfvkyfief; wdk@xlaxmif&ef usyfaiGukaÉ 750 zdk; vdktyfaom pDrHudef;rsm;udk
a&;qGJay;=uonf?
EdkifiHjcm;tul tenf;i,fESifh wefzdk;cdkifrmaom jynfwGif;usyfaiGtrsm;udk tokH;ðyrnfh

pDrHudef;udka&;qGJ&ef nDvmcH}uD;w&yf usif;ypDpOfcJhonf? &efukef usKduUqHjrif;òydifuGif;}uD;Y
1952 ck =o*kwfv 4 &ufae@rS pwifum }uD; rm;cef; em;pGm usif;yI jynfawmfom
pDrHudef;}uD;udk vlxkenf;eJ@ a&;=u onf? b0opfpDru H ed ;f / pD;yGm;a&;pDru
H ed ;f rsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
pDrHudef;ESifh vlxk vwfwavm oufomacsmifcsda&; pDrHudef;rsm;udk a&;qGJ=uonf?
vlxkoufomr_twGuf vdktyfaom vrf;azmufjcif;/ wHwm;aqmifjcif;/ a&wGif;
a&uefwl;jcif; ponfwdk@udk A[kdtpdk; &u rudkifbJ vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifonfh
jynfawmfomtzGJ@rsm;udk tm%mv$Jay;cJhavonf? usyf 1 aomif;xuf rydkaom vkyfief;
rsm;/ vkyfaqmifcGifhudk jynfolwdk@u uGyu f &GJ ef tm%mtyfcahJ vonf? 'Dru dk a&pD a'oE&
tkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfudk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf azmf=uonf?
Todk@aom atmifyGJrsm;udk vlxku rdrdwdk@pdwfó udufa&G;aumufwifajrmufaom
tpdk;&rsm;om vkyfaqmifEdkifaya=umif;? ? Ô
aumufa-umif; yef;csD = rif;ausmfcdkif

q&mwifrk;d .uAsm cspfp&m

aju;rHkOD;aomif;
Zlvdkif 22/ 2007
wcgu q&maomfwmaqGESifh c&D;oGm;pOf pmuAsm oifcgpayrdk@/ 0gpuFmpOfvm

rusEdkifbk/ xif&mor#udkwJh a&;vdk@pD [k oDqdkonfudk =um;&aomtcg wifarmifu
rqdkif;rwG tpOfvGrf;ygvdk@ cif&,f/ oifcef;pm az r=unfhEdkifbk/ q&majymor#udkawmh
bmoabmrS rusEdkifbk em;b0ifacsmf/ wyg;cif tarmfudkv pdwfrSmpGJ [k ppfóudacwfu
jrefrmvli,frsm;wdk@ uAsm pwifoif=um;=u&onfh um&efydk'fudk qufwdkuf qdkvdkufrdonf?
udkaqGu wkefv_yfoGm;onf? wifarmif.vufudkqGJI *k%fðyonf? rdrdwdk@ 2 OD;onf uAsm
ausmif; wausmif;wnf;xGuf jzpfonf? vrf;wvrf;wnf; av#mufvmcJholrsm;jzpf=uonf
udkod&Sdum wOD;udkwOD;u zufrd=uonf? xdkuAsmqdkrd=uonfh aemufwGif ydkrdk&if;ESD;cJh=u
onf? r=umc% pmayudpP c&D;twloGm;avh&d&S mY c&D;wdik f;wGif uAsm&Gwfr=d uaoma=umifh
yGJpnfaecJh.?
®¼µå®½ úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
&yfxJ &GmxJrSmvJ
ô¿»Ç ¶®»º®³°³¿§©Ù·º y&rwfol&JawG &Sdw,f?
¿¶®³«º¶®³å°Ù³¿±³
«ß-³®-³å±²º «³ú»º®§¹¿±³ bk&m;wum ausmif;wumwdk
tvSLrom ñuH&m uezsif;rSm
°³ªØµå®-³å±³¶¦°º¿»±²º«¼µ oCFmpif aumfaZmzsif cif;ygvdk
¿©ÙËú±²ºñ pmjiif;=uw,f?
ô¿»Ç ¶®»º®³°³¿§©Ù·º
«ß-³§µùº¿ú ©¼µå©«º¿°«³®´ vufzufokyf csif;okyf rjywfwrf;
«³ú»º®§¹¿©³¸±²º®Í³ a&aEG;=urf; wtdk;+yD; wtdk;
ð®ºå»²ºå¦Ùôº¶¦°º±²ºñ pmcsKd;=u usrf;udk;=ueJ
ykqdk;r cg;awmif;usKduf
E_wfcrf;arG;awmif rD;òrdufrwwf
odk @jim;aomf vnf ; ESpf OD; om;wd k@rS m pmydk'fawG &Gwfvdk&GwfeJ
uAsmq&mrsm; rjzpfcJh=uay? olu 0wKa&; =uufcGyfovdk tjiif;oef
q&m/ wifarmifu owif; axmuftjzpf zsifwefvnf; zsif&
uAsmESifh vrf;cGJcJh=uonf? wifarmifa&m/ rmevnf; azmufawmh
udkaqGyg uAsmcspfaom pmorm;rsm; jzpf [mo ajrmuf jzpfukefw,f
vmcJh=u.? uAsmq&mjzpf&efrSm awmfawmfh i,f oli,fcsif;awGuyJ?
yg&rDESifh rvG,fay? r¾yfxl wdkifxlvdk@
tvSLudk 0dkif;ulvkyf=u
ppf + yD ; acwf ppf t pd k ; &acwf w G i f r S usKyfwdk@ &GmyGJ? ?
EdkifiHjcm;Y aomifwifaecdkuf uAsmcspfol
wifarmifonf uAsmq&m tppfudk awG@ ,ae@ jrefrmpmaywGif ajrmufjrm;pGm
&onf? olu q&mwifrdk;? uAsmcspf/ uAsm aom uAsmrsm;onf um&efrygaom pmvHk;
udk jrwfEdk;+yD; um&efudk &Sdcdk;aeol wifarmif rsm;om jzpfaeonfudk awG@&onf? ,ae@
wa,muftzdk@ q&mwifrdk;. uAsmwdk@onf jrefrmpmaywGif uAsmyk'af & wdk;wufapum
pdefa=umifeDvm &wemrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? rl um&efrygawmh onfrS m 0rf ; enf; zG ,f
ZmwdajrrS q&mrdk;xGufvmcsdefrSpwifum jzpfonf[k aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf?
xdkif;EdkifiH befaumufòrd@ESifh tar&duefwcdk
wGif qHk= uwdk if; uAsm um&ef udpPrsm;ud k cufw,fAsm æ ckacwfvli,fawGu
aqG;aEG;=u&onfrSm t&om }uD;vSonf? u}u;D cauG; oifykef;}u;D wuf+y;D wmeJ@ uAsm
pyf= uwmAs? jrefrmpmwdk;wufvmwmu
xl;jcm;wJhtcsufuawmh a&S;q&mawGðypkwJh tbd"mefusrf; pG,fpHk
OD;yGm;eJ OD;ºuGufuvnf; usrf;awGudkzwf±_+yD; wynfhcH=uvdk@As? &wk
reufwdkif pmòydif uAsm tcsrSefudk
rEdkif&if eyef;vHk;owJh? um&efeJ@ar;wm
udk usD;oJav;xyfq&mawmfajzwJh pG,fpHkausmfxifusrf;rSm
vdk@ ajzawmfrlwmudk zwfrS od&wmAs? oifod=um; q&m&Sm+yD;
avhvmoif=um;+yD;rSom uAsmpyfoifh=uw,fAs [k q&mu nnf;onfudk =um;cJh&onf?
um&efryg uAsmr[kwv f k@d ppfwrf; wyk'fa&;ygvm; q&m [k wifarmifu wdu

k w
f Gef;
aomtcg q&mrdk;u ðyH;onf? q&mwifrdk;u jynfya&mufvmrS um&efjynfhuAsm tajrmuf
trsm;udk tifwdkuftm;wdkufðypkonfrSm vli,fuAsmq&mrsm;udk &ojynhfaom um&ef
uAsmrsm; a&;=uyguG,fwdk@[k ynmay;onfomjzpf.?
pmrsufESm 80 om&Sdaom tnmvrf;u wrmwef; pmtkyfi,fwGif q&mwifrdk;

a&;om;aom trSmpmYvnf; ,ae@uAsmvli,frsm;udk q&m&Sm=u&ef ynmay;xm;onf?
q&mwifrdk;u rdrdonf udk&ifb0u udk&if}uD; &Sif0ZD,Ak'<u vufOD;q&mtjzpf uAsmoifcJh
a=umif; rSwfwrf;wifonf? vli,frsm;wdk@ q&m&Sm&ef =o0g'ay;.?
rdrdonf q&maZmf*s. D wynfh&if;jzpfygonf[k *k%f,lco Jh nf? q&maZmf*sD&J@ aA'gvrf;

udk trSDðy+yD; uAsmtpkpkudk ðycJhwmyg[k yGifhvif;pGma&;onf? q&maZmf*sD&J@ tawG;tjrifudk
tm;us+yD; a&;zGJ@cJhaomfvnf; q&m&J@ ^m%f&nfudk oDyifroDEdkifao;yg [k a&;om;I pk-
wk-ðy tqifh 3 qifhwGif wk tqifh wkyr_om ðyEdkifygao;w,f [k a&;cJhonf?
,ckacwf uAsmvli,fwdk@tm; uAsma&;vdk=uygu a&S;uAsmrsm;ESifh acwfuAsmrsm;udk

pk=u&rnf? wky=u+yD; uAsmrsm; ðy=u&rnf[k enf;ay;cJhavonf? xkd enf;ed\&nf;onf
uAsmavmuodk@ 0ifa&mufvdkolrSefor# tm;xkwf&rnf jzpfonf? odk@rSom uAsmyDoaom
um&efjynfhuAsmrsm; jzpfxGef;Edkif=urnf jzpfonf? ? Ô
uAsmq7m OD;wifr;dk (1933-2007)uG,fvGefjcif; 6 vjynfh

trSwfw7pmpkrS aumufeSkwfazmfjyygonf/
aumufa-umif; yef;csD = rif;ausmfcdkif

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJrS
pDpOfay;cJhonfh pmtkyrf sm;
ïñ ¦ªº®Üå¬¼®º±¼µÇ ¬ªÙ®ºå°³
«ß-³¯ú³øÑÜå÷©·º®¼µå øïçííóîððé÷ «ÙôºªÙ»º¶½·ºå ©ª¶§²º¸ ¬®Í©º©ú
îñ «ß-³¯ú³ÑÜå©·º®¼µå øïçííóîððé÷ «ÙôºªÙ»º¶½·ºå ê ª¶§²º¸ ¬®Í©©º ú °³°µ
rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJurS

xkwfa0_y;D pmtkyfrsm;
ïñ ¿Ó«å®ØµÑÜå¿±³·ºå ø¿¬³·ºßª÷ øïçîêóîððè÷ «ÙôºªÙ»º¶½·ºå
®¼µå®½úÖË ¬®Í©º©ú °³°µ®-³å
rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJrS

qufvufxGuf&drS nfhpmtkyrf sm;
ïñ ÅØ±³ð©ÜÑÜåð·ºå©·º ÛÍ·º¸ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¯¼µ·ºú³ ¿¯³·ºå§¹å®-³å

Remembering Kyemon U Thaung, Collection of Aricles

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Remembering Kyemon U Thaung, Collection of Aricles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

¿Ó«å®µÑØ åÜ ¿±³·ºå ø¿¬³·ºßª÷

OD;aomif; pmrlrsm; rlydkif

rsuEf SmzHk; "mwfykH

o±kyfazmf ESifh aumufa-umif; yef;csD

pmtkyftvS ESifh pmrsuEf Sm zGJpnf;r+

pOf tajumif;t7m pmrsufeSm

1? a-u;rkHO;D aomif; (atmifAv) . txky`wWdtusOf; 7

2? ArmhacwfrSonf a-u;rHk/ a-u;rHkrSonf acwfòydifeJ rdk;rcqDodk (armif&pf) 11

3? wHk;ausmfb jzpfygapaom0f (rmrmat;) 13

4? q&matmifAv ESifh usaemfwdkowif;pmoifwef; (cifarmif}uD;=&Srf;jynf) 16

5? owif;pmb0 ESpfaygif; 60 (armifpGr;f &nf) 19

6? usaemfodwJh q&matmifAv (0if;az) 23

7? rd;k rcyifudk avc&v#if (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 26

8? [vdk æ jrefrmhtvif; (atmifAv) 28

9? tmp&dtqlql = 1 (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 31

10? tmp&dtqlql = 2 (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 36

11? [vdk æ jrefrmhtvif; = 2 (atmifAv) 39

12? tmp&dtqlql = 3 (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 42

13? [vdk æ jrefrmwdkif;rf (atmifAv) 46

14? tmp&dtqlql = 4 (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 49

15? tmp&dtqlql = 5 (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 55

16? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$. zdwf-um;v$m (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 59

17? wdk;wufaom a&S;acwfa[mif;udk vGr;f qGwfrdjcif; (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 61

18? q&mwifrd;k .uAsm cspfp&m (a-u;rHk OD;aomif;) 64

(rdk;rc7Jh oydwfarSmufpme,fZif;orm;rsm; ulnDrSK7efyHkaiG)

1926 ck atmufwdkbm 4 wGif jrefrmjynf anmifOD;òrd ukefonfrsKd;±dk; tz OD;omzef ESifh trd

1937 ckeSpf ausmif;vufa&; pmapmifrsm;rS pwifI pma&;om;cJh_yD;aemuf q&m}uD;onf Z0e

1948 ck wuUodkv0f ifpmar;yGJ atmifonf? Armhacwfowif;pm owif;axmuftjzpf 1947 cku

axmifrSvGw_f yD;aemuf 1973 ckESpfwGif owif;ESifh pme,fZif;vkyfief; aumfydka&;&Si;f wGif wwd,

10 ESpf tr+xrf;_yD; 1977 ZlvdkifvwGif tar&duefodk xGufcJhonf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD

xdkjyif jrefrmpme,fZif;avmuwGif OD;aomif;. pmopf pma[mif;rsm;udk yHkESdyfjcif;rðy&[k trdef

tar&duef EdkifiHwGif 1978 ckESpfrSpwifI jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm; xkwfa0aom 'Drkdua&pD

0g&Sifwefòrd vGwfvyfwJh tm&StoH a&'D,dk/ tar&dueftoH a&'D,dk ESifh bDbDpDwdkrSwqifh jrefrmpm

q&m}uD; OD;aomif;onf befaumufòrd acwfòydifowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfESifh a&'D,dkrsm; aqmif;yg;&Sif

urBmhEdkifiHaygif;pHk owif;pmtoif;}uD; The International Press Institute u 1950 ckrS 2000

q&m}uD; OD;aomif; uG,fvGefcsdefY tar&duefEdkifiH zavmf&'D gwGif ZeD; a':wifwif0if;ESihf om;orD;

 ¿¬³·º ß ªÅ³ ©«ôº ¸ ±©·º å °³¯ú³§Ö ñ

®¼µå®½ ®ÜùÜô³ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¬¦ÙÖË”« °Ü°Ñº¨µ©º¿ð±²º 9

10 ®¼µå®½ ®ÜùÜô³ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¬¦ÙÖË”« °Ü°Ñº¨µ©º¿ð±²º

jrefrmjynf&Jh or%d&Snf owif;pmq&m}uD;/ jrefrmjynf tm%m&Sifacwftquf

ß®³¸¿½©º®Í±²º ¿Ó«å®Øµá ¿Ó«å®Øµ®Í±²º ¿½©ºÒ§¼Õ·º »ÖÇ ®¼µå®½¯Ü±¼µÇ

rwfv 13 &ufae@uaygh/ usrtdyfwJhab;rSm vufudkifzkef;uav;Ed_;wmeJ@ tvif;

¯ú³ ¿¬³·ºßª ÛÍ·º̧ «-¿»³º©¼µÇ ±©·ºå°³±·º©»ºå

q&matmifAv&J@ owif;pmq&mb0oufwrf; ESpf 60 jynhfcJh+yDrdk@ q&mhtwGuf *k%fðy

±©·ºå°³¾ð ÛÍ°º¿§¹·ºå ¿¶½³«º¯ôº

a=u;rHkOD;aomif; ac: pma&;q&m}uD; atmifAv[m 2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 27 rSm

xJrSmyg0ifcJhayr,fh ocif tkef;cifvdk@awmh acgi;f aqmifawG usqHk;wmudk aoG;pdrf;&Sif&Sif

24 ®¼µå®½ ®ÜùÜô³ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¬¦ÙÖË”« °Ü°Ñº¨µ©º¿ð±²º

®¼µå®½ ®Í³ ¿úå½Ö¸±®Ï

®¼µå®½ ®ÜùÜô³ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¬¦ÙÖË”« °Ü°Ñº¨µ©º¿ð±²º 25

rdk;rcyifudk avc &v#if

rdk;rc owif;v$monf EdkifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmrsm;avmuwGif wdk;wufzGH@òzd;vmonfudk

pmapmif/ r*~Zif;[k trnfudk r,lbJ owif;v$m [k a=unmonfrmS &J&ifhonf?

26 ®¼µå®½ ®ÜùÜô³ °³»ôºÆ·ºå¬¦ÙÖË”« °Ü°Ñº¨µ©º¿ð±²º

vuf i if ;tm;jzif h jref r mEd k i f i H o m; rd;k rc xkwfa0olw@dk onf rd;k rc [laom

rdk;rc owif;v$mu owif;tjzmjzm &k u Q a A'usrf ; wd k @ t& aq;vpf 

®¼µå®½ ¨µ©¿º ð±´©¼µÇ±²º ®¼åµ ®½ Å´¿±³¬®²º«¼µ ¬±Øµå¶§Õ±¶¦·º¸

,ae@ jrefrmuAsmpmaywGif um&ef tcsKd@ rdk;rcyifwdk@u vGefpGmaysmhaysmif;

[vdk æ [vdk æ jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdkufu t,f'DwmcsKyfeJ ajymyg&ap æ

tck tar&duefjynfu ac:aewmyg

aumif;wmaygh aumif;wmaygh æ aus;Zl;ygyJ

w±kwf,GrfpuULeJ ay;&ifaum vufcHrSmvm;

'gawGawmh &GwfraeygeJ? pme,fZif;rSef

jrefrmEdkifiHudk rcspfvdk@ EdkifiHjcm;om; at;at; æ trsm;}uD; ygvm; tcGe f

pmtkyftvS ESifh pmrsuEf Sm zGJpnf;r+

2? ArmhacwfrSonf a-u;rHk/ a-u;rHkrSonf acwfòydifeJ rdk;rcqDodk (armif&pf) 11

4? q&matmifAv ESifh usaemfwdkowif;pmoifwef; (cifarmif}uD;=&Srf;jynf) 16

1926 ck atmufwdkbm 4 wGif jrefrmjynf anmifOD;òrd ukefonfrsKd;±dk; tz OD;omzef ESifh trd

10 ESpf tr+xrf;_yD; 1977 ZlvdkifvwGif tar&duefodk xGufcJhonf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD

xdkjyif jrefrmpme,fZif;avmuwGif OD;aomif;. pmopf pma[mif;rsm;udk yHkESdyfjcif;rðy&[k trdef

0g&Sifwefòrd vGwfvyfwJh tm&StoH a&'D,dk/ tar&dueftoH a&'D,dk ESifh bDbDpDwdkrSwqifh jrefrmpm

q&m}uD; OD;aomif;onf befaumufòrd acwfòydifowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfESifh a&'D,dkrsm; aqmif;yg;&Sif

¿¬³·º ß ªÅ³ ©«ôº ¸ ±©·º å °³¯ú³§Ö ñ

pmapmif/ r*~Zif;[k trnfudk r,lbJ owif;v$m [k a=unmonfrmS &J&ifhonf?

rdk;rc owif;v$mu owif;tjzmjzm &k u Q a A'usrf ; wd k @ t& aq;vpf

,ae@ jrefrmuAsmpmaywGif um&ef tcsKd@ rdk;rcyifwdk@u vGefpGmaysmhaysmif;

[vdk æ [vdk æ jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdkufu t,f'DwmcsKyfeJ ajymyg&ap æ

tck tar&duefjynfu ac:aewmyg

aumif;wmaygh aumif;wmaygh æ aus;Zl;ygyJ

w±kwf,GrfpuULeJ ay;&ifaum vufcHrSmvm;

'gawGawmh &GwfraeygeJ? pme,fZif;rSef

jrefrmEdkifiHudk rcspfvdk@ EdkifiHjcm;om; at;at; æ trsm;}uD; ygvm; tcGe f

Edk owif;a&;awmh bmawGa&;ovJvdk

at;av æ rif; u owif ; pm}uD ; &J

±kyfzsufI qif;oGm;+yD[k ArmhcwfrS owif;rSm;a&;umul.?

[Jvdk [Jvdk [Jvdk jrefrmhtvif;uvm;Asm æ t,f'DwmeJ pum;ajymyg&ap æ

cifAsm; rSm;aeygvm;? jynfajy;r[kwfygbl; æ jynfESifcH pma&;q&myg

o}uFefus_yDav? touf}uD;ayr,fh tuGufaumif;awmh 0if_yD; atmfrdwmaygh? csKyfrSL;}uD;up_yD;

tif; æ 'Dvdkqdk&if puFmylu|ef;}uD;udk jrefrmoJeJ csJzdk pDrH[efwlyg&J ? jrefrmjynf e,fedrdwf

usKyfuawmh pdwfylwwfw,fAsKd? csKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk umjyefapmfum;cJh

qdkifygaomfaumAsm? oJawGa&mif;vdk ArmjynfrSm oJukefoGm;v#if æ cifAsm;wdk OuU@}uD;

[Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ

[Jvdk æ usaemfu æ t,f'DwmcsKyfrif;eJ ajymcsifwmyg

vdk@ zdwfwmudku jrefrm*k%fusufoa& wdk;wmaygh q&m æ

t,f'DwmcsKyf}uD; befaumufu owif;pmawGudk rzwfbl;xifw,f æ

pD;yGm ;a&;r[kwfbl; qdkwm t,f' DwmcsKyf}uD; rodao;bl;xifw,f? pD;yGm;a&;r[kwfbl;

a-umfjimol rpPwm Ewhsnahtrellik qdkwJh 'de;f rwfpmvH;k u brf;pum;eJ a&;wmwJh tJ'DpmvHk;

[Jvdk æ [Jvdk æ [Jvdk w,fvDzke;f jywfoGm;_y?D [,f æ [,f æ [,f æ ylvdkufwm

wcgu q&maomfwmaqGESifh c&D;oGm;pOf pmuAsm oifcgpayrdk@/ 0gpuFmpOfvm

um&efryg uAsmr[kwv f k@d ppfwrf; wyk'fa&;ygvm; q&m [k wifarmifu wdu

pmrsufESm 80 om&Sdaom tnmvrf;u wrmwef; pmtkyfi,fwGif q&mwifrdk;

rdrdonf q&maZmfs. D wynfh&if;jzpfygonf[k k%f,lco Jh nf? q&maZmf*sD&J@ aA'gvrf;

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJurS

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJrS